%images; %ISOgrk1; %ISOgrk2; ]> An Irish <frn lang="la" rend="ital">Materia Medica</frn> Aron barba, iarus, pes uituli An electronic edition Tadhg Ó Cuinn Micheál P. S. Ó Conchubhair Irish text compiled and translated by Tadhg Ó Cuinn Donated to CELT by Philip O'Connor, Dublin Donation facilitated by Aoibheann Nic Dhonnchadha, DIAS, Dublin Electronic edition compiled by Beatrix Färber Proof corrections by Beatrix Färber Niamh Una Mac Daid (Bibliography, Part 5) Rebecca Daly (Glossary, letters a-c, i-z, Part 5) University College, Cork, School of History First draft, revised and corrected. 251,860 CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork
College Road, Cork, Ireland — http://www.ucc.ie/celt
2019 CELT online at University College, Cork, Ireland. G600005

Available with prior consent of the CELT programme for purposes of academic research and teaching only. This unpublished edition was donated to CELT, by the family of Micheál P. S. Ó Conchubhair, facilitated by Prof. Aoibheann Nic Dhonnchadha of the School of Celtic, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

 CELT acknowledges permission for reproducing the treatise from MS TCD 1343 from the Library at Trinity College Dublin and for reproducing transcripts from BL Egerton 89 from the British Library, London. Manuscript Sources (as listed in the Introduction) Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS 1343 (H. 3. 22), pp 47a1–106b2. Fifteenth century. Scribe: Aodh Buidhe Ó Leighin. This is the base of the present edition. For more details, see the relevant catalog entries on ISOS. Digital scans of this manuscript are available on the ISOS Project, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, see: http://www.dias.ie/isos/. Dublin, National Library of Ireland, MS G11, pp1–67. Vellum. Completed in 1466. Scribe Donnchadh Ó Bolgaidi, with two or three unidentified collaborators. "Nessa Ní Shéaghdha says, Cat, i 66, that parts of the manuscript may have been written at Woodstock, near Athy, and at Clanmalire, Laois, adding, p. 71, that the copy of the Materia medica may be reckoned among the more complete vellum copies, and that it is more or less akin to the copy in H. 3. 22." Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 458 (23 O 23). Vellum; 15th to 16th century. Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 464 (23 O 6). "A vellum fragment bound into the volume as pages 19–30 contains part of a Materia medica from Sambucus to Ydor. Is this part of our M(ateria) M(edica)?" Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 459 (23 Q 5). Vellum, probably 15th to 16th century. Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, formerly MacKinnon's MS LX. pp 303–463. "This copy, which contains 311 articles, was written in 1611–1614, in the main by Aonghus mac Fearchair mic Aonghuis, in Ardchonnel, for Donnchadh Ó Conchubhair. The scribe appears to be Aonghus Mac Beathadh, son of Farquhar Beaton of Husibost, Skye (see MacKinnon, Cat., top of p. 299)." For updated details, see Ronald Black's catalogue description on ISOS. London, British Library MS Add. 15403. Vellum MS, dated by Standish O'Grady (Cat, p. 222) to the 16th century. It contains 151 of the chapters in the H.3. 22 version, and 14 chapters that are not in H.3.22. Chapter headings were printed by Stokes in the Academy (1888) and are available on www.archive.org. It also contains chapters not in Ó Conchubhair's edition. (See below, p. 14). Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS 1334 (H. 3. 15). Vellum, dated tentatively to the 16th century. For more details, see the relevant catalog entries on ISOS. Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS 1323 (H. 3.4). Vellum, dated to the 16th century. Scribe: Maghnus mac Gilla na naemh mic an Leagha, by dictation from Tadhg Ó Cuinn. See below, p. 14–15. For more details, see the relevant catalog entries on ISOS. Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 447 (23 K 42). The Book of the O'Shiels, written in 1657–58 by Pádruic gruamdha O Siaghuil. (For this scribe and his work see also Introduction by W. Wulff, An liaigh i n-Erinn I n-allod. II, CELT file G600023.) University of Manchester, John Rylands Library, Irish MS 35. (See also Stokes, 'Three Irish Medical Glossaries', CELT file G600018.) Dublin, National Library of Ireland, MS G 19. A transcript made in 1761 of NLI G11. See below, p. 17 Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 465 (23 N 20). Written in Musgraidhe, Co. Cork, in 1794 by Micheál Óg Ó Longáin for his own use in Cuil ui Murchadha, near Curracha Chiopain. Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 470 (23 M 38). Written in 1794 by Micheál Óg Ó Longáin. Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 460 (3 B 15). RIA MS 459, made by Micheál Ó Longáin in 1829. Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 462 (24 M 34). A copy made by Joseph Ó Longáin in 1848. Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 461 (24 B 2).A copy made by Joseph Ó Longáin in 1848, stated to have been made from a copy made by Micheál Óg Ó Longáin in 1824, which in turn was made from a copy made by Micheál Ó Longáin in 1761. Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 448 (3 A 36). A transcript of the Book of the O'Shiels, RIA MS 447, made by Joseph and Micheál Ó Longáin in 1870. Additional manuscripts containing this tract (in part or in full) have come to light after Micheál Ó Conchubhair's death, when catalogued by Aoibheann Nic Dhonnchadha and Ronald Black. (1) Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, Adv. MS 72.1.3 (olim Gaelic Ms. III), "?15th cent., vellum. i + 98 ff. Octavo, 17 x 13 cms. A materia medica, with some specifics and a calendar. Written in single columns." "There are altogether 287 articles, and the chief authority cited is Platearius." The translation is attributed to "Tadhg Ó Cuinn, who dictated it to Giolla Pádraig Ó Callanáin." For catalogue description and digital images see ISOS at DIAS. (2) TCD 1326, p. 133–152. The text covered corresponds to MS 1343 p. 59a20–70a11. Aoibheann Nic Dhonnchadha's description is available on ISOS. Literature [* added at CELT, all other items compiled by Ó Conchubhair (pp 907–920)] Nicolaus Salernitanus, Antidotarius Nicolai (Strassburg: J. Pryss, 1484–1485). Avicenna, Canon de medicina [= Liber canonis primus quem princeps aboali abinsceni de medicina edidit. Translatus a magistro Gerardo Cremonensi in Toleto ab Arabico in Latinu[m] Uerba Aboali Abinsceni] (Venice: Petrus Maufer et Socii, 1486). Joannes Platearius/Matthaeus Platearius, Liber de simplici medicina, dictus Circa Instans, included in the volume 'Practica Io. Serapionis dicta breuiarium; Liber Serapionis de simplici medicina; Liber de simplici medicina, dictus Circa Instans; Practica Platearij' (Venice: Boneto Locatello for Ottaviano Scoto, 1497). Ysaac Israeli, Omnia opera Ysaac in hoc volumine contenta: cum quibusdam alijs opusculis [...] (Lyons: Jean de La Plate for Barthelemy Trot, 1515). William Turner, Libellus de re herbaria, and The Names of Herbes, (facsimile) ed. W.T. Stearn (London: The Ray Society, 1965) [Libellus de re herbaria was first published 1538, The Names of Herbes in 1548]. Berndardus Gordonius, Lilium medicinae, (Lugduni: Apud Gulielmum Rouillium, 1551). Nicholas Culpeper, Complete Herbal (London). No date, a recent reproduction of an early 19th century edition. Caleb Threlkeld, Synopsis stirpium Hibernicarum sponte Nascentium (1726 AD), (facsimile) ed. E. Charles Nelson, glossary by Donal Synnott, (Kilkenny 1988). John K'Eogh (=John Keogh), Botanologia Universalis Hibernica, Cork 1735. (Latin). Edited and translated into English by Michael Scott as 'An Irish Herbal' (Wellingborough, Northants, and New York: Aquarian Press 1986, and Dun Laoghaire: Anna Livia Press 1991). Ludovicus Choulant (=Ludwig Choulant), De viribus herbarum: una cum Walafridi Strabonis, Othonis Cremonensis et Ioannis Folcz carminibus similis argumenti / Macer Floridus. Quae secundum codices ms. et veteres ed. rec., suppl. et adnotatione critica instruxit Ludovicus Choulant (Lipsiae: Leopold Voss, 1832). "Choulant prints some articles which he believes to have been interpolated into Macer's text by later scribes, and which he refers to as Spuria Macri." This book is in the Public Domain and available online at Hathitrust.org. Rawdon Brown, Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 1, 1202–1509 (London 1864), lx to lxxi, and cxxxv to cxlii. Charles Patrick Meehan, The rise and fall of the Irish Franciscan monasteries, and memoirs of the Irish hierarchy in the seventeenth century, fourth edition (Dublin:Duffy 1872). Henri Ernest Baillon, 'Sur l'organisation des Rheum et sur la Rhubarbs officinale', Comptes-Rendus, Association française pour l'avancement des sciences, 1re session (Bordeaux 16727, Paris, au secretariat de l'Association, 1873). Eugene O'Curry, On the manners and customs of the ancient Irish, (3 vols, Dublin 1873). Lord Kingston, Vincent Stuckey Lean, and W. J. B. Smith, 'Old Receipts', Notes and Queries, 5th Series 9 (1878) 55–6, 217–8, 278–9. Edmund Spenser, 'A View of the Present State of Ireland', (1596) in Complete works of Edmund Spenser, ed. R. Morris (London 1883). J. L. G. Mowat, Alphita, a medico-botanical glossary from the Bodleian manuscript, Selden B. 35 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1887). Whitley Stokes, 'On the Materia Medica of the Mediaeval Irish', Revue Celtique 9 (1888) 224–244. John. T. Gilbert, Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin (Dublin 1889). James Mills, Account Roll of the Priory of the Holy Trinity, Dublin 1337–1346, (Dublin 1891). 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Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, vol. 1 (London 1923). Julius Schuster, Secreta Salernitana und Gart der Gesundheit, eine Studie zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und Medizin des Mittelalters. In: Alois Bömer; Joachim Kirschner (eds): Mittelalterliche Handschriften. (Leipzig: Hiersemann, 1926) 203–23. Julius Schuster, 'Secreta Salernitana und Gart der Gesundheit', in Mittelalterliche Handschriften, Festgabe für Hermann Degering (Leipzig 1926). Hermann Fischer, Mittelalterliche Pflanzenkunde (München 1929). Winifred Wulff, Rosa Anglica seu Rosa Medicinae Johannes Anglici (London:Irish Texts Society 1929). Charles McNeill (ed.), Liber primus Kilkenniensis (Dublin 1931). George Sarton, An Introduction to the History of Science (Baltimore 1931). Edmund Curtis, Calendar of Ormond Deeds (Dublin 1932). Duncan, Lilian, 'A Treatise on Fevers', Revue Celtique 49 (1932) 1– 90. A. G. Van Hamel, Compert Con Culainn and other stories (Dublin 1933). Patrick S. Dineen, An Irish-English Dictionary (Dublin, reprinted with additions 1934). Winifred Wulff, 'A mediaeval handbook of gynaecology and midwifery preceded by a section on the grades and on the treatment of wounds and some good counsel to the physician himself finishing with a discussion on the treatment of scabies', eds. J. Fraser, Paul Grosjean, J. G. O'Keeffe, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1934). William O'Sullivan, The Economic History of Cork City from the Earliest Times to the Act of Union (Cork 1937). Daniel A. Binchy, 'Bretha Crólige" and 'Sick-maintenance in Irish law', Ériu 12 (1934–38) 1–134. Rev. Michael McGrath (ed.), Cinnlae Amhlaoibh Uí Shúileabháin (London:ITS 1936–37). G. M. Nardi, Thaddaeus Florentinus: I Consilia (Torino 1937). Margaret Sinclair Ogden, The 'Liber de diversis medicinis" in the Thornton manuscript (ms. Lincoln cathedral A. 5. 2.) (London, first published 1938, revised reprint 1969 and 1988.) Shawn Sheahan, An Irish version of Gaulterus de dosibus, (Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America, 1938). The text is available online at CELT. G.D. Shearer, 'Some Observations on the Poisonous Properties of Buttercups', The Veterinary Journal 94 (1938) 22–32. Hans Wölfel, Das Arzneidrogenbuch Circa Instans in einer Fassung des XIII. Jahrhunderts aus der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen: Text und Kommentar als Beitrag zur Pflanzen- und Drogenkunde des Mittelalters. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Dissertation, Berlin 1939 (Hamburg: A. Preilipper, 1939). Francis Shaw, 'Medieval Medico-Philosophical Treatises in the Irish Language', in Féil Sgríbhinn Eóin Mhic Néill, essays and studies presented to Prof. Eoin Mac Neill (Dublin 1939). F. W. Gibbs, 'The History of the Manufacture of Soap', Annals of Science 4 (1939) 169–190. Claus H. Beck, Studien über Gestalt und Ursprung des Circa instans durchgeführt an den drei ältesten bisher bekannten Handschriften. 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Hermannus Hagen, Appendix Serviana (Leipzig, 1902). Reprinted in a single volume with the third volume of Georgius Thilo's edition of the Commentaries of Servius, Thilo-Hagen, Servii Grammatici Commentarii III et Appendix Serviana, (Hildesheim: Olms 1961). Rudolf Schmitz, 'Über deutsche Apotheken des 13. Jahrhunderts', Sudhoffs Archiv 45 (1961) 289–302. Jerry Stannard, 'Hippocratic Pharmacology', Bulletin of the History of Medicine 35 (1961) 497–518. Arthur R. Clapham, Thomas Gaskell Tutin, and Edmund Fredric Warburg, Flora of the British Isles, second edition (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press 1962). Jerry Stannard, 'Materia Medica in the Locke-Clarke Correspondence', Bulletin of the History of Medicine 37 (1963) 201–235. Jerry Stannard, 'Materia Medica and Philosophic Theory in Aretaeus', Sudhoffs Archiv 48 (1964) 27–53. George Edward Trease, Pharmacy in History (London: Balliere, Tindall & Cox, 1964). Gearóid Mac Niocaill, Na Buirgéisí XII–XV aois (An Charraig Dubh, Co. Átha Cliath 1964 = Blackrock, Co. Dublin). John M. Riddle, 'Pomum ambrae: amber and ambergris in plague remedies', Sudhoffs Archiv 48 (1964) 111–122. Ronald E. Latham, Revised Medieval Latin Word-list from British and Irish sources, (London 1965, reprinted 1980). John M. Riddle, 'The introduction and use of Eastern drugs in the early Middle Ages', Sudhoffs Archiv 49 (1965) 185–198. Lynn Thorndike, Michael Scot (London: Nelson 1965). George Edward Trease, and J. H. Hodson, 'The Inventory of John Hexham, a Fifteenth–Century Apothecary', Medical History 9 (1965) 76–81. Francis Shaw, 'Irish Medical Men and Philosophers', Seven Centuries of Irish Learning, ed. Brian Ó Cuiv (Dublin 1966). Jerry Stannard, 'Dioscorides and Renaissance Materia Medica', Analecta Medico–Historica 1 (1966) 1–21. Jerry Stannard, 'Benedictus Crispus, an Eighth Century Medical Poet', Journal of the History of Medicine 21 (1966) 24–46. C. H. Talbot, Medicine in Medieval England (London 1967). Colm Beckett (ed.), Fealsúnacht Aodha Mhic Dhomhnaill (Baile Átha Cliath 1967 = Dublin). Cecile O' Rahilly, Táín Bó Cúalnge from the Book of Leinster (Dublin: DIAS 1967). Nessa Ní Shéaghdha, Catalogue of Irish Manuscripts in the National Library of Ireland, Fasciculus I (Dublin 1967). Jerry Stannard, 'Medieval reception of classical plant names', Revue de Synthèse, III S., 49–52 (1968) 153–162. William A. R. Thomson, Black's Medical Dictionary, 28th edition (London 1968). Françoise Henry, Irish Art, 3 vols. (London 1965, 1967, 1970). Shelomo Dov Goitein, A Mediterranean Society; the Jewish communities of the Arab world as portrayed in the documents of the Cairo Geniza (Berkeley and Los Angeles, vol. I 1967; vol. II 1971). Osborn Bergin, Irish Bardic Poetry (ed) Greene and Kelly, (Dublin 1970). Jerry Stannard, 'Botanical Nomenclature in Gersdorff's Feldtbuch der Wundartzney', Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance, essays to honor Walter Pagel, ed. Allen G. Debus, (New York 1972) vol. 1. Thomas Cantimpratensis, Liber de Natura Rerum, ed. H. Boese (Berlin 1973). Shelomo Dov Goitein, Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders (Princeton, New Jersey 1973). Michael R. Best, Frank H. Brightman, The Book of Secrets of Albertus Magnus (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1973). Bruce P. Flood, Jr., 'The Medieval Herbal Tradition of Macer Floridus', Pharmacy in History 18/2 (1976) 62–66. Tomás Ó Concheanainn, 'The Scribe of the Irish Astronomical Tract in RIA B II 1', Celtica 11 (1976) 158. David Allardice Webb, An Irish Flora, sixth edition (Dundalk:Dundalgan Press 1977). First published 1943. Robert Coleman (ed.), Vergil, Eclogues (Cambridge 1977, reprinted 1986). An Roinn Oideachais, Ainmneacha Plandaí agus Ainmhithe (Baile Átha Cliath, 1978 = Dublin). C. H. Talbot, 'Medicine', in Science in the Middle Ages, ed. David C. Lindberg (Chicago 1978). Katherine Simms, 'Guesting and Feasting in Gaelic Ireland', R.S.A.I. Jn. 108 (1978) 67–100. Art Cosgrove, Late Medieval Ireland, 1370–1541 (Dublin 1981). Edmund Launert, The Hamlyn Guide to Edible and Medicinal Plants (London 1981). A. G. Morton, History of Botanical Science (London 1981). Doris R. de Vries-Edel, 'Máeláin Muilchi', Peritia 1 (1982) 297–8. George Edward Trease, and William Charles Evans, Pharmacognosy, 12th edition (London 1983). Tomás de Bhaldraithe, 'Gallúnach, gallaoireach', Ériu 34 (1983) 186–7. Mats Rydén, 'The English Plant Names in the Grete Herball (1526)', Stockholm Studies in English, 61 (1984) 1–110. Nessa Ní Shéaghdha, 'Translations and Adaptations into Irish', Celtica 16 (1984) 107–124. Damian McManus, 'On Final Syllables in the Latin Loan-words in Early Irish', Ériu 35 (1984) 137–162. Carmélia Opsomer-Halleux, William T. Stearn, Livre des simples médecines: codex Bruxellensis IV. 1024: a 15th-century French herbal (Antwerp: De Schutter, 1984). Roberto Chiej, The Macdonald Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, (London: Macdonald 1984). Alan Harrison, 'An Teachtaire Tuaipliseach," in Égse 21 (1986) 227. John de Courcy Ireland, Ireland and the Irish in Maritime History (Dublin 1986). Tony Hunt, 'The Botanical Glossaries in MS London B.L. Add. 15236', Pluteus (Italian publication) 4–5 (1986/1987) 101–150. George F. Bass, 'Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age', National Geographic 172 (1987) 692–733. Art Cosgrove (ed.), A New History of Ireland, II, Medieval Ireland 1169–1534, (Oxford:Oxford University Press 1987). Dorothy M. Carpenter, 'The Pilgrim from Catalonia/Aragon; Ramon de Perellós, 1397', The medieval pilgrimage to St. Patrick's Purgatory, ed. Michael Haren and Yolande de Pontfarcy (Enniskillen: Clogher Historical Society 1988) 99–119. Patrick F. Wallace, 'Archaeology and the Emergence of Dublin as the Principal Town of Ireland', in Settlement and Society in Medieval Ireland (Kilkenny 1988). Tony Hunt, Plant names of medieval England (Cambridge 1989). N. J. A. 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Quaderni 13) 27–36. *Dictionarium Medicum (El Diccionario médico de Elio Antonio de Nebrija). Introducción, edición y glosario de Abelina Carrera de la Red (Universidad de Salamanca 2001). *Tony Hunt, Michael Benskin, 'Three Receptaria from Medieval England: The Languages of Medicine in the fourteenth century', Medium Aevum Monographs, Oxford 2001. *Jean A. Givens, Karen Meier Reeds, Alain Touwaide (eds), Reading and Writing the Illustrated 'Tractatus de herbis', 1280–1526. Visualizing Medieval Medicine and Natural History, 1200–1550 (Aldershot: Ashgate 2006). AVISTA Studies in the History of Medieval Technology, Science and Art 5. *Iolanda Ventura (ed.), Tractatus de herbis dello pseudo Bartolomeo Mini a cura di Iolanda Ventura (Firenze 2009). *Early Medicine, from the Body to the Stars, Gérald d'Andiran (ed.), with the collaboration of Vincent Barras, Charles Méla, Sylviane Messerli and Elisabeth Macheret-van Daele. (Basel: Schwabe/Martin Bodmer Foundation, Cologny (Geneva) 2010). *Ulrike Jansen, Spuria Macri: Ein Anhang zu Macer Floridus, De viribus herbarum Einleitung, Übersetzung, Kommentar. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 314, Berlin: De Gruyter 2013. (German translation with commentary). *Juhani Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English (=DMVE), 1375–1550: Body Parts, Sicknesses, Instruments, and Medicinal Preparations (Oxford 2016). *Brigid Mayes, 'The Materia Medica of Tadhg Ó Cuinn (1415): an Irish and European work', Unpublished MA Dissertation, University College Dublin, 2018. *Rosari Kingston. 'An Ethnography-based Exploration of Irish Vernacular Medicine in the 21st Century', Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University College Cork, 2019. Internet resources Dictionary of the Irish Language, mainly compiled from Old and Middle Irish materials: eDIL. See http://www.dil.ie/. Dictionary of Irish Placenames: See http://www.logainm.ie/. An Anglo-Norman Dictionary at http://www.anglo-norman.net/gate/ The Oxford English Dictionary at http://www.oed.com. LOGEION, A Dictionary incorporating several dictionaries of Greek and Latin at the University of Chicago, including the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources (DMLBS) http://logeion.uchicago.edu/. Dioscórides Interactivo: the Salamanca Dioscorides (De materia medica), Unversidad de Salamanca. Estudios y Traducción del Dioscórides, Manuscrito de Salamanca. Traducción: Antonio López Eire y Francisco Cortés Gabaudan. Con estudios de Bertha Gutiérrez Rodilla y Maria Concepción Vázquez de Benito. Editor y coordinador Alejandro Esteller. Available at http://dioscorides.usal.es/. The Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren (http://www.dbnl.org/) has an edition of the Antidotarium Nicolai (including a Middle Dutch version) online. This was edited from Mss 15624-15642 from Brussels, Kon. Bibl. by W.S. van den Berg (Leiden 1917); see http://www.dbnl.org/titels/titel.php?id=_ant004anti01. The edition used in the digital edition An Irish Materia Medica Micheál P. S. Ó Conchubhair Interim edition 906 pp. CELT Project on behalf of Philip O'Connor, Dublin Cork [1994] 2019

CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts

Text has been checked and proof-read twice. Corrections made at CELT are marked as such.

The electronic text represents the edited text. The Glossary compiled for the Materia Medica also contains over 70 extracts, some of them lengthy, from the Egerton 89 manuscript of Lile na heladhan leighis. Editorial corrections and expansions are marked. Text in Latin is indicated. Names are capitalized in line with CELT practice. Auidseanna is written plene in section 260, p. 253 for Avicenna; and Gailiden, section 290, p. 272, as the Irish form of Galenus or Galienus. In the manuscript, spaces were left for large initials which remained unfilled later. These letters have been supplied silently by Micheál P. S. Ó Conchubhair. In the Irish text, the et-compendium is rendered &ersir; while in the Latin text of part 3 it is rendered et and marked as an expansion. The editorial variants 'potage' and 'pottage' have been left intact.

Quotations are encoded in q tags.

Soft hyphens are silently removed. When a hyphenated word (hard or soft) crosses a page-break, this break is marked after completion of the hyphenated word. For better searchability, words straddling a manuscript folio break have been moved back or forward to keep the word intact.

div0= the tract; div1= the part, div2= the chapter, div3= the subsection. Page-breaks are marked pb n=""/.

Proper names, titles of books as well as medical (med), botanical (bot), zoological (zoo), pharmaceutical (pharm) and some anatomical (anat) terms are tagged.

 October 1415 The text is Early Modern Irish. Many terms and phrases are in Latin. Some terms and phrases are in Greek, or derived from it. Introduction and notes are in English. Some citations in the Glossary are in Middle English. A few terms in the Glossary are in German. One term from the Modena manuscript of the Tractatus de herbis is in Italian. One phrase in the introduction is in French. A few terms and words, such as allusal (onion), turbit (turpeth) and Alcanzi (Alchauzi or Alchuzi) are derived from Arabic. One word is in Anglo-Saxon. One term is in Welsh. medical pharmaceutical prose Herbal Materia Medica Aron barba, iarus, pes vituli Circa Instans De viribus herbarum Antidotarium Nicolai 15c Translation 2020-02-12 Beatrix Färber ed. MS TCD 1326 added to sources. 2019-07-02 Beatrix Färber ed. Reference to NLS manuscript added. 2019-06-22 Peter Flynn ed. Rearranged levels of division to correspond with the referencing specification; simplified character entity references; added image. 2019-06-17 Beatrix Färber ed. "sortas" coding added. 2019-05-10 Beatrix Färber ed. Minor edits made. 2019-05-01 Beatrix Färber ed. Bibliographic details added; footnotes added; file reparsed. 2019-03-28 Beatrix Färber ed. Bibliographic details added. 2019-03-20 Beatrix Färber ed. Letters I-W of Glossary proofread (2); more content encoding added; file parsed. SGML and HTML files created. 2019-03 Rebecca Daly ed. Letters M-W of Glossary converted to XML, proofread (1); structural and some content encoding added. 2018-12-18 Beatrix Färber ed. Letters A-C, H-I of Glossary proofread (2); more content encoding added. 2018-11-19 Beatrix Färber ed. Letters D-G of Glossary converted to XML, proofread (1); structural and content encoding added. 2018-12 Rebecca Daly ed. Letters A, B, C, H, I, L of Glossary converted to XML, proofread (1); structural and some content encoding added. 2018-11-17 Beatrix Färber ed. More proofing. 2018-11-16 Beatrix Färber ed. File finished at page 646; encoded for structure and content, as above. File parsed and validated; HTML version created. 2018-11-14 Philip O'Connor ed. Foreword and photo of Micheál P.S. O'Connor supplied. 2018-11-14 Beatrix Färber ed. Part 4 (English text) added to page 633; encoded for structure and content, as above. File parsed and validated. 2018-09-17 Beatrix Färber ed. Part 3 (Latin text) added; encoded for structure (lines of poetry from Macer Floridus, De viribus herbarum), and content, such as terms from botany, medicine, anatomy and mineralogy; supplied text, citations and number values of Roman numbers encoded; bibliographic references to sources in text tagged. Bibliographical details for header added. 2018-08-23 Beatrix Färber ed. Online proofing; words straddling the folio breaks moved forward or back for technical reasons; more Latin and Irish technical terms encoded; some ms readings checked on ISOS in Trinity College Library, MS 1343; new version created. 2018-08-15 Beatrix Färber ed. Online proofing; more Latin and Irish technical terms encoded; header modified. 2018-08-14 Beatrix Färber ed. Encoding of Part 1 and 2 finished; file parsed and validated; preliminary SGML and HTML versions created and uploaded. Header details modified. 2018-07-24 Beatrix Färber ed. TEI header created. First 200 pages finished. 2018-05 Beatrix Färber ed. File proofed (1); structural and dense content encoding applied. 2018-05-01 Beatrix Färber ed Word Document converted to XML; TEI-conformant structural and content encoding applied. File named G600005. 2017 Philip Ó Connor, Donation A digitized copy (in MS Word and PDF) of the book donated to CELT. 2017 Professor Aoibheann Nic Dhonnchadha, School of Celtic Studies, DIAS Donation Donation of digitized copy (in MS Word and PDF) to CELT facilitated.

Micheál Ó Conchubhair (Michael O'Connor), who died in July 1993 aged 67, devoted the last five years of his life to translating and seeking to elucidate the classic mediaeval Irish herbal of Tadhg Ó Cuinn, the Materia Medica of 1415. In his professional life Micheál was a committed civil servant, retiring at secretary grade with the Revenue Commissioners. But he was also a scholar, fluent in modern and old Irish, with a lifelong passion for music, literature, botany, history, and philosophy.

The historical significance of Ó Cuinn's medical text and Micheál's translation and elucidation of it on the basis of extensive research have been well commented upon by others. The Materia Medica testifies not only to the close relations that existed between the learned classes of Gaelic Ireland and medieval Europe, but also to the sophistication of the pharmacology and medical training in fifteenth century Gaelic society.

At the time of his death, Micheál had nearly but not quite completed his translation and referencing of the Materia Medica, calling his own manuscript an "interim edition". His family was keen that his scholarship should not go to waste but would be available to assist others interested in further researching this important field. We were very fortunate at the time to make contact with Prof. Máirtín Ó Murchú of the School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, who arranged for the transfer of the work and ancillary papers to the School, where cataloguing was carried out in 1994 by Aoibheann Nic Dhonnchadha, Assistant Professor at the School. In 2018, Beatrix Färber, Manager of the CELT Project at University College Cork, whose electronic editions of Early Modern Irish medical texts have made a major contribution to the field, graciously accepted the invitation to make the work available on CELT.

The decision to include Micheál's translation and commentary among the key classic medieval Gaelic texts in the CELT database is an outcome that he would have regarded as a great honour. His family certainly regard it as such and sincerely thank all of those involved in the project.

Philip O'Connor On behalf of Micheál Ó Conchubhair's family. November 2018.
An Irish Materia Medica Interim Version
Part I Introduction The author and his sources … 1 Copies of the text … 11 The doctors and the apothecaries … 19 The medicinal substances … 50
Part II The Irish text … 59
Part III The Latin texts … 283
Part IV English translation of Irish text … 443
Part V Glossary … 649 Bibliography … 907
Chapters of the Text

A numbered list of the Latin chapter headings, with their Irish and English translations

Aron barba, iarus, pes uituli: geadhar: cuckoo-pint Accacia, sucus prunellarum: sugh na n-airneadh n-anabaigh: juice of unripe sloes Absinthium, centonica, pointicum: uormont: wormwood Abrotanum, camphorata: suramont: southernwood Acalife, urtica: neanntog: nettle Arasca, elleborus albus: tataba geal: white hellebore Albagia, portulaca, pes pulli: adann: coltsfoot Acedula, oxilapacium, rumei: samadh: sorrel Accetum, oxiren, oxiriun: finegra: vinegar Accride, bancia, pastinaca: meacan righ: parsnip Affodillus, centum capita, aillium agreiste: creamh : ransoms Agaricus, fungus: agairg: agaric Agrimonia, argimonia: marbdroigen: agrimony Agnus castus: meas torc allaidh: tutsan Alacon, politricum, capillus ueniris: dubcosach: maidenhair spleenwort Alapin, cepa mairina, scilla: uinneamun Spainneach : Spanish onion Alapsa, galla, pomum quersuus: galla: oak gall Albedarug, colubrina, basilicon: colambin: columbine Alagsandrum, masedonica, petrusidinum: elistront: alexanders Albeston, calx uiua: ael ur: quicklime Altea, malbus, bismalua: leamhadh: mallow Aloe, epaticum, cicotrinum: aloese: aloes Alphur, flos fraxini: fuinnseog: ash Allusal, cepa: uinneamhan garrdha: garden onion Alumen, stipteria, sucarium: ai lira: alum Ambra, spearma ceti: coimpeirt an mil moir: ambergris Ambrosiana, eupatorium, lilifagus: iubar sleibhe: wood sage Anabulla, titimaillus: gerr an eighmhe: spurge Amedum, amillum: : starch Ancula alba, scabiosa: : scabious Aillium: gairleog: garlic Acantum, semen urtice: ros na neannta: seed of nettle Anetam: : dill Antera, flos rose: blath an rosa: flower of rose Anisum, ciminum dulse: ainis: anise Apium domesticum: meirsi garrda: garden celery Auripimentum, arsenicum: argallumh : orpiment Arracia, attriplex: eilitreog : orache Arigentum uiuum: airgead beo: mercury Asufetida: : asafoetida Aroistoloia longa, Aroistoloia rotunda: stoinsi fada, stoinsi cruinn: long birthwort, round birthwort Artamesia, mater herbarum: buatfallan liath: mugwort Athanasia, tanesetum: lus na francc: tansy Athasar, polem regale: poiliol ruibel: penny royal Auansia, gairiofilata: macall: avens Auellana, nux parba: cnu Gaeidilach: hazel nut Auena: coirci: oats Auricula muris: liathlus beac: mouse-ear hawkweed Aurum: or: gold Balanon, glans: measoga daracha: acorns Balsamum: : balm of Gilead Barba filicana, plantago maigheor: cruach Padraic: plantain Barba hirsina: lus na laedh: roseroot Barba siluana: glaiser coille: bugle Barba Iouis, semperuiua: teneagal: houseleek Bardana, lapa: meacan tua: burdock Branca ursina: gallfotannan: bear's breech Beta, pleta, cicula: biatus: beet Bilonia, molena: coinneall Mhuire: mullein Bolus Armenicus: uir sleibhe Armeinia: bolus Armenicus Borax: : boraxHere: a tree resin. In LOGEION the Lat term borax is translated as the chemical salt, but here a vegetable derived resin is meant. The same applies in text G600023, on ms page 374. Bursa pastoris: lus an sbarain: shepherd's purse Bitonica: bitoine: betony Balsamita: cartlann: water mint Burneta: lus creidhe: burnet saxifrage Bibolica, biliria: fotlact: narrow-leaved water parsnip Butirum: im: butter Calamentum, calamentum maighis: cailimint: calamint Ciclamin, malum terre: cularan: pignut Cameactis, ebulus: ualuort: dwarf elder Cinoglosa: finscoth: hound's tongue Cinis omnis: luaith: ashes Citonalens: sidual: setwall Conconidum: sil in labriola: seed of the spurge laurel Codion: popin geal: white poppy Cornu serui: congna an fiadha: deer's horn Cauda purcina: gurmaill: gromwell Caulis orientis: praiseac garrdha: garden cabbage Celedonia: : celandine Centauria: dedga: centaury Cerefolium: comann gall: chervil Cerusa: blath in luaidhe: ceruse Cotilodion, cimbulairia, umbilicus ueniris: curnan caisil : pennywort Citragha See Glossary: : Cinamomum: cainel: cinnamon Ciba pirum i.e. cibapirum "Sulphur, est sulphur vivum, quod alio nomine dicitur cibapirum" Collectio Salernitana, vol. 3, p. 316, Salvatore De Renzi et al., Napoli 1854--> : raibh: sulphur Colafonium: picc Greagach: colophony Colocindida: : colocynth Consolida madior: lus na cnam mbristi: comfrey Consolida media: easboc beoain: ox -eye daisy Consolida minur: noinin : daisy Conium: ros na minne mire: seed of hemlock Corallus rubius: cruel dearg: red coral Corona regia: eachseamur: melilot Coriandrum: : coriander Centinodia: gluinech bec: knot-grass Crocus: croch: saffron Cubebis: : Cubebs Catapusia: gran Oilella: spurge Cucurbita: : gourd Cuscuta: claman lin: dodder Dactulus: : dates Daucus asininus: milbocan: carrot Dragantum: gum crainn: tragacanth Diegreidium: : diagridium Dens leonis: serban muc: sowthistle Diureticam: : diuretic substances Diptannus, pulegium martis: litontra: dittany Dragantum: coporrus: copperas Ebulus, cameactis: ualuart: dwarf elder Edera arborea: eiginn na crann: ivy on trees Edera terrestris: eigheann talman: ground ivy Eleborus nider: tathaba dubh: black hellebore Endiuia: : endive Elena campana: eillin: elecampane Epatica: ae aba: liverwort Epetimen i.e. epithimum: blath na time: dodder of thyme Esula: eisbeorna: spurge Euforbium: [gum crainn]: euphorbia latex Es ustum: umha loisce: burnt copper Ematites: : haematite Emblici: : myrobalans Eruca: cearrmacan: greater water parsnip Ferrum, ferrugo &ersir; sgama ferri: iarunn, slaighe &ersir; tuirinn : iron, dross, flake Ferrarium: iadh: sediment Flamula: aibill uisce : water crowfoot Fenugrecum: pis Greagach: fenugreek Fragaria: lus na sum talman: strawberry Fraximus: fuinnseoc: ash Farina ordi i.e. farina hordei: (min) eorna : (meal of) barley Feniculus: feinel: fennel Feniculus porsinas: maelan muilithi: stinking mayweed Fenementum: laibin: leaven Fel: domblas ae: bile Filipindula: : dropwort Fumus terra: furniter: furniter Fu ualerian: caertann curraig: wild valerian Fugo demonurn: bitnua: St. John's wort Fructus iuniperi: caera an iubair craigi: juniper berries Ficus: figeada: figs Fex: deasgaid: dregs Galbanum: : galbanum Galanga: gailingan: galangal Galitricum: caince coilli: clary Gladiolus: soilisdur: yellow flag Gariofilus: clobus: cloves Genciana: coirce lo[...]: gentian Gumi: : gum Gitt: cogul: cockle Genestula: gilcach slebhe : broom Hermodactuli: tene talman: autumn crocus Herba Sangti Petri: soibirgin: cowslip Hipia mador See Glossary s.v. flidh: flidh: chickweed Hipia minor See Glossary s.v. flidh: rinn ruisc: scarlet pimpernel Isopus: isoip: hyssop Ipoquisdidos: lus na meacan: hypocistis Iouis barba: teineagul: houseleek Iris: gloiriam: stinking iris Ipofilia: bilur Muire: brooklime Lacc: bainne: milk Lactuca: leiteas: lettuce Laudanum: : laudanum Lapasium acutum: corrcopog: curled dock Lapis lasuili: : lapis lazuli Lapis magnetis: : magnetite Lansiolata: slanlus: ribwort Lauriola: : spurge laurel Lenticula acatica : ros lachan : duckweed Leuisticus: lubhaiste: lovage Lepus: mil muidhe: the hare Lapis agapidis: : agate Lisium: : lycium Lilium: lilidh: lily Linga auis, pigla: tenga enain : stitchwort Litairgirum: slaidteach an airgid: dross of silver (litharge) Licrisi: licoiris: liquorice Lapasium: copog: dock Linga bouina: odhrad: bugloss Mas: : mace Maccula trifolium: eachsemuir: red clover Manna: : manna Mala granata: ubla graineacha: pomegranates Marubium: orofont: horehound Medulla: smir: marrow Masdix: : mastic Mel: mil: honey Margarite: nemunn: pearls Mellago: pimentaria: balm Mellicratum: : (a drink)See Juhani Norri, DMVE sv mellicrate: medicinal preaparation made by boiling honey mixed with water and/or wine.. Menta: minntus: mint Mercurialis: mercurial: annual mercury Mellifolium: athair talman: yarrow Mirtuis: raidleag : bog myrtle Mirra: mirr: myrrh Morella: midhaidi: black nightshade Morsus demonis: caisearban bec: devil's bit scabious Muscus: : musk Mumia: : mummy Mandragora: : mandrake Mrbulani: : myrobalans Mala masiana: ubla fiadain: crab apples Mora selsi: smera: blackberries Melli: : spignel Mesbili: sceachoire: haws Nastursium: bilur uisce: watercress Napeum, sinapium: mosdard: mustard Nenufar: blath na raibhe uisce: flower of the water lily Nepta: neift: catmint Nux magna: cnu franccach: walnut Nux muscata: nutamicc: nutmeg Nux longa: almont milis: sweet almonds Olibanum: : frankincense Opoponax: : opopanax Ouua: na huidhi: eggs Os de corde serui: cnamh craighi an fhiadha: bone of deer's heart Ordium: eorna: barley Pampinus: duillebar na fineamhna: foliage of vine Petrosilium: peirsille: parsley Pulegium muntanum: poiliol muntanum: wild thyme Piper nigrum: pibur dubh: black pepper Pulicaria: millsean monadh : lousewort Paritaria: pairitair: pellitory of the wall Polipodium: scim: polypody Pibinella: eigrim: burnet Pulitricum: ruibh cloithi: wallrue Porrum: lus: leek Pingedo: methrudh: fat Pira: peirida: pears Plumbum: luaidhe: lead Quercus: darach: oak Rafanos: racam: horse radish Rosmarinus: ros marina: rosemary Reubarbrum: : rhubarb Rosa rubia: ros dearg: red rose Rubia maior, uarencia: madra: madder Ruta, bisa, molea: ruibh: rue Repercusiua: : repercussive substances Sambucus: trom: elder Sal: salunn: salt Sarcacolla: : sarcocolla Scamonia: : scammony Saturaieia, utimbra: sabraidh: savory Sene: : senna Serpillum: piletra: wild thyme Salisit: saileach: willow Spicanardi: : spikenard Sdrusium: praiseach buidhe: charlock Sulfur: raibh: sulphur Sol secium, sbonsa soils, eliotropia, sicorea, ingcuba, uerucaria: rudus: marigold Spodium: cnaim na bellifinte: calcined ivory Sticatos: sian sleibhe: foxglove Satuirion, priamiscus, leporina: tulcan: orchid Sandaili: : sandalwood Sdafisagria: : stavesacre Scolapendria, linga ceruina: crimh muice fiadha: hart's tongue fern Stipica: : styptic substances Sbaragius: modomhun: asparagus Storax: : storax Sompnus: codladh: sleep Sitis: ita: thirst Saluia: saidsi: sage Sauina, bracteos: liathan locadh: savin Tartarum: deascaidh an fina: tartar of wine Terra sigilata, terra Sarasenica, argentaria: talamh selaithi: sealed earth Tuirbit: : turpeth Triticum: cruitneact: wheat Tanasetum agreste: brisclain: silverweed Tapsia: fearban: buttercup Tela rania: lin an damain allaidh: spider's web Terpintina: : turpentine Tamariscus: : tamarisk Tamuirindi, oxifencia, dactilus asetosus, dactilus indicus: : tamarind Turio uitis: maetain na fineamhna: shoots of vine Uernix, bernix, elasia: : varnish Ueruena, herba Ueneris, peristeron: : vervain Uiola: sail cuach: violet Uirga pastoris, osaragi : lus na leadan min: teasel Uitrum: gloine: glass Uua: caera na fineamna: grapes of vine Uinum: fin: wine Uenenum: nemh: poison Uenter: an bru: the abdomen Uermis: peiste: worms Uisus: radurc: sight Uomitibus: sceatrach: vomiting Uritiua: : burning substances Yringi, socacul: cuilinn traga: sea holly Ycor: : ichor Ydor: uisce: water Yarapigra Galieni: hieropigra Galeni Zinciber: sinnser: ginger Ziucra: siucra: sugar
An Irish Materia Medica Introduction The author and his sources

The text considered here is an Irish Book of Simple Medicines of the 15th century in the traditional European form. A short chapter is devoted to each drug, and the chapters are arranged in more or less alphabetical order of the Latin names of the drugs, the names that appear to have been used by the apothecaries. In most cases, the Latin heading of the chapter is followed by the Irish name of the drug, the qualities of the drug (hot, cold, dry, wet), the virtues of the drug, stated in general terms (e. g. styptic), and some of the specific uses of the drug.

The book appears to have played a significant part in the process of familiarising the Irish physicians with European pharmacy. It came early in the course of the adoption in Ireland of European medicine, and the number of copies of it that survive, and the influence it appears to have had on later medical writings, indicates that it was widely used.

The author of the book was Tadhg Ó Cuinn, bachelor of physic, and it was written in the year 1415, as is stated at the end of the work, where it is also stated that the work was based on the antidotaries and herbals of the city of Salerno, according to the consensus of the studium i.e. college) of the doctors of Montpellier. It is likely that the author took his degree at the famous medical school of Montpellier in the South of France, but there is no direct evidence on the point. As well as for its medical school, Montpellier was also famous as a centre of the spice trade, and its merchants did a considerable trade with nearby Gascony, which was a possession of the English king. Tomás Ó Concheanainn (1976, p. 165) says that it may be inferred that Tadhg Ó Cuinn belonged to some branch of the Ui Chuinn of Munster (maybe of Inchiquin, Co. Clare), from the fact that all the known scribes of his works were of families native to the Southern half, families named Mac Gaisin, Ó Bolgaidhe, Ó Callannáin and Ó Leighin. It would appear that Ó Cuinn employed some of his students as amanuenses, and that he dictated his material to them. In her note on the manuscript G11 (1967, p. 71), Nessa Ní Shéaghdha gives the names of certain of these amanuenses, Gilla Padraic hí Challannáin, Aenghus hi Callannan, Aodh mac Caisin, Nicol Ó hIceadha. She says that other translations attributed to Tadhg Ó Cuinn include the Commentary of Geraldus de Solo on the ninth book of Rhases' Almanzor (NLIre MS G11), and a treatise on various diseases (RIA 23 M 36, p. 1–18), and she mentions the possibility that he also translated certain paragraphs on medical and physiological subjects contained in MS RIA 24 P 3.

The present work consists of a compilation in Irish of extracts from various Latin works that were in general use by medical people throughout the Middle Ages. It is possible that whatÓ Cuinn had before him were not complete copies of the works in question, but a compendium on the lines of the Herbal of Rufinus (ed. Thorndike, 1946), containing verbatim extracts from a number of authors. In this connection, an interesting possibility arises. About the year 1322, the Medical Faculty of Paris ordered that all apothecaries should possess a copy of the Antidotarium Nicolai; in 1422 they were required to have the Synonima Serapionis correcta and the Circa Instans of Platearius: Trease (1959) 22, 47. These ordinances may have been erecting into law something that was the normal practice of most respectable apothecaries. In that case, it is possible that Tadhg Ó Cuinn borrowed the books he needed for the purposes of his present text from a friendly apothecary. The apothecary would inevitably have been based in a town, and he would have been Anglo-Irish. Reference is made in the Glossary to some examples of what appears to be the influence of the English tradition on the Irish text, and these further indications strengthen the implications of the circumstances described in Chapter 3 that there must have been a certain amount of cooperation between the Gaelic physicians and the Anglo-Irish apothecaries.

Circa Instans

Ó Cuinn's principal source, and the work whose format he followed, was the Liber de simplici medicina, usually known, from the opening words of the introduction, as Circa Instans. Joannes Platearius is named as the author of Circa Instans in the early printed versions of the text.

George Sarton (1931, ii 241) refers to Joannes Platearius the Younger, who lived in the second half of the eleventh century, and Matthaeus Platearius (probably the son of Joannes) who died in 1161. Beck (1940) dates the original writing of Circa Instans rather convincingly to shortly after 1070, and this supports the statement in the printed editions that Joannes was the author. That Joannes, and not Matthaeus, was the author is the view of Schuster (1926, p. 205), Fischer (1929, p. 20) and Morton (1981, p. 107, n. 36). Beck shows, however, that the original text was added to later, and it may be that Matthaeus had a hand in the developing of it. What is most relevant about the book is that it emanated from the town of Salerno, whose citizens were developing a great interest in medicine and were rapidly gaining a reputation for their medical skill.

Circa Instans is a list of more than 200 simple (i.e. not compound) medicines, arranged alphabetically, with a chapter on the uses etc. of each one. Claus H. Beck (who dates his Vorwort, poor man, Im Felde, im Februar 1940) and Hans Wölfel and others, working under the tutelage of Dr. Julius Schuster in Berlin in 1939–40, have contributed substantially to our knowledge of this work. Wölfel printed the copy of the text which is preserved in Erlangen, and Beck studied the three earliest known manuscripts, that of Breslau, which was written about 1180, that in Vienna, which was written at latest about 1250, and that in Erlangen, which was written between 1250 and 1300. Beck finds so many points of resemblance to the Liber de gradibus of Constantine the African, monk of Monte Cassino, and to the Corpus Hippocraticum, that he feels that these, together with Arabic works similar to Abu Mansur's Liber fundamentorum pharmacologiae, were the main sources of the text. Schuster's own contribution (1926) was a study of certain illustrated manuscripts and early printed herbals, and the identification of some 94 plants, in the course of establishing that the illustrations in Gart der Gesundheit (a German herbal printed in 1485) of the plants in question were copied from manuscripts of Circa Instans.

I have relied principally on the version of Circa Instans which was printed in Venice in 1497, supplemented by Wölfel's Erlangen text and by the substantial extracts from Circa Instans which Rufinus included in his herbal in the 13th century. The 1497 version is likely to be the closest to the text that Ó Cuinn had before him.

Another text that is of assistance is the Tractatus de herbis. What appears to be the original is contained in the 14th-century MS Egerton 747 in the British Library. The Tractatus was compiled by Bartholomeus Mino da Siena, of whom nothing is known except that he is described in the Explicit as an expert in the spicer's art. The book began as a copy of Circa Instans, but additional material was added from the writings of Pseudo-Apuleius, Macer Floridus, Pedanios Dioscorides, Ysaac Iudaeus, Avicenna, the Antidotarium Nicolai, and some others. The text is accompanied by illustrations of the plants discussed. Later copies of the Tractatus are contained in three other manuscripts, including MS Lat. 993 of the Biblioteca Estense, Modena. This Modena copy was made, complete with illustrations, in Bourg in France in 1458 by a scribe calling himself Le petit pelous. I have used this Modena copy.Available online at http://bibliotecaestense.beniculturali.it/info/img/mss.html.

The greatest of the recent contributions to our knowledge of Circa Instans is the facsimile edition of the 15th century manuscript, Livre des simples médecines (1980 and 1984), annotated by Carmélia Opsomer, Enid Roberts and William T. Stearn. This is a French version of Circa Instans with many additions, mainly based on the aforesaid Tractatus de herbis, and beautifully illustrated by paintings of which a significant number were made from life. The beauty and botanical accuracy of certain of the illustrations are the subject of praise by Dr. E. Charles Nelson in Pteridologist 2, 1 (1990) 21–23. Opsomer describes the text it contains as one of the major texts of medieval science, and she states that it constitutes the end-point and indeed a balance-sheet showing the assets and the liabilities of a long scientific and medical tradition going back to antiquity, that of the medieval herbal. The manuscript did not come to light until 1975, and it is now preserved in the Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels (IV. 1024). She states that Platearius based his Circa Instans on the works of Pedanios Dioscorides, Galen, Oribasius and Constantine the African, as well as on the experience of his family, of himself and his colleagues at Salerno, notably Gariopontus and Magister Salernus.

 Macer Floridus

The next source most quoted from by Ó Cuinn was the De Viribus Herbarum of Macer Floridus (printed by Choulant, 1832). This is an account believed to have been written early in the 11th century, in Latin hexameter verse, of the medicinal uses of some 77 plants. The name, Macer Floridus, is a pseudonym, reflecting the name of Aemilius Macer, who died in 15 B.C., and who wrote a similar poem about plants, which no longer survives. The author's real name is believed to have been Odo Magdunensis, i.e. Odo from Meung on the Loire, who lived in the first part of the 11th century.

Choulant prints some articles which he believes to have been interpolated into Macer's text by later scribes, and which he refers to as Spuria Macri.

Rufinus included many extracts from Macer's poem in his own compilation.

I have not as yet read the new edition of Macer's poem, edited by Roberto Trifogli and published in Rome in 1958 (British Library reference, under Macer (Aemilius) pseud., 7322 h. 8).

 Ysaac Iudaeus

Occasional use was made by Ó Cuinn of the Liber dietarum particularium which was written by Ysaac Israeli (or Isaac Iudaeus) who lived in Egypt and who died in Tunis about the middle of the tenth century. Ysaac, otherwise Ishaq ibn Amran al-Isra'eli, is said by his Latin translator to have been the adoptive son of Solomon, king of the Arabs. He was one of the first of the distinguished Jews who were prominent in spreading Arabic science, especially medicine, to the Western Arabic territories. He was trained as a physician in Baghdad, where he studied Greek medicine and was in touch with the work done there in the translation and exposition of the Greek authorities. Some of his references to Galen are carried by Ó Cuinn into his own text. About the year 900, Ysaac was court physician and philosopher to Ziyadet Allah III at Qairawan, near Tunis. His treatise on urine is regarded as the best medieval work on the subject. Ysaac's writings were translated from the Arabic into Latin by Constantine the African (who died in 1087), ut de labore anime premium adipiscerer. I have used the Omnia opera which was published by Bartholomeus Trot in Lyons in 1515, as well as the excerpts included by Rufinus in his Herbal.

 Avicenna

Some use was also made of Book 2, the Liber aggregatus de medicinis singularibus of Avicenna's Canon de medicina. Abu All al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, known to Europeans as Avicenna, was born in Afshana, near Bukhara (which is now in the Soviet Union), in 980, and was at least partly Persian. He died in 1037 in Hamadhan. His Book of the Healing was a major influence on European philosophy and science until Aristotle's works became generally known. The Canon of Medicine was the medical textbook most used in Europe for some five centuries. Book 2 of the Canon consists of a list of simple medicines, arranged in alphabetical order, with an account of each one. I have used the translation from Arabic into Latin which was made in Toledo by Gerard of Cremona, who died in 1187, as printed by Petrus Maufer in Venice in 1486.

 Serapion

O' Grady in the BM Catalogue states that the article on the hare (Chapter 170, Lepus) is based on the Book of Simple Medicines of Ibn Sarabi, otherwise Serapion the Younger. It will be necessary to check Serapion's book as a possible source for some of the Irish text. Very little is known of Serapion except that he lived probably in the 12th century, and that he was a physician who wrote in Arabic and who may have been a Christian. The Latin translation, made by Simon Januensis (of Genoa) with the assistance of Abraham Judaeus Tortuosiensis in the second half of the 13th century, became very popular.

 Others

Reference is made in the text to a number of other authorities, Alexander, Averrhoes, Constantine, Dioscorides, Mesue, Galen, Gillibertinus, Hippocrates, Rhases, but it may be taken that these references (except, perhaps, in the case of Rhases) were all derived by the Irish author from the versions he used of the five main sources above described.

 Local sources

There is a number of items in the text for which no Latin sources have been found, and it is suggested in Chapter 4 that some of these may represent a purely Irish tradition.

 In General

This Materia Medica is of a high standard. At a rough check, it appears that, of the 208 plant simples and 29 plant products discussed, some two thirds are mentioned in the 12th edition of the Pharmacognosy of Trease and Evans as being relevant still or until recently, and another 15 were and are of nutritional value. That the author discusses only those drugs which he knew to be in use, is indicated by the drugs which are discussed in the Erlangen copy of Circa Instans, but which are not referred to in the Irish version. Of the 38 such drugs, 33 are foreign and obviously hard to come by, and only five are plants that occur in the Irish flora. The author was practical, too, in selecting information from his sources, He seems to give only those uses of the drug which he knew to be made in practice in this country. To mention an obvious case, he omits the numerous references to scorpion stings which occur in the Latin texts. On the other hand, he frequently mentions the mad dog when the Latin source does not.

The text appears to be no slavish rendering of the voice of ancient authority, but a sensible selection of information believed to be of practical use. It indicates the ailments that were known in the country at the time, and the drugs that were used in treating them.

 Copies of the text

The version given in the present exercise is based on the copy of the text in Trinity College Dublin, manuscript No. 1343 (H. 3. 22), pages 47–106. The scribe was Aodh Buidhe Ó Leighin, and the copy is believed to have been made in the fifteenth century. I have made a few emendations from other copies, indicated by square brackets [ ], but I have not as yet compared or collated the text with the other copies.

Other copies of the text are contained in a number of manuscripts:

National Library of Ireland MS G11:

Written on vellum and completed in 1466 by Donnchadh Ó Bolgaidi, with two or three unidentified collaborators. The manuscript contains a considerable amount of material on medical topics, including valuable copies of some legal tracts relating to medical practice. The Materia medica occupies pages 1–67. Nessa Ni Shéaghdha says, Cat, i 66, that parts of the manuscript may have been written at Woodstock, near Athy, and at Clanmalire, Laois, adding, p. 71, that the copy of the Materia medica may be reckoned among the more complete vellum copies, and that it is more or less akin to the copy in H. 3. 22 (above).

 National Library of Scotland, MacKinnon's MS III, fo. 1–80:

This is a fairly full copy of the text, containing 286 articles. It was made in the fifteenth century. The scribe gives his name as Gilla Coluim, and he indicates that he worked from the text as taken down by Gilla Padraic Ó Callanain from the author's dictation. Gilla Coluim does not indicate where the copy was made, but it has been in Scotland since at least the seventeenth century. The names of the plants are written in the margin in English, evidently by John Beaton, who wrote his name on folio 53b in 1671. On folio 85a he writes: E[oin] M'Bh[eathadh] 1671. MacKinnon, in his Catalogue of Gaelic MSS in Scotland, prints extracts from Articles in this manuscript corresponding to our Chapters 92, 158, 187 and 198, and he gives the scribe's colophon at the end of the text in full. It will be necessary to check the Glossary herein with John Beaton's English plant names.

 Royal Irish Academy MS 458 (23 O 23):

A vellum manuscript, which may have been made in the 15th or 16th century.

 RIA MS 464 (23 O 6):

A vellum fragment bound into the volume as pages 19–30 contains part of a Materia medica from Sambucus to Ydor. Is this part of our MM?

 RIA MS 459 (23 Q 5):

This is also a vellum manuscript which was probably made in the 15th or 16th century.

 NLScot, MacKinnon's MS LX, pages 303–463:

This copy, which contains 311 articles, was written in 1611–1614, in the main by Aonghus mac Fearchair mic Aonghuis, in Ardchonnel, for Donnchadh Ó Conchubhair. The scribe appears to be Aonghus Mac Beathadh, son of Farquhar Beaton of Husibost, Skye (see MacKinnon, Cat., top of p. 299).

Farquhar was physician to the Lord of the Isles, and he was, in his time, possessor of the well-made copy of the Irish Lilium Medicinae which is described by MacKinnon on p. 298– 301 (now NLScot. MS 2076). The handwriting in MS 2076 will need to be examined to see if it bears out the statement in MacKinnon p. 299 that that manuscript also was written by Aonghus. Aonghus received some of his medical training from Donnchadh Ó Conchubhair of Dunolly in Argyle. This Donnchadh (1571–1647) became Donnchadh Albanach when he was in Ireland in the 1590's with Donnchadh Óg Ó Conchubhair, who was very likely a relative of his. In 1596, he was in the home of Donnchadh Óg, at Cullohill — Cúl Choill — by Achadh mic Airt, Mac Giolla Pádraig's headquarters, making a copy of the Irish Lilium Medicinae under the supervision of Donnchadh Óg, with the help of Cathal mac Cuinn and of Giolla Padraig, son of Donnchadh Óg: MacKinnon, p. 275, Donnchadh Óg, who is referred to elsewhere (see RIA Cat. p. 1169) as Donnchadh Óg mac Donnchadha léith mhic Giolla Padruic, was physician to Mac Giolla Pádraig of Ossory, and he appears as the teacher of Risderd mac Muircertaigh Ó Conchobhair, scribe of RIA MS 439.

 British Library MS Add. 15403

This is a vellum MS, and it is dated by Standish O' Grady (Cat, p. 222) to the 16th century. It contains 151 of the chapters in the H.3. 22 version, and 14 chapters that are not in H.3.22. The headings of the chapters are printed by Stokes (1888), and O' Grady has, in the BM Catalogue, edited and translated extracts from the MS corresponding to our Chapters 36, 49, 62, 170, 215 and 242, as well as chapters on caraway (carui) and Spanish flies (Cantarides) that are not in H. 3. 22.

 TCD MS 1334 (H. 3. 15):

This is also a vellum manuscript, and it is dated by the cataloguers s. xvi?.

 TCD MS 1323 (H. 3.4):

This is also a vellum MS, dated by the Cataloguers s. xvi?. William O'Sullivan, Celtica xi 248, assumes that it was bought by the Library from Muiris Ó Gormáin: that would have been between 1761 and 1781. The copy of the Materia medica contains about 260 articles. The colophon states that the text is as taken down from Tadhg Ó Cuinn's dictation by Aenghus Ó Callanáin, and that this copy was written by Maghnus mac Gilla na naemh micc a Leagha. N. Ní Shéaghdha states, NLIre Cat, p. 71, that there is a note in RIA 24 B 2, p. 122 to the effect that the original transcript of Ó Cuinn's translation of the Materia Medica was in the possession of the Ó Callanáin family (i seilbh Eóin ui Challanáin .i. an liaigh) in 1692 and that it was the ultimate exemplar of the Ó Longáin copies (see below) of the tract. No doubt, the original transcript referred to was either the version that was written down by Aenghus, or that which was written down by the Giolla Padraic Ó Callanáin who is referred to in the earlier of the NLScot MSS. The Ó Callanáins were physicians to Mac Carthaigh Riabhach of Cairbre in west Cork. In the BM Cat., p. 222, O' Grady suggests that the Aonghus Ó Callanáin who was the second main scribe of the Book of Mac Carthaigh Riabhach, known as the Book of Lismore, was the same Aonghus who contributed to the production, in 1403, of the original of the item at the end of BL MS Egerton 89 (and who was, presumably, also the Aenghus of TCD MS 1323, H. 3.4). However, it is unlikely that he was the same Aonghus, because Finghin mac Diarmada, for whom the relative tract in the Book of Lismore was written, did not become Mag Carthaigh until 1478. See Celtica xv 96–110. Finghin died in 1505.

 RIA MS 447 (23 K 42):

The Book of the O'Shiels, written in 1657–58 by Pádruic gruamdha O Siaghuil. The book was written in Connaught, where Pádruic says he and his brother, Pádruic Óg, were in exile (no doubt under pressure from Cromwell), and he prays God to recall them both to their ancestral home in Ibh Eachach (i.e. Iveagh), probably in Co. Armagh. He seems to have belonged to the branch of the O'Shiels who were physicians to the MacMahons of Oriel. The copy of the Materia medica takes up pages 322–444. It contains a little more than half the text, and breaks off with the heading Gladiolus, our Chapter 145. Una de Bhulf prints five extracts from this MS in Lia Fáil i 229–233, corresponding to our Chapters 3, 8, 17, 56 and 61.

 John Rylands Library, University of Manchester, Irish MS 35:

Hayes (Catalogue of Manuscript Materials) gives the scribe as Domhnall Ó Coinmhidhe (?), 17th century (?). This is the manuscript that Whitley Stokes calls Lord Crawford's Irish medical MS. It begins with a copy of our text, and Stokes prints the headings of some 118 of the Chapters in The Academy, May 16, 1896, pages 405–7. In his paper of 1898, Stokes includes a medical glossary from this MS.

 NLIre MS G 19:

This MS consists of a copy of our text, made by Muiris Ó Gormáin in 1761. According to N. Ní Sheaghdha, NLIre Cat. p .71, the copy appears to have been transcribed from NLIre MS G11.

 RIA MS 465 (23 N 20):

This manuscript contains a copy, on pages 65–134, of the same version of the Materia medica as the other Ó Longáin manuscripts (below). A colophon on page 134 states that it was written by Micheál Óg Ó Longáin for his own use in Cuil ui Murchadha, near Curracha Chiopain, in Musgraidhe, Co. Cork, in 1794.

 RIA MS 470 (23 M 38):

Written in 1794 by Micheál Óg Ó Longáin.

 RIA MS 460 (3 B 15):

A copy of RIA MS 459, made by Micheál Ó Longáin in 1829.

 RIA MS 462 (24 M 34):

A copy made by Joseph Ó Longáin in 1848.

 RIA MS 461 (24 B 2):

A copy made by Joseph Ó Longáin in 1848, stated to have been made from a copy made by Micheál Óg Ó Longáin in 1824, which in turn was made from a copy made by Micheál Ó Longáin in 1761.

 RIA MS 448 (3 A 36):

A transcript of the Book of the O'Shiels, RIA MS 447, made by Joseph and Micheál Ó Longáin in 1870.

An English translation of the Materia medica, made by Joseph Ó Longáin in 1870 and based on the copies in the O'Shiel MS (RIA 447) and RIA 462, is contained in RIA MS 463 (24 M 28). This may be of interest for the names of the plants.

 The doctors and the apothecaries

Ireland was not alone in suffering a state of conflict and hostility between its two communities, Gaelic and Anglo-Irish, each side regarding the other as savage predators, and not without reason. In Asia, the Mongol hegemony was breaking up, so that the land routes from India were impassible. Christian and Muslim glared at one another across the Mediterranean, while, closer to home, the English and the French were at one another's throats in the hundred years' war. It is surely a tribute to the resilience and adaptability of human beings that, in spite of all this, life went on.

In Ireland, the two communities, for all their mutual hostility, found it possible to deal with one another in various ways. The Anglo-Irish towns all had their Irishtown suburbs, where people from the Gaelic areas came to settle and to work in the towns. Some Anglo-Irish communities outside the towns adopted the Irish way of life in many of its aspects. Military alliances between groups on the two sides were not uncommon; their alliance with their neighbours, the Clann Aodha Buidhe, enabled the Savages of the Ards peninsula to maintain their position and their prosperity throughout the later Middle Ages. Even the Government sometimes employed Gaelic troops.

The professions that were recognised in Gaelic society included poets, historians, musicians, lawyers, ecclesiastics, and, of course, the physicians, who traced their art and its practice back to prehistoric times.

There appears to have been an unsystematised form of primary education, which provided the basics for children destined for the professions, for the children of the upper classes, and for others. From there, the professional students went on to the specialised schools which the professional families ran to train the next generation. In addition, the medical families sent some of their young hopefuls to the great medical schools, particularly, it appears, Montpellier, that had developed over the previous two or three centuries on the Continent. The medical courses of the time were quite long, beginning with general subjects, and continuing with study of the principal medical texts, such as Avicenna's Canon of medicine, Bernard of Gordon's Lilium medicinae, and the writings of Arnaldus de Villa Nova.

When the students qualified, they came home and went into the practice of the profession, including teaching in the Irish medical schools. For the purposes of the local schools, they translated some of the texts they had studied abroad into Irish, and a considerable body of manuscript translations of Latin medical texts, made at this time, has survived to preserve their memory. Our present text is one of these, and the number of copies of it which we still have indicates that it was widely used in the schools and by the physicians.

When the new science was adopted in Ireland, many of the medical texts current in Latin were translated into Irish, but the Bible of the Irish doctors was the Lilium Medicinae of Bernard of Gordon. This man was Master of the Medical University of Montpellier. A number of writings are attributed to him, produced between 1294 and 1308, but his greatest work, published in July, 1305, in the twentieth year of his service in Montpellier, was the Lilium. This is a comprehensive textbook of the medicine of the time, making quite a tome. In the middle of the 15th century, it was translated into Irish as Lile na heladhan leighis by Cormac mac Duinn Shléibhe. A beautiful copy of this translation, made by Domhnall Albanach Ó Troighthigh in 1482 (it was sold for 20 cows in 1500) is preserved in the British Library as MS Egerton 89. Other copies are in the Royal Irish Academy, 3 C 19, and Trinity College MS 1341 (H. 3.20). The Gaelic Lilium Medicinae in MS 2076 of the National Library of Scotland (this copy cost 60 milk cows) was the "physical pandect" of Fearchard Mac Bethadh, Farquhar Beaton, physician to the Lord of the Isles, in the early 17th century. It is of interest that the Irish took to the pragmatic Bernard rather than to intellectuals like Avicenna, Averrhoes and Arnald of Villanova. C. H. Talbot (1978) p. 419 refers to the Montpellier school as being more concerned with sick people than with theories of sickness.

Some Irish versions of medical texts that have been published in modern editions are Regimen Sanitatis, follamhnughadh na sláinte (Gillies, 1911), John of Gaddesden's Rosa Anglica (Wulff, 1929), A Treatise on Fevers (Duncan, 1932), "Trotula's" Muliebrium Liber (Wulff, 1934), the De Dosibus of Gaulterus (Sheahan, 1938), Regimen na Sláinte, a version of the Regimen Sanitatis of Magninus of Milan (Ó Ceithearnaigh, 1942). Some shorter texts have been published by Winifred Wulff, e. g. De amore hereos, Ériu xi 174; Pestilentia, Ériu x; De chirurgia, Lia Fáil i 126–9; sections of a copy of our text in Lia Fáil i. Further information about the medical men and their writings is given by Meehan (1872, 373–390), Moore (1908), Shaw (1939, 1952, 1966), Walsh (1947), Binchy (1952), Dunlevy (1952), Ní Shéaghdha (1984), and also by the Gaelic Manuscript Catalogues of the various libraries, mainly the Royal Irish Academy, Trinity College, King's Inns, National Library, National Library of Scotland, and the British Library.

Every chieftaincy had a physician as one of its ollamhain or professional functionaries. The post was usually a hereditary one, descending in the same family for many generations, and it was remunerated with a holding of land. The physician was well-off enough and of sufficient status to enable him, apparently as part of his function, to maintain a guest house (teach aided coitchend) providing hospitality for the general public: Simms (1978) p. 71. The Annals of Connaught (Freeman, 1944) record, in the year 1527, the death of the wealthy Dr. Dunlevy, who kept a guesthouse: he was of the family who were physicians to the O'Donnells of Donegal: An Docduir [Donnchad] mac Eogain h. Duinnhslébi, sai re leighus &ersir; annsna healadnaibh ele d'urmor &ersir; fer conaigh moir et tighi oiged, do dul d'ecc an tres la ria féil San Proinséis.

Other physicians who were deemed worthy of having their deaths recorded in the same annals were Muris mac Donnchada h. Beigléighinn, sai re leighus (1528), O Siaghail, ollam leighis Innse hEogain (1531) and Illann Buide mac Maoilsechlainn meic Illainn Meic an Legha, sai re leigius (1531). As regards Dr. Dunlevy, the title docduir indicates a University training, made possible, no doubt by the family's wealth. Tadhg Ó Cuinn and Cormac Mac Duinnshléibhe also had degrees. It is clear, however, that University training was not considered essential. One of his pupils said of Donnchadh Óg Ó Conchubhair, physician to Mac Giolla Padraig of Ossory, that he was rogha legha Érenn ina aimsir fen (tuig riot gan dul a hÉrinn do dhénamh foghluma). He had, however, made a copy of the Irish version of the Lilium medicine himself, and he gave it to his pupils to copy: RIA Cat. p. 1172; MacKinnon p. 275.

The Anglo-Irish towns existed for the purpose of trade, and they could not have survived without their trade with their Gaelic neighbours. From time to time, officialdom issued edicts forbidding any intercourse with the "Irish enemies", but the need for trade forced the authorities to withdraw their restrictions whenever things were on a fairly even keel. Waterford in 1345, Cork in 1382, Limerick in 1391, Kinsale in 1400, and New Ross in 1402, were all permitted to make peace with the Irish and to trade with them (Mac Niocaill, 1964, II 394). The story Harrison discusses (1986), where a whiskey maker sent a school-boy ("memorise this as you do your lessons") to town, on his own, to buy pepper and anise for the whiskey, shows that the Gaelic people had ready access to the towns and the shops, at least as individuals.

It is not difficult to accept, then, that the physicians operating in the Gaelic areas had a fair degree of contact with their colleagues in the towns, at least with the apothecaries. The reader will notice in Ó Cuinn's work that some of the Irish names of plants and materials are derived from the French and English languages, but it will also be noticed that a great many exotic materials are mentioned with an air of familiarity which indicates that the author knew about them and used them, and he could not have obtained them without the services of the apothecaries in the towns.

There is a reference to apothecaries in the Irish translation (c.1450) of Bernard of Gordon's Lilium medicine (MS Egerton 89, written in 1482, fo. 32va) diaquilon .i. treta bis ac na poiticairibh. In the 1551 edition of the Latin text, the substance referred to is diachylon, but there is no reference to apothecaries. It is likely that there were apothecaries in the Irish towns as there were in the towns of England and the Continent. Rudolf Schmitz (1961) has established firmly that there were apothecaries, in the sense of pharmaceutical retailers, in the German towns from about the year 1300 at least. There are references to apothecaries in Circa Instans: e. g. the version of the chapter on Margarita in the Erlangen copy states Alie non sunt perforata et peiores quas ponunt apothecarii in medicinis. Trease (1964) shows that, certainly by the time of our text, the apothecary was a familiar figure in England. In his paper of 1959, p. 19–20, he states: In England some trade in spicery had long existed, but evidence from many sources indicates that in the thirteenth century it had assumed considerable proportions … The spicers were primarily retail traders, although some were engaged in overseas trade and even owned ships … By the fourteenth century spicers were found in most large provincial towns and some were obviously men of substance. The term apotheca, meaning originally a store-place, particularly for wine, gradually came to mean a store-place for spicery and eventually a pharmacy. In England the name apothecarius became common in the latter half of the thirteenth century. It was applied to a spicer who tended to specialise in pharmacy.

In the Liber primus Kilkenniensis (McNeill, 1931), Johannes Spicer appears as a juror in 1344; Adam Spicer appears as a burgess in 1383–4 (p. 69) and he is mentioned again in 1391–2 (p. 46). English surnames often indicated the trade of the bearer of the name.

Writing in 1965, Trease and Hodson print an inventory of the stock-in-trade of John Hexham, an apothecary of London, which was made in 1415, the same year that our Tadhg Ó Cuinn wrote his book. Hexham was hanged for coining false money, and the inventory was taken in the course of the legal proceedings relating to the charge against him. The inventory, with the notes supplied by Trease and Hodson, is as follows (AN and PA indicate a preparation in the Antidotarium Nicolai (Nicolaus Salernitanus, 1484–85) or Pharmacopoeia Augustana): Inventory Notes 1. Agret 2 oz. pretii 1 d. 1. probably agresta or unfermented grape juice; 2. Azarum 2 oz. 2 d. 2. azarum or asarabacha; 3. Lignum aloes 1 lb. 20 d. 3. aloes wood; 4. Cardamome &ersir; oz. 20 d. 4. cardamom fruits or seeds; 5. Ireus 2 oz. 1 d. 5. orris root; 6. Gensyan 2 oz. 3 d. 6. gentian root; 7. Gomeder 1 qr. 2 d. 7. probably a gum; Os de cost' cervi 2 pecie 2d. 8. ... it seems probable that os de cornu cervi is intended. This could be the ordinary horn of the animal or the so-called hart's heart bone which Renodaeus ... describes as that ossicle which adheres to the basis of an old hart's heart ... from its figure, much resembling a cross, hunters call it Hart's cross; 9. Rubarbe 3 oz. 2 d. 9. rhubarb; 10. Spykenard 2 oz. 5 d. 10. true or Indian spike (compare items 13 and 18); 11. Aloes citrini 1 oz. 2 d. 11. a variety of Socotrine aloes; 12. Sene 1 qr. 1 d. 12. senna leaves or pods (compare items 70 and 75); 13. Spica selteca 2 oz. 2 d. 13. Celtic nard or spike root (compare item 10); 14. Trussa dyani 3 oz. 3 d. 14, 15, and 16 contain the word "Trussa" ... 15. Trussa dyarodian 2 oz. 2 which if regarded as equivalent to "Trochisci" then has corresponding preparations in the pharmocopoeias, ... 16. Trussa mirre 3 oz. 6 d. namely Trocisci Diani AN, Trocisci Diarodon AN and Trochisci de Myrrha PA; 17. Bayes 3 lb. 3 d. 17. bay-laurel berries; 18. Spic' cetica ½ lb 4 d. 18. as item 13; 19. Calamus aromaticus ½ lb 2 d. 19. acorus or sweet-flag root; 20. Lytarg' aur' 6 lb. 12 d. 20. golden litharge or lead oxide; 21. Bys 1 oz. 8 d. 21. these berries are too expensive to be the same as item 17 and we suggest the mediaeval dye stuff and drug, kermes; 22. Dyasaturian ½ qr. 2 d. 22. Diasaterion AN; 23 Trifa sarazonica 3 qr. 12 d. 23. Tri[f]era Sarracenica AN; 24. Yera pigra galiene 2 oz. 4 d. 24. Yera Pigra Galieni AN; 25. Dyaffenicon 1 lb. 2 s. 25. Diapenidion Magna AN; 26. Conserva violate 1 qr. 4 d. 26. conserve of violets; 27. Pulpa casalophistula 3 d. 27. pulp of cassia fistula fruit; 28. Potus antiogie 3 lb. 2 s. 28. unidentified;Cf Juhani Norri, DMVE sv potus Antioche, also cf Hunt and Benskin, 'Three Receptaria', p. 72 (item no. 609/.xxxii. from the Rawlinson compendium (Rawlinson C 814, of the first half of the fourteenth century), with a recipe for Potus Antiochie. 29. Ciripis sitomor' 6 oz. 5 d. 29. possibly a syrup of citrus or lemon 30. Surip' spig'enell 4 oz. 4 d. 30. possibly syrup of spikenard; 31. Surip' capill' veneris 2 lb. 2 s. 31. syrup of maidenhair, Syrupus Capillorum Veneris PA; 32.Axsedule ½ lb. 6 d. 32. probably axungia or lard; Surip' andyne 3 qr. 6 d. 33. sedative syrup; 34. Surip' boragin' ½ lb. 6 d. 34. syrup of borage; 35. Surip' eupatorie 2 lb. 1 qr. 2 s. 35. Syrupus de Eupatoria PA; 36. Surip' fum'terre 2 lb. 1 qr. 36. Syrupus de Fumoterrae PA; 37. Sur' ictericie ½ lb. 6 d. 37. hardly legible but ictericus means "against jaundice". 38. Sur' prassii 1 lb. 16 d. 38. syrup of horehound, Syrupus de Prassio PA; 39. Sur' oximeldoratik 2 lb. 1 qr. 16 d. 39. a syrup of diuretic oxmel, Oxymel Diureticum PA; 40. Sur' ros' 1 lb. 8 d. 40. Siropi Rosacei AN; 41. Sur' scabiose 2 ½ lb. 2 s. 41. Syrupus de Scabiosa PA; 42. Unguentum agrippa 2 lb. 12 d. 42. Unguentum Agrippe AN; 43. Unguentum geneste 6 lb. 18 d. 43. ointment of genista or broom; 44. Unguentum aur' 8 lb. 2 s. 8 d. 44. golden ointment, Unguentum Aureum PA; 45. Unguentum marciatum 5 lb. 20 d. 45. Unguentum Marciaton AN; 46. Unguentum Aragonium 3 lb. 12 d. 46. Unguentum Arrogon AN; 47. Oleum laurium 3 lb. 12 d. 47. oil of laurel berries; 48. Unguentum nervale 5 lb. 20 d. 48. doubtful but possibly Unguentum Nihili PA; 49. Pepllion' vetus 2 ½ lb. 12 d. 49. poplar buds used for making Unguentum Popleon AN; 50. Dialtia 6 ½ lb. 12 d. 50. marshmallow, either root or ointment; 51. Salie vetus 2 lb. 8 d. 51. possibly Salvia vitae, which in Gerard of Cremona's herbal is given as a synonym for Ruta muraria, or Wall rue; 52. Oleum mastic' 1 lb. 8 d. 52. an oil containing mastic, Oleum Mastichinum, Mesue PA; 53. Oleum exetr' 1 lb. 6 d. 53. doubtful, but possibly the Exeter Oil, Oleum Excestrense mentioned by Quincy; 54. Oleum new faris 2 lb. 8 d. 54. presumably similar to Oleum Nenupharinum of the 1618 London Pharmacopoeia; 55. Oleum croci 1 lb. 16 d. 55. oil of saffron, Oleum ex Croco, Mesue PA; 56. Oleum costinum ½ lb. 2 d. 56. Oleum Costinum, Mesue PA; 57. Oleum juni' 1 qr. 1 d. 57. Oleum Juniperi PA; 58. Oleum castorii 1 lb. 8 d. 58. an oil containing castoreum, Oleum Castorei PA; 59. Oleum wulpinus 3 lb. 2 s. 59. Oleum Vulpinum, Mesue PA; 60. Oleum benedictum 2 ½ lb. 2 s. 6 d. 60. Oleum Benedicte was prescribed for Edward I when he was dying and the remedy may be the Oleum Nardinum Benedictum referred to by Arnold of Villanova ... 61. Oleum absinthii ½ lb. 1 d. 61. Oleum Absinthii PA; 62. Oleum mastic' 3 qr. 6 d. 62, same as 52; 63. Oleum castorii ½ lb. 2 d. 63. same as 58; 64. Oleum nuniferis 3 qr. 3 d. 64. same as 54; 65. Oleum sambuci 1 qr. 1 d. 65. Oleum Sambucinum PA; 66. 20 nova viol' et 80 glass' cum diversis aquis 10 s. 66. Twenty new vials and eighty glass bottles with various waters; 67. 1 latyse 4 d. 67. probably lattice, or screen for window; 68. Piliaur' et gerepegra ½ lb. 16 d. 68. Pylulae Aurae Nicolai PA and Pylulae de Hiera PA (formulae attributed to both Galen and Nicolaus); 69. divers' (?pro) letewar 5 lb. 16 s. 8 d. 69. probably, various drugs for making electuaries; 70. Pulvis ceni ½ lb. 2 d. 70. powdered senna; 71. Emplastrum restrativum 1 lb. 8 d. 71. probably the Electuarium resumptionem sive ad restaurandum humiditatem of the Dispensarium Nicolai Praepositi, which ... was supplied to Henry III in 1265 ... 72. Emplastrum de granis laurei' 6 oz. 4 d. 72. Emplastrum de Baccis Lauri, Mesue PA; 73. Dya palma 5 oz. 2 d. 73. a preparation of palma, a drug we have failed to identify; Thorndike in Herbal of Rufinus, p. 292, quotes Synonima spaltea, id est palma; 74. Gra' dei minor 2 oz. 1 d. 74. Gratia Dei or Herb Robert; 75. Seny 12 lb. 2 s. 75. senna; 76. Papaveris alb' 2 lb. 4 d. 76. white poppy, presumably capsules; 77. Saxifrage 1 lb. 1 d. 77. saxifrage herb; 78. Letuse 2 lb. 4 d. 78. lettuce, presumably seeds; 79. Semen carkamy ½ lb. 2 d. 79. bastard-saffron seeds, carthamum; 80. 1 firepanne cum les tonges 3 s. 4 d. 80. firebasket and tongs; 81. Candelstikkes 4 pecie 16 d. 81. candlesticks; 82. 1 hamperium cum tribus cooperculis 4 d. 82. hamper with three covers; 83. 2 lanterne 2 d. 83. two lanterns; 84. candelstikk 3 pecie 6 d. 84. candlestick; 85. 1 par de gobardes 20 d. 85. a pair of cobbards or cob- irons; 86. 2 disci picti 2 d. 86. possibly, "ditto" and like No. 85; 87. 2 girdyrenes 2 trevetes et 1 fryingpanne 87. two gridirons, two trivets (tripod or bracket) and one frylng-pan; 88. 1 watertankard 8 d. 88. water-tankard; 89. 1 musterdpot 2 d. 89. mustard-pot; 90. celura cum 4 curtinis 6 s. 4 d. 90. ceiling or panelling with four curtains; 91. 1 cooperlectulum cum tester de worsted 3 s. 4 d. 91. bed cover with a testa or bed-canopy of worsted; 92. 1 stillatorium 2 s. 4 d. 92. a still.

It will be seen that there are very few items in that inventory that are not reflected in our text.

Trease (1959) prints a number of statements of account for drugs and related commodities supplied by various apothecaries to the English royal household in the period 1252–1313. As he says, they show drugs actually used and not merely those represented in formularies, though it must be noted that this was a century before the time of our text. The materials mentioned in the statements are as follows, the relative entry (where there is one) in our Glossary being added in brackets:

Aloe and aloe cicotino (aloes), ambra (ambra), ambre orientale, antimoni, aqua vite; "Probably one of the earliest references to it in British records", argentum puro (airgead), auro (or), boile armeniche (uir sleibhe Armeinia), cadmeauri (slaidteach), calamenti (cailimint), camamille (camamilla), candi (siucra), casafistul' (casia fistula), castor (castorium), ceüe (?)(mong mer), cere (ceir), ceruge (blath in luaidhe), cinimat' Alex' (cainel), cironis fundatis de gummis, claretum (claired), curalio (cruel), diantos (diantos), diaciminum (diasiminum), diacitoniton, diadragant' diamargariton (diamargaireton), diapenidion (diapinidi), diaquilon diaroddon abbatis (diaradon), diazinziberios, dyacameron, dyagalanga (diagalanga), dragees, electuar' ad restaur' electuario confortativo, ensens (olibanum), fleur de fewes (ponaire), fleur de orge (eorna), fleurs de violés (sail cuach), gariof' (clobus), giginbres, grane, guimmauves (leamhach), guminis (gum), iacintar', ladano (laudanum), let de femmes (bainne), liquirice (licoiris), litarge (slaidteach), mac' (mas), margarit' (nemann), mastiz (maisdix), mauves (leamhach maighe), mel (mil), merre (mirr), milelott (eachseamar), musco (muscus), olle rosat (ola), oil rosat et violet et camamill', oleo benedicto, oleo de terebinthino distillate, oleo de tritico, oleum fraxini, oleum laurino (ola), penides, pewleus (poiliol ruibel), pinguedine castor, pione, polii mianti (puliol montanum), pomis granatis (ubull), resumptioni, reubarb' (reubarbrum), reysins (risine), rosat novelle, roses (rós), roses, felé de, saturie (tulcan), sauge (saidsi), seminis, sire verge, stomatici confortationi, tamarinde (tamuirindi), terra sigilata (talam selaithi), triasandali (sandaili), tustie (tuisia), unguento cum aloe cicotino et cadmeauri unguenti cum balsamo et aloen cicotino, vino malorum garnatorum, volveus, zeodar, zucar (siucra), zucar' rosat' (siucra), zucar violat (siucra).

Trease (1964) states that Dioscorides' book on Materia Medica, which was written in Greek in the first century A. D., and was translated into Latin in the sixth century, remained the basis of all books on Materia Medica until the seventeenth century (p. 9). He adds the following opinion (p. 15), based, apparently, on the Corpus of Simples which was written by Ibn al Baitar (1197–1248) of Malaga (the relative headings in our Glossary are given in brackets):

Whilst it is virtually impossible to say that a particular drug had not been used previously in Egypt or Mesopotamia, most of the following do appear to be Arab introductions from India or the Far East

musk (muscus), cloves (clobus), dragon's blood (fuil dreagain), galanga root (gailingan), betel nut, sandalwood (sandaili), rhubarb (reubarbrum), nutmeg (nutamicc), tamarind (tamuirindi), cassia bark (cainel), croton oil, nux vomica.

The use of sugar (siucra) is characteristic of Arab pharmacy. From India cultivation of the sugar cane spread to Persia and was later introduced by the Arabs into Cyprus, Sicily and Spain.

Examples may be given of some scattered references which indicate that the exotic materials discussed by Ó Cuinn were readily available in the towns. In 1306 the Nicholas of Down was wrecked on Portmarnock strand, and the cargo she had been carrying included spices in barrels of great value (de Courcy Ireland, 1986, 78). An account of the exports from Bristol to Ireland in 1479–80 includes 1 1/4 lb. of saffron (Mac Niocaill, 1964, II 516). James Mills, in editing the Account roll of the Priory of the Holy Trinity, Dublin, 1337–1346, which lists the expenditure of the Priory, says: Among groceries and foreign produce (which were in proportion much higher in price than the home-grown articles) are olive oil (6d. a quart), almonds, walnuts, rice (usually in conjunction with almonds), salt, white salt (the best qualities, the cheaper salts being very impure), pepper (20d. a lb.), verjuice, figs (2d. a lb. ), mustard, saffron, spices.

In addition, we find, in the roll itself, references to the purchase of rose-water and sugar for 14d, ginger and mustard for ½ d, sulphur for 3d (for treating oxen and farm horses), and on page 92 we find 2d being paid cuidam garcioni eunti apud Kyldar pro oleo & crismate ibidem petendis.

In 1250, permission was given to levy tolls at Dublin on certain goods, including woad, salt and spice, and in 1336 a somewhat similar permission included customs on dates: Gilbert (1889) i 9, 14.

Imported plant materials are referred to in the Ormond deeds, e.g. ginger root (1286), figs, raisins and spices (1287), cummin (1290), almonds and pepper (about 1400): Curtis, 1932.

A grant of murage by the king to the city of Cork in 1284 discusses the import of wax, pepper, almonds, rice, cumin, alum and woad. The trade in these was probably in the hands of the merchant companies, the Ricardi of Lucca, the Friscobaldi etc., whose European connections gave them more facilities for dealing in them.: O'Sullivan, 1937, pp. 38, 287. The same grant mentions a trade in common cinders, which probably indicates one of the products the Gaelic people traded for the imported goods they bought in the towns. These cinders were the ashes of their wood fires, and they were in great demand in England because they were used in the manufacture of soap and glass. The bulk of what the Gaelic people traded consisted of hides, skins, wool and wool fells.

As to where the apothecaries obtained their supplies, there is little difficulty as far as the common wild plants of the country-side were concerned. These were gathered by the country-women, and it is likely that the children had a hand in the work. John Keogh has this to say: You will gain great advantage by having the name of the herb in Irish, for in case you did not know it or where you might find it, only repeat the name in Irish to one of your little botanists, and he will fetch it to you presently.

Although, like John Keogh, he was writing in the eighteenth century, long after our period, it is interesting to see Caleb Threlkeld's references to the Herb Women who sell bugle by the name of wood betony, the Herb Folks who sell wood sage in the city, the duilleasg which is hawked about the streets by the cry of dullisk, and which is sold near the gate of the Fifth Market on the Fingallian side of Dublin; if his taste deceive him not, the fruit of the black bullace-tree are sold about the streets by hawkers for damsons; the poor women gather the fraghans in Autumn, and cry them about the streets of Dublin.

Ó Cuinn discusses many plants which are rare, or which do not grow naturally in Ireland, and, although some of these may have been imported in dry form, it would appear that most of them were grown in gardens in Ireland. There is abundant evidence, summarised in the Royal Irish Academy's Dictionary, for the existence of the lubgort, or herb garden, in Ireland in early times. In a law tract dated to the eighth century, it is stated Ni dlig nach otrus tarsunn la Féne acht lus lubgoirt, air is airi derónta lubgort ar forchill notrusa. (i.e. No person on sick maintenance is entitled in Irish law to any condiment except garden herbs, for it is for this purpose that gardens have been made, viz. for care of the sick.: Binchy, 1934-38, pp. 22 and 23. The Benedictines introduced their own version of the herb garden to Northern Europe and the Cistercians brought it to Ireland in the twelfth century.

A plan has survived from the year 820 of the herb garden of the monastery of St. Gall, with a note of the plants which were grown there. More interesting, perhaps, is the poem by Walafrid Strabo (printed by Choulant, 1832) about his Little Garden, the HortulusLatin edition online at https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost09/Walahfrid/wal_ho00.html., in which he extols the benefits of gardening (for one thing, it takes your mind off sex) and the virtues of the plants he grew himself, much the same plants that they had in St. Gall. He was abbot of the monastery of Reichenau, on a beautiful island in Lake Constance, in the North East of Switzerland, not far from St. Gall. The herb garden was a very conservative institution, as was the tradition relating to the medicinal uses of herbs, and it is not at all unlikely that the herb gardens that existed in Ireland in Ó Cuinn's time were similar to Strabo's garden of the ninth century. Nearly all the plants grown by Strabo are discussed by Ó Cuinn, and he gives them all Irish names, even those which do not grow naturally here. Strabo's plants, and Ó Cuinn's Irish names for them, are set out now. The identification of the plants in modern terms is that provided by Fischer (1929, p. 138–9). The items marked with an asterisk (*) are included by Webb as occurring naturally in Ireland.

Abrotanum: southernwood, suramunt. Artemisia abrotanum. Absinthium: wormwood, uormont. Artemisia absinthium*. Agrimonia: agrimony, marbhdroighin. Agrimonia eupatoria*. Ambrosia: tansy, lus na bhFranc. Tanacetum vulgare*. Apium wild celery, meirse. Apium graveolens*. Betonica: betony, biotoine. Stachys officinalis*. Cerefolium: chervil, comann gall. Anthriscus cerefolium Cucurbita: gourd or pumpkin, cucuirbita. Cucurbita lagenaria. Feniculum: fennel, feinéal. Foeniculum vulgare*. Gladiola: iris, soileasdar. Iris pseudacorus*. Libysticum: lovage, lubháiste. Levisticum officinale. Lilium: Madonna lily, lilidh. Lilium candidum. Marrubium: horehound, orofunt. Marrubium vulgare*. Mentha: peppermint, mionntas. Mentha piperita*. Nepeta: catmint, neift. Nepeta cataria*. Papaver: poppy, poipin. Papaver spec.*. Pepones: melon, mealón. Cucumis melo. Pulegium: pennyroyal, poiliol rulbhéal. Mentha pulegium*. Raphanus: radish, Raphanus sativus; in our text, the term is applied to the horse-radish — see the Glossary s.v. racam. Rosa: rose, rós. Rosa spec. Ruta: rue, ruibh. Ruta graveolens. Salvia: sage, sáitse. Salvia officinalis. Sclarea: clary, caince choille. Salvia sclarea.

Ó Cuinn himself refers on several occasions to gardens, and he describes a number of plants as garden species: persilli gharrdha (Petroselinum crispum), praiseach gharrdha (Brassica oleracea), unneamhain gharrdha (Allium cepa), meirse gharrdha (Apium graveolens), sidubal garrdha (Valeriana pyrenaica), isoip gharrdha (Hyssopus officinalis)

An entry in the Liber primus Kilkenniensis (McNeill, 1931, p. 112–3) illustrates a number of aspects of the life of the time. It may be paraphrased as follows:

The 16th of May, 1500. There was a variance between Piers Archer, merchant of Kilkenny, and Muiris Ryan, inhabitant of the same, touching a garden which the said Muiris held from year to year for rent of the prior and convent of the hospital house of Saint John the Evangelist beside Kilkenny, in which he had made madder (madra in Glossary, Rubia tinctorum). It fortuned after, that a farm (a superior title) was given to the said Piers by the said prior and convent. The following Easter, Piers attempted to compel Muiris to take with him his madder out of the said garden, without giving him due notice. [To regulate similar situations for the future, it was] enacted that a tenant holding a garden or any other land for rent from year to year, not in way of farm, shall not be compelled by the lord of the garden or land to dig out his madder until it be two years old; and after the year, the said tennant shall have half a year more to take his madder with him for his profit.

The same record book reports (p. 109), for 1498–9, an enactment dealing with the case where a labourer digs out madder before it is mature.

The story of how spices and other goods made their way to the remote corners of Ireland from the Middle East, India, and the Far East, is an amazing one, given the circumstances prevailing. The land routes from India, which had been used from time immemorial, were impassible at this time, apparently, and the trade was almost entirely sea-borne, This trade was conducted by the Arabs, mostly by the Jews who lived among them, and the Jewish side of the story has been told by S. D. Goitein. They had established trading posts on the West coast of India, where goods were brought from all over the sub-Continent, and from other places there were brought such items as rhubarb from Tibet and camphor and cloves from Indonesia. The goods were brought by sea from India to the East coast of Africa, and carried overland from there to Alexandria. A sufficient partial truce was arranged between the Christians and the Muslims to enable merchants from Venice to come to Alexandria to buy the goods from the East, and the Venetians then organised the distribution of these goods throughout Europe. Rawdon Brown (1864) tells of the convoy of Flanders galleys that sailed once every year since about 1317 from Venice all the way to the South coast of England, and then on to Flanders. Wholesalers bought the goods from them in the Southern English ports, and then resold them to apothecaries all over England, and presumably sent them also to Ireland. Brown prints the following tables of the goods the Venetians brought with them. These tables are reproduced on pp 45–48 from Rawdon Brown, Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 1, 1202-1509, p. cxxxvi–cxxxix. See the online edition at https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol1/cxxxv-cxxxix.

Even in the obscure times before the changes that were begun in Salerno, something of the influence of the civilization of the Eastern Roman Empire percolated through to Western Europe. The recipe literature of the West in those times was based largely on the writings of Byzantines like Alexander of Tralles and Paul of Aegina. Through the Empire, many Eastern drugs became known and used, including some that were introduced to Europe by the Arabs, such as camphor, galingale and zedoary: Riddle (1965). However remote Ireland was from Byzantium, it is clear, from the Irish Art of Françoise Henry, for instance, that this country, also, was influenced by the Eastern Empire. It is hard to believe that some of the knowledge of Eastern drugs and Byzantine medicine that is apparent in the surviving writings of the Anglo-Saxons was not shared by the Irish. It would be of interest in relation to the history of medicine in Ireland to investigate whether the 9th century antidotary, St. Gall MS 44, ff. 228–255, referred to by Riddle (1965), has any Irish connections.

The medicinal substances

The subjects discussed in the 292 chapters of the text may be classified as follows:

plant simples : 208 plant products : 29 animal products : 17 mineral substances : 24 compound medicines : 3 general topics : 11 : 292

The animal products discussed are (with the Chapter numbers): ambergris (26), butter (67), stagshorn (76), bile (134), milk (160), the hare (170), marrow (184), honey (186), pearls (187), musk (197), mummy (198), eggs (214), bone of deer's heart (215), fat (227), spodium (250), spider's web (269), worms (283).

The mineral substances discussed are quicklime (20), alum (25), orpiment (37), mercury (39), gold (49), bolus armenicus (60), borax (61), ceruse (82), sulphur (86 and 248), copperas (109), burnt copper (120), haematite (121), iron (124), an iron deposit (125), lapis lazuli (164), magnetite (165), agate (171), litharge (175), lead (229), salt (239), terra sigillata (264), glass (278), water (289).

Some ten oils are mentioned in the text, for particulars of which see the Glossary s.v. ola. Only two distilled waters are referred to, rose water (s.v. uisce, and, in Chapter 73, a water of setwall, Valeriana pyrenaica.

COMPOUND MEDICINES

The Irish text is, as the formal title of its principal source, Circa Instans, indicates, a book of the simple medicines. However, a number of compound medicines are mentioned in the course of the text, and all of those mentioned below except diaeringe, diaturbit and scilleticum are included in the Antidotarium of Nicolaus, which was widely used for some centuries.

Nicolaus Salernitanus compiled his Antidotarium (spelt Antidotarius in the printing I used) early in the twelfth century, at a time when the medical community of Salerno was at its most productive. C. H. Talbot describes this book as an antidotary transmitted by Greek and Latin writers with additions and modifications imported from Arabic sources (1967, p. 42). It consists of a collection of recipes for standard compound medicines.

Trease and Hodson (1965) suggest that Hexham must have purchased some of his materials ready made, and that there may have been an embryo pharmaceutical industry already in being at the time, which would, no doubt, have made up these commonly used compounds, and supplied the apothecaries with them.

Apostolicon Our author describes apostolicon as uinnemint imcubaidh na cneadh, the appropriate ointment for wounds, and he says it is amongst the tretaib discailteacha, the dissolving plasters. Nicolaus calls it an emplastrum, and explains the Greek name as meaning supra positum vel supra missum. The main ingredients appear to be litharge (lead monoxide) and zinc, with wax and resinous substances, and some herbs. Mysteriously, an ounce of mistletoe is also required, as well as some hair clippings. Benedicta This was an electuary, that is, a confection made by mixing a powdered drug with honey or syrup, and used to render some remedies palatable. The main ingredient by weight was spurge, with turbit and sugar, and lesser quantities of spices and flavoursome herbs. Honey was added as required. Blanca Blanca is said to be so called because it purges the white phlegmatic humour. The ingredients include a number of resins and herbs, with a shot of spices, finishing with honey as required. Diaeringe Presumably this was a compound of species of Eryngium. It is not mentioned by Nicolaus. Diagalanga This was a confection of galangal rhizome, allied to ginger, hyssop, etc. Dialtia Dialtea was an unguent, made chiefly from marshmallows, and also flax seed and fenugreek; smaller quantities of squills were added, and some resins. It is said to warm, soften and moisten, and was used for the chest. Diamargariton This was an electuary containing 28 ingredients, mostly powdered pearls and spicey substances. Nicolaus says it is good for heartburn, depression, weakness of the heart or stomach, and consumption. Diamoron An electuary made from mulberries, blackberries and honey, used for problems of the throat and gullet. Diantos This was made from flowers of rosemary, roses and violets, with spices, and honey as required. It was good for depression, the undernourished, and convalescents. Diapapaver The white poppy and barley sugar figure largely in this electuary, together with liquorice, some gums, and the melon family. It was marvellous for lung problems. Diapinidi Diapenidion was a concoction of barley sugar (penidia) and appears to have been used for pulmonary problems. Diaradon Dyarodon, said to contain more of roses than of other medicines, but this is not too clear! Diesene Diasene was an electuary of senna, containing sugar, and lesser quantities of spices etc. Our author says it purges the melancholic humour, and Nicolaus indicates it was used to treat depression. Diasiminum Diaciminum, a confection of cumin. Diaturbit Diaturbit was a confection or electuary based on turpeth, which is a cathartic drug obtained from the roots of certain plants of the Convolvulus family. Strictly, turpeth is the root of the Indian Ipomoea turpethum, but roots of Calystegia soldanella may have been used as a substitute. Hierae There is a chapter in the Irish text on Yera pigra Galieni, based on the account of the drug given in the Antidotarium Nicolai. The text also mentions Yera logodion, Yera pigra Constantini, and Yera Ruffini. Yera is from the Greek hierós (&igr;&egr;&rgr;&oacgr;&sfgr;), sacred. Avicenna devotes a tract in his Antidotarium (Canon, Lib. 5, Su. 1, Tr. 2) to the hierae. He says they are purifying laxatives and his theme is that the name means divine medicine. The first of them that was known was hiera ruffi: at one time the name was confined to that hiera, but subsequently it came to be used for others as well. The hiera is regarded as a divine medicine because the action of a laxative is a divine thing which soothes because of the virtues of its nature. The hierae used not be given in a drink except when the doctors feared bad effects from the simple laxatives such as colocynth pulp, hellebore, etc ... . The doctor should know that the hierae are more soothing than decoctions or pills. Marsiatan Ogden (1969, p. 103) says Oile Marciaton was another of the elaborate unguents, and she quotes Sigerist as showing how it grew from a comparatively simple compound of seven or eight ingredients in the works of the Byzantine writer, Paul of Aegina (seventh century), to an elaborate preparation of some fifty odd ingredients in the Antidotarium of Nicolaus. Nicolaus says it is named from Marcianus, the medico and philosopher who invented it. Apart from lots of wax and oil, and a long list of herbs in small quantities, the main items appear to be rosemary, laurel leaves, and rue. Scilleticum This item is not included by Nicolaus. It appears to be a mixture of vinegar and honey, flavoured with squills. Teotoricon anacardinum Nicolaus spells this Theodoricon Anacardi, and explains the first word in the name as meaning the Gift of God. Anacardi is the kidney-shaped nut of the Indian cashew tree, Semecarpus anacardium, which is included in Nicolaus' recipe. The number of other ingredients is not large, the main item being aloes. Principally a purgative, it also helps with the memory. Trifera sarracenica Nicolaus lists a number of triferas (the Greek word &tgr;&rgr;&ugr;&phgr;&egr;&rgr;&oacgr;&sfgr; seems to mean effeminate, or delicate, the significance being that it makes a man young), but the one mentioned by Ó Cuinn may be taken to be Trifera Sarracenica. The Arabic influence is to be seen in the ingredients, which include a number of Eastern fruits which the Europeans learnt about from the Arabs, notably myrobalans, the fruit, mainly, of Terminalia chebula, a tree common in India. There are also sugar, and shots of anise and fennel. Violets are used, partly at least for colouring purposes. The uses mentioned by Nicolaus seem to refer mostly to cases where the head is hot. AQUA VITAE

In the Trinity College manuscript, H. 3. 22, immediately after our Materia medica, there occurs a longish essay on the medical uses of aqua vitae, or distilled alcohol, written by the same scribe who wrote the Materia medica, Aodh Buidhe Ó Leighin (Ó Concheanainn, 1976). This essay has already been printed, together with the Latin texts on which it was based, and the background to the work (Ó Conchubhair, 1990), and it is included here at the end of the text of the Materia medica, as was done by Ó Leighin. It is possible that the author of the essay was Tadhg Ó Cuinn himself, and that he added it to the Materia medica for the sake of completeness.

The distillation of alcohol was still in its early stages in this country in Tadhg Ó Cuinn's time, and it is unlikely that the making of a good whiskey from malted barley and other cereals was achieved until somewhat later in the 15th century.

 AN IRISH TRADITION?

There are some items in the Irish text in respect of which no Latin sources have been found. These items include:

athair talmun, yarrow, Achillea millefolium (this one features some action at a distance); bilur muire, brook lime, Veronica beccabunga; brisclan, silverweed, Potentilla anserina; caisearban bec, devil's bit scabious, Succisa pratensis; curnan caisil, wall pennywort, Umbilicus rupestris; easbuc beoain, ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare; eigheann talman, ground ivy, Glechoma hederacea; eilitreog, orach, Atriplex patula; finscoth, hound's tongue, Cynoglossum officinale-; flidh, chickweed, Stellaria media; fotlacht, narrow-leaved water parsnip, Berula erecta; gluineach bec, knot-grass, Polygonum aviculare; lus creidhe, burnet saxifrage, Pimpinella saxifraga; lus na cnam mbristi, comfrey, Symphytum officinale; lus na sum talman, wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca; rinn ruisc, scarlet pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis; ros lachan, common duckweed, Lemna minor; saileach, willow, Salix spec.; serban muc, sow-thistle, Sonchus oleraceus; sidual, setwall, Valeriana pyrenaica; the wild sort is Valeriana officinalis; in this chapter, there appears to be reference to distillation, where it is said to make a water of the herb as is done in the case of rose-water; soibirgin, cowslip, Primula veris; soilisdur, yellow flag, Iris pseudacorus.

Apart from Valeriana pyrenaica, which is not native to Ireland and was grown in gardens, these plants are all common Irish plants. In nearly every case, the article dealing with the plant includes more or less elaborate recipes (a feature which is not characteristic either of Circa Instans or of Ó Cuinn's text generally) and the ingredients recommended are nearly all commonly available Irish plants. It is likely that in these cases, or in most of them, Ó Cuinn was drawing on a purely Irish tradition.

 An Irish Materia Medica Part II Irish Text ... dei misericordis.

1. Aron barba, iarus, pes uituli .i. tri hanmanda an geadhair &ersir; is follus da reir Raisis a leabar CoillegedErroneously expanded con for d by the editor. co fuil an luibh so teasaide tirim sa treas ceim, et co fuil brigh lactach tseimh discailteach a preim na luibhi so. Et fognaidh co mor an luib so do minugad, maille re blonaig muice &ersir; ceirin de da chur arna neascoidibh fuara &ersir; discailidh &ersir; seimighidh &ersir; aipigh iat. Item, gabtar an luibh cetna &ersir; a hurdail dan coinnill muire &ersir; a cur a mailin nua lin &ersir; bearbtar ar uisce co maith &ersir; curtar te fon timtireacht &ersir; foiridh flux re n-abar emuroidhas. Item, dentar pudur min da premaib na luibhi so &ersir; curtar isna cneadaibh a mbia ainfeoil. Item, gabtar prema na luibi cetna &ersir; tirmaidtear &ersir; dentar pudur dib &ersir; cumusctar le h-uisce roisi &ersir; curtar ar in aigid &ersir; scrisaidh a fathadh &ersir; a brici &ersir; da beir dat solus glan uirri. Et adeir Platiarius iiii brigha annsa luibh so .i. brigh discailteach &ersir; brigh cnaiteac &ersir; brigh lagsaidithi &ersir; brigh tanaiteac, gurab uime sin ordaigtear an neascoid na cluas an luibh so da bruith ar fin &ersir; ar ola &ersir; ar blonaig muice &ersir; pudur cuimin da cur innte &ersir; a cur amail ceirin arna cluasaib &ersir; foirigh galar na cluas. Et as imcubaid an luibh so da tobairt an agaid cumga na h-anala noc re n-abur asma. An luibh so da brisead &ersir; a bruith ar blonaigh mathgamna no ar seanblonag tuirc &ersir; a fascadh &ersir; a coimilt dan ucht &ersir; dona maethanaibh &ersir; fairsingidh an anal &ersir; bogaig an t-ucht. Item, sug na luibhe so da cur annsa maclog amail da berar pisairium &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mhista co neamhcunntabartach &ersir; co h-ailginach &ersir; da curtar benedicta maraen ria is moidi togairmis an fuil mista mar adubrumar romhainn. Et adeir Plaitiairius gurab mor brigh na luibhe so a ngeimreadh &ersir; a samradh &ersir; as mor a brigh da leith a dhuilleabair &ersir; as mo na sin da leith a premh &ersir; as ro-mo na sin da leith na meall bis urraid. A prema da tirmughad &ersir; beirig a brigh innte chum gach neich da ndubrumar re feadh bliadhna.

don geadhur

da sug na n-airned n-an-abaigh

dan uormant

dan tsurumant

don neanntoig

don tathaba

don adhaind

don tsamhadh

don finegra

don meacon righ

don chrimh

don agairg

don marbdroighin

dan meastorc

dan dubchosach

don uinneamuin spainnidh

d'uball na darach

don columbín

don eilistront

dan ael ur

don leamaigh

don aloeise

don fuinnseoig

don uinniman garrda

dan aillm

don ambra

don iubair sleibhe

da gerraneime

dan amillum

don scabios

don gairleoig

don ros neannta

don anetum

do blath na roisi

don ainis

don meirsi garrda

don argallaimh

don eilifreoig

don agairg recte airgead beo.

don gum craind

don stoinse

don buatfallan

do lus na frange

don poliol ruibel

dan macall

don cnai gaedilach

don coirci

don liatlus

don or.

2. AccaciaAs the space left in the manuscript for a large initial remained unfilled, the editor supplied it silently here and throughout the edition., sucus prunellarum .i. sugh na n-airneadh n-an-abaigh &ersir; ata an sug so fuar isin cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; is imcubaid a tabuirt don lucht ara mbi sacrum ignem .i. an tine diadh &ersir; dan luct aga mbi teasaideacht maille re fliuchaideacht 'na suilibh &ersir; is maith dan lucht aga mbi bruth no gerba ara mbel. Item, adeir Avicenna an tan teit an maclach no an timtireacht amach an sugh so da tobairt amail clisteri &ersir; co n-impaiginn asteach iat &ersir; co mbid slan da eisi. Item, adeir Ar. da tuctar an sug so amail digh co toirmiscinn flux na brond &ersir; co hairithe disinteria amail adeir Avicenna.

3. Absinthium, centonica, pointicum .i. tri hanmanda an uormoint &ersir; aderur co fuil an luib so teasaide annsa cet ceim &ersir; tirim annsa ii ceim. Et adeir Avicenna an luib so da bearbugh ar uisci &ersir; a sitlodh co maith &ersir; deoch d'ol de arna marach &ersir; foiridh gontach na brond &ersir; tinneas an gaili &ersir; comfurtactaigid an brigh tothlaigteach &ersir; an brigh dileagtach annsa gaili. Item, brister an luibh so &ersir; coimiltear ar leamhnacht bó &ersir; sitloigtear co maith &ersir; eabar bog &ersir; marbaidh peisti fada an gaili .i. lumbrisi. Item, bristear an luibh cetna maille re finegra &ersir; faisctear co maith tri edach lin &ersir; coimiltear don agaid &ersir; ni urcoidiginn cuili na miltoga do an la [sin]. Item, curtar an luibh cetna ar fin no ar linn &ersir; tobair da ol &ersir; foirigh greim na con confaidh &ersir; gach uili ainmighe ele nimhe. Item bearbtar an luibh so ar uisce &ersir; dentur urbruith de &ersir; foiridh buigri na cluaisi. Item, bristear an luibh so maille re mil &ersir; faisctear tri breid lin &ersir; curtar bog isin cluais aenbraen de &ersir; foiridh silidh na cluaisi &ersir; salcur na cluaise. Et fos fognaidh an sug cetna da coimilt don agaidh ara mbi guirim o bualadh no o tuitim &ersir; dabeir dath maith uirri. Item, dentur ceirin don luibh cetna &ersir; da mhil &ersir; foiridh scinainnsia. Item, bearbtar an luib so ar uisce &ersir; innailtear as an ball ara mbi a bruth no gerba &ersir; foiridh é. Item, coimiltear an luibh so ar fin &ersir; eabar re ndul ar fairgi &ersir; ni sceithfi &ersir; ni dingna murgalar olc dho. Item, curtar an luibh so a cinn adhairt an easlain &ersir; togairmidh an codladh. Item, bristear an luib so &ersir; domblas ae daimh &ersir; faisctear tri breid lin &ersir; curtar aen bainni isin cluais de &ersir; foiridh buigri &ersir; torman na cluaisi. Et da curtar an luibh so a leabraib no an edaighibh uaisli ni crutaidtear leomainG11. inntu. Item, dentar ceirin dan luib so &ersir; do mhil &ersir; curtar ar druim na seilgi no ar druim an maclaig &ersir; foirigh an maclac &ersir; in tsealg ona cruas &ersir; ona tinneas. Item, da coimiltear sugh na luibi so da pulsaibh na lam no na cos &ersir; coiscidh rigor &ersir; aixis, fiabruis intribulata.

Item, gabh sugh na luibhi so &ersir; sug andiuia comtrom de gach ni &ersir; eabar an aigid cruais na n-ae &ersir; na buideochuire thic o linn ruadh. Item, gabtar sug na luibhi so &ersir; siucra &ersir; uisce bog &ersir; eabur ar cet longadh &ersir; foiridh gach uili tinneas cinn tic o adbar ghaethmur leanna ruaigh noch eirgheas on gaili cum in cinn. Item, gabtar sugh na luibhi so &ersir; finegra &ersir; uisce bog &ersir; eabar ar cet longad &ersir; foiridh suficacio matrisis. Item, bearbtar an luibh so ar fin &ersir; bristear co maith &ersir; curtar ceirin ar druim na seilgi de &ersir; foiridh cruas na seilgi &ersir; na n-ae. Item, gabtar sudh aipsinti &ersir; mil &ersir; pudur cuimin &ersir; cumusctar tri na celi &ersir; curtar mar ceirin ar in mball teit a nguirim no a ndroch-dath &ersir; foiridh a tinneas.

Et fós togairmigh an fuil mista. Et fos adeir Galienus a Leabar na Ceiminn co fuil folmugadh leanna ruaigh co hairedha innte &ersir; leanna finn co tanaiste &ersir; co hairithi o bel an gaili &ersir; ona haeibh. Et aderar annsan inadh cetna co fuilid da brigha contrardha annsa uormont .i. brigh lactach &ersir; brigh fastoiteach, brigh lactach an tan teagmas na leanna arna ndileagadh annsa gaili o catham na luibhi so folmaidtear da leith a truime iat. Et an tan teagmas na leanna neimh-dileagta annsa gaili o catamh na luibhi so remraigh &ersir; metaidtear a neim-dileagad on brigh stipeacta ata innte. Et folmaidh fos linn ruagh ona cuisleannaibh miseracio uene &ersir; metaigidh an luibh so an totlugadh ata co heasbadhach o imurcaidh leanna ruaigh da beit isin gaili. Et as amlaidh daberar hi .i. sugh na luibhi so tri &ounce; di &ersir; &ounce; da siucra gheal arna cumasc co maith &ersir; lan leighi da tobairt da ol de ar cedlongadh.

4. Abrotanum, camphorata, .i. da ainm Laidianta an t-suramuint &ersir; ata an luib so da reir Platiarius teasaide sa dara &ersir; tirim annsa cet ceim. A bearbad ar uisce &ersir; foiridh cumgacht an cleibh &ersir; an cosachtach tic o adbar fuar.

Item, a brisid &ersir; a bruith ar fin &ersir; a tobuirt amail digh &ersir; togairmidh an fual &ersir; an fuil mista. Item, an luib so da bruith ar fin &ersir; foghnaidh co mor an agaid tinnis na n-arann &ersir; na n-innedh darub ainm lion &ersir; colon &ersir; an aigid fuardachta na feitheadh ana digh &ersir; ana ceirin. Item, as imcubaigh an luibh so an aigid gach uili neimhe leath amuit &ersir; leat astidh. Item, an luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce &ersir; a tobairt roim aixis fiabhrasa coididiana &ersir; quartana &ersir; icaidh. Item, uinnemint da denam (am) dan luibh so &ersir; da blonaig muice &ersir; d'ola coitcinn &ersir; a coimilt d'altaib an droma &ersir; toirmiscidh aixis na fiabhras adubrumar. Item, an luibh cetna da briseadh &ersir; a coimilt ar leamnacht bo &ersir; a ol ar cet longadh &ersir; marbaidh gach uili peist bhis an eachaib &ersir; a ndamaib. Item, bristear an luibh so &ersir; cumasctar le blonaig muice &ersir; curtar mar ceirin ar an dealg bis a laimh no a cois &ersir; tairrngidh an dealg quigi. Item, an luibh so da bruit ar fin &ersir; a briseadh co min &ersir; blonaig muice da cur trite &ersir; foirigh loiniga gan amarus. Et adeir Platiarius an luibh so da bruith ar fin &ersir; a tobairt da ol &ersir; innarbaigh an toirrceas marb &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista. Item, foiridh neascoid an maclaig &ersir; na banntachta &ersir; furtachtaidh co mor sdranguria &ersir; gac uili tindeas bis isin maclac &ersir; na leanna morgaithi imdaigheas and, innarbtar iat o catamh na luibhi so mar as du. Item, dentar pudur don luibh so &ersir; curtar maille re sean-ola ar an maili &ersir; dabeir an finnfad gan fuireach. Item, bristear an luib so &ersir; bointear sugh aiste &ersir; tumtar edach nua lin annsa sugh sin &ersir; curtar arna pulsaib &ersir; foirigh rigor fiabrais antribulata. Item, ceirin don luibh so da chur arin mball a mbia fuil o bualadh idir fheoil &ersir; leatar &ersir; foirigh e.

5. Acalife, urtica: .i. da ainm na neanntoigi &ersir; ata an luib so tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; teasaide sa iiii, &ersir; adeir Avicenna gurab inmolta an luib so an aigid fuardachta an scamain &ersir; an aigid na sean-cosachtaidhi bis re fada ar neach &ersir; is imcubaid an aigid ait &ersir; tinnis na bronn ros neannta da bruith ar mil &ersir; a sitlodh tri etach &ersir; lan leighi da thobairt da ol de ar cet longadh. Et fognaid mar an cetna an luibh fein da brisid &ersir; a coimilt ar fin &ersir; a tobairt da ol amhuil digh. Item, an luib cetna da brisidh &ersir; a sugh da buain aisdi &ersir; /an sug sin da cur annsna cneadaib salcha morgaithe no a ngreim na con confaidh no an aillsi &ersir; icaidh. Item, an luib so da brisidh maille re salann co min &ersir; a chur amuil ceirin arna heasbadaibh &ersir; foirigh &ersir; ata brigh tirmaidteac &ersir; glantach annsa luibh so &ersir; ata brigh fasta feola nua isna cneadaib innte &ersir; fognaidh an luib so an aigid cruas &ersir; ait na seilgi &ersir; a cur amail ceirin. Et adeir Gillibertinus an luibh so da briseadh co min &ersir; a cumasc maille re finegra &ersir; a cur amuil ceirin fona haltaib &ersir; foirigh an potagra &ersir; an t-artetica tig o fuaraideacht. Et sil na luibi so da brisidh &ersir; a bruith arin digh darub ainm mulsa &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; an fual co cumachtach. Et aseadh as mulsa ann da reir Avicenna .i. viii rainn d'fin finn &ersir; an ix-adh rann d'uisce fir-tibrad &ersir; in x-madh rann da mil glain &ersir; a cumasc &ersir; a mbearbadh trina ceili &ersir; a sitlodh &ersir; isi sin an deoch darub ainm mulsa da reir Avicenna.

Item, as maith an luibh so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; an fin so da congbail co fada annsa bel &ersir; as maith an aigid tuitim &ersir; reamhadas an t-sine thseaain. Et adeir Platiarius an luib so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt an aigid an galair buighi &ersir; íce &ersir; fos as imcubaidh an aigid coilica passio &ersir; togairmidh an luibh so an druis da caitear amail as du. Et adeir Platiarius co coiscinn an luibh so arna brisidh flux fola na cneadh &ersir; as imcubaidh i cum leighis na pleurisisi &ersir; da ghlanadh an cleib &ersir; an maclaig o gach uili tsalcur bis ionta.

6. Arasca, elleborus albus: .i. da ainm an tataba gil, &ersir; as teasaide tirim sa treas ceim he. Et adeir Avicenna gurab do na leigesaibh folmaideas co dasachtach suas &ersir; sis e, &ersir; as mor urcoidigheas munfa dileaghtar an t-adbar roimhe &ersir; ata ruidhleas aigi d'impogh na rann fliuch a ngaethamlacht gan fuireach &ersir; gnathaightear e a leigesaib comsuigighte &ersir; a siroipibh lactacha &ersir; daberur e maille re sugh cruithneachta no tsisain eorna cum bogaidh na leannann &ersir; as luga urcoidigheas arna bruith na arna caitim fuar. Et as lugha urcoidigheas a cumasc na leigis na arna tobairt co haenda &ersir; adeir Ipocras a Libro Ampoirismorum madh ailt an leiges so da tobairt gan comhnaighe da denam da eisi acht an corp da gluasacht co prap da eisi &ersir; ase as adbar do sin .i. on comnaighi a haitli an leigis so impaidtear an fliuchaideacht a ngaetamlacht &ersir; teagmaidh an gaethamlacht so cum an craighi innus co teit an anbainne &ersir; uair ele a mbas. Et folmaidh an leiges so linn finn righin co hoireada &ersir; linn ruagh co tanaiste gurub airi sin as imcubaidh an leiges so da gach uili easlainti tic o leannaib righne fuara amuil ata apoplexia &ersir; eipilepsia &ersir; sietica &ersir; potagra &ersir; artetica &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; a cosmuili. Et tuic leat co fuil da gne ar eliborus .i. eleborus geal &ersir; eleborus dubh &ersir; is inann brigh doib ach amain as mo lagas eliborus dubh dan leth sis &ersir; is mo lagas eliborus geal don leith suas &ersir; folmaidh linn dubh mi-nadurda co hoireada gurab airi sin as imcubaidh e da lucht quartana &ersir; don luct ara mbi mania &ersir; melangcolia &ersir; uertigo &ersir; scotomia &ersir; da gac uili easlainte tic o linn dubh &ersir; ni dleagar an leiges so da tabairt a meit as mo na en &dram;. Et adeir Platiairius pudur an tataba gil da tobairt isin sroin &ersir; togairmidh an tsraedach noch as cuis comhfurtacta d'eipilepsia. Item, gabh pudur an tatabha gil &ersir; croith arin ceann a haitli a foilce &ersir; foiridh an carraighi.

Albagia, portulaca, pes pulli: .i. tri hanmanna na hadainne &ersir; ata si fuar fliuch sa treas ceim &ersir; is mor a brigh úr &ersir; as bec a brigh feoighi &ersir; ata cumhachta alci .i. na baill da cur a fuardhacht &ersir; a fliuchaideacht co hailghineach gurab airi sin is imcubaidh a mbiadh hi da lucht na fiabras coilerda &ersir; fognuidh se co mor dona dainibh ina mbia ainnteas co hinmedonach &ersir; fognuidh fos an aigid consipasion na bronn isna heaslaintib gera &ersir; a bearbadh maille re hairnedaibh &ersir; a catamh idir lus &ersir; airni a haitli a mbearbtha &ersir; is imcubaidh an lus so an aigid brisidh an beoil &ersir; in luibh so da brisidh &ersir; fritbuailidh na neascoide ana tosach co himcubaidh. Et tuic leat da reir Platiairius an tan bis an lus so arna tirmugad co fuil togairm an fuail innti &ersir; an tan bis úr ata toghairm an innruma innte.

8. Acedula, oxilapacium, rumei: .i. tri hanmanna an tsamaigh &ersir; aderaid na dochtuiredha an luib si da beith fuar isin cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; fognaidh co mor an aigid na tene diadh &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; agailteac triti &ersir; a cur amail ceirin. Item, dentar an luib cetna da brisidh &ersir; sugh na n-ubull trithe &ersir; a cur arin creacht a mbia aillsi &ersir; icaidh. Item, an luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; gealan uighe trithi &ersir; foirigh att &ersir; teasbach na sul.

Item, an luibh cetna da brisid co min &ersir; a cur amail ceirin arin mball loisctear o teinigh no o uisce &ersir; icaidh. Item, dentar sugh na luibhe so da cumasc maille re plur mine eorna &ersir; icaidh an potagra &ersir; an t-artetica tic o teasaideacht. Item, sugh na luibhe cetna da cumusc maille re h-ola na roisi &ersir; a cur amail ceirin arin ceann &ersir; icaidh a tinneas an tan tic o teasaideacht. Item, an luibh cetna da bearbadh maille re fin dearg &ersir; caitear &ersir; icaidh flux na bronn. Item, an luibh cetna da cur isin maclac no a sugh d'ol &ersir; icaidh flux na fola mista. Item, adeir Maid an luib cetna da tobairt an aigid peisteadh na brond &ersir; marbaidh iat gan fuireach. Et adeir an fear cetna an luib so da caitimh an aigid urcoidi &ersir; neme &ersir; uilc na mban &ersir; gach uili neimhi. Et adeir fos co comfurtachtaidinn an radarc &ersir; co coimedaighinn &ersir; a gnathughadh an tslī &ersir; adeir fos co fognann an luibh so an aigid urchoidi &ersir; neimhe na mbeach &ersir; na fuitead &ersir; na con confaidh &ersir; na neimhe fein. Item, adeir Maitcher en bainne da sugh na luibhe cetna da cur isin cluais &ersir; foiridh na huili buidri.

9. Accetum, oxiren, oxiriun: .i. tri hanmanna an finegra &ersir; adearaid na doctuiri a beith fuar isin cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh seim tolltanach discailteach &ersir; coimceangail aici &ersir; adearaid na doctuire rós dearg &ersir; ubla dulilleabair na darach da bruith ar finegra &ersir; foiridh gac uili sceatrach &ersir; flux &ersir; Minntas da bruit ar finegra &ersir; a cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; coiscidh an sceatrach &ersir; gurmaill da bruit mar an cetna &ersir; a cur amail ceirin fona hairnib &ersir; coiscidh flux an fuail. Item, meacain na righ raitnighi &ersir; prema airgead luacra da bruith ar finegra &ersir; a cur amail ceirin fon imlican &ersir; coisgidh flux na brond &ersir; not leat da reir Avicenna sil losa da cur a fin tren re 4 huairib xx &ersir; bidh 'na finegra. Item, bruit coirt darach ar finegra noco ndeach a trian no a leath fai &ersir; tumtar olunn annsa sugh sin &ersir; curtar arin imlican &ersir; coiscidh flux na bronn. Item, adeir finegra da cumusc maille re siucra amail dithsiroip &ersir; a tobairt an aigid an terciana &ersir; in coididiana noch donitear o linn finn milis no o linn finn saillte &ersir; an aigid gach easlainte geri &ersir; a tobairt maille re huisce bog. Item, oiximul aenta da denamh don finegra .i. da rann d'finegra &ersir; en rann meala &ersir; a bearbad noco mbia a tighe meala &ersir; fognaidh da dileaghadh gach uili adbair fuair. Oiximil comsuigighthi .i. gabh prema feineil &ersir; meirsi &ersir; persilli &ersir; bristear leag ar comnaigi la co n-aichi a finegra arna maireach bearbtar &ersir; sitoiltear &ersir; curtar trian meal a arna glanadh innti &ersir; fognaidh an t-oiximul sin da dileaghadh gac uill adbair fuair &ersir; not leat da reir Avicenna da dtuctar an finegra a haitli an proinnithi co lagann an bru &ersir; da caitear roimhe co tirmaiginn. Item, gabh finegra &ersir; doirt a mbuiling no an aran eli the &ersir; tobair da cathamh &ersir; fodhnuidh da comhfurtacht an dileaghadh a haitli galair &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius an finegra da coimilt dona cuisleannaibh no dona hairterib re n-abar puls &ersir; comfurtachtaidh an craidhi &ersir; foirig an tsincoipis. Item, finegra &ersir; salann da coimilt dona bonnaib &ersir; comfurtachtaighi lucht na litairgia &ersir; frenisisi &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius deascaidh an finegra da chur ar imleacan no arin fordronn na mna a ara mbia flux na fola mista, coiscidh a cetoir.

10. Accride, bancia, pastinaca: .i. tri hanmanna an meacain righ &ersir; adearur an luib so da beith teasaide a medon an ii ceim &ersir; fliuch a tosach an ii ceim &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius gurab mo imcubhuigheas an luibh da leith an bidh na da leith an leigis &ersir; tuismidtear fuil remur uaithi &ersir; medaigid co mor an toil &ersir; an sperma &ersir; fodnaigh prema na luibhi so da catatamh omh da lucht leanna duibh &ersir; cuiridh a fliuchaideacht iat &ersir; medaighi a coimpert &ersir; adeir Maidcer an luibh so da bearbad ar fin an aigid tinneasa an gaili &ersir; na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; adeir fos prema na luibhi so da bruith ar leamnacht &ersir; fognaidh an aigid asma &ersir; disnia &ersir; ortomia &ersir; adeir fos premh na luibhi so da cur fo braighid an lucht aga mbia att na n-uirgibh &ersir; foiridh a n-att &ersir; a tinneas &ersir; adeir fos gibe ga mbia fo braighid nach urcoidigheann neimh dho. Et adeir fos prema na luibhi so da cur fona fiaclaibh &ersir; foiridh a tinneas &ersir; a tobairt dona mnaib aga mbia toirrcis marb &ersir; innarbaigh e. Et adeir Plaitiairius co medaighinn an luib so an dileaghadh &ersir; co n-oilind an corp co mor &ersir; adeir co foghnann co mor da lucht stranguria &ersir; disuiria.

11. Affodillus, centum capita, aillium agreiste: .i. tri hanmanna an creamha &ersir; adeir Platiairius as mo as imcuibe dhi a premha so cum an leigis na a duilleabar &ersir; as mo foghnus a hur na a crin &ersir; ata brigh togairmthi an fuail &ersir; glanta na n-arann innte &ersir; ata an luib so teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; sugh na luibhi so da cur ar loscadh teneadh no uisce &ersir; icaidh &ersir; an luibh so da chognamh &ersir; foiridh an galar beil.

Item, gabh prem rusc ualauairt &ersir; a urdail eli da prem rusc truim &ersir; a mbearbadh ar sugh na luibhi so &ersir; foirid an igroipis re n-abur leucafleadmainnsia &ersir; a sugh da cur isna foibertaibh &ersir; foiridh galar na sul. Item, adeir Plaitiairius nach imcubaidh ach a blath amhain cum an leigis &ersir; fetar so da taisgi go ceann da bliadain an a brigh &ersir; an a hoibriugad &ersir; ata brigh discailteach ann co mor &ersir; adeir an fear cetna in fin no an t-uisce ara mbearbtar an luib so da tobairt da ol &ersir; glanaidh na baill spiradalta o linn finn reamur &ersir; adeir fos da mbia tinneas no gaethamhlacht annsa gaili no isna hinnibh o fuardacht no o duintibh na selgi &ersir; na n-ae &ersir; sin da tiacht o adbar fuar an luibh adubrumar da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt da ol &ersir; icaidh. Item, an luibh cetna da bearbadh ar uisce saillti &ersir; a tobairt da ol an aigid stranguiria &ersir; disuria &ersir; an luibh cetna da brisid &ersir; ceirin da denamh de an aigid tinnis an gaili tic o fuaraideacht &ersir; o gaetamhlacht &ersir; fognaidh a cathamh an aigid coilica passio. Item, an luib cetna da bruith ar uisce &ersir; fotragadh da denamh de &ersir; a deatach da ligin fuithi &ersir; glanaidh an maclac &ersir; togairmid an fuil mista agna mnaib.

12. Agaricus, fungus: .i. da ainm na h-agairge &ersir; ata si teasaide tirim annsa cet ceim ase is agairg ann .i. farcan crainn darub ainm abietis &ersir; a crich na h-Innia fasas &ersir; ataid da gne air .i. gne mascalta &ersir; gne ementa. Et isi in gne ementa as mo foghnas cum an leigis &ersir; is mar so athaintear i .i. an tan bristear an gne ementa an a brataibh sleamhna &ersir; ni mar sin an tan bristear an gne mascalta ach beith an a bruscar mín &ersir; adeir Ebe Mesue gurab i an agairc as gili &ersir; is usa da brisid as fearr ann &ersir; folmuigid si linn finn co hoireada &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste &ersir; gurub airi sin as mor foghnus an aigid terciana an tan tic o coilera sitrina &ersir; uitiliana &ersir; fodnuidh an aigid an coididiana &ersir; an quartana do-nitear o linn ruagh loisci &ersir; aderur fos co fognann an aigid coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; an aigid gach uili tindis tic o leannaib righne isin corp leath astig. Et oslaigidh duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi &ersir; na n-arann amail adeir Ebe Mesue. Et gnathaigtear an agairg da tobairt comsuigigte a ndeocaib &ersir; a tretaib &ersir; a clairetaib &ersir; a leigesaib lactacha &ersir; Uair ann bearbtar an agairg ar fin da gerugad na leiges lactacha &ersir; ni bec en dragma di cum geraithi na leiges eli. Et uair ann bearbmaid hi maille re croicinn pfrem na raidleoige &ersir; le sail cuaich &ersir; deoch d'ol de roimh aixis fiabrasa coididiana &ersir; foiridh an fiabhras isin gan fuireach. Et da-beir drong eli &ounce; di maille re tri &ounce; da sugh feinel &ersir; foirid an fiabras adubrumar &ersir; a pudur da cumusc maille re mil &ersir; le hola &ersir; a tobairt amuil clisteri &ersir; foiridh stranguirria &ersir; disuiria.

Item, gabh egrim Gaedilach &ersir; bruith ar fin &ersir; cuir pudur agairge ar an fin hisin &ersir; foiridh gach uili fual-galar &ersir; tinneas bis isin tslait ferrdha &ersir; adeir Ebe Mesue co tairrnginn a pudur so na cnama bristi asna cneadhaib &ersir; co n-innarbann an droch-feoil &ersir; co tobair feoil maith inntu &ersir; co leigesinn gach uili linnida &ersir; feadantacht teit a mi-cenel. Item, pudur min da denam de &ersir; a timperail le sugh clamain lin &ersir; le hola &ersir; a cur isin timtireacht ar cadas min &ersir; foiridh emeroidhis &ersir; gach uili gne don daergalar. Item, dentur pudur min de &ersir; curtar salann trit &ersir; fuilidtear arin ngne luibri re n-abur moirfia arin inadh a mbia &ersir; croithtear an pudur air &ersir; icaidh. Item, gabh &ounce; d'agairc &ersir; &ounce; co leith da scinannti &ersir; dragma da &dram; da castorium &ersir; leath-&ounce; do do sene &ersir; bristear co min &ersir; dentar pillidi dib &ersir; le sugh aipsinnte &ersir; feineil &ersir; icaidh an tinneas cinn eirghis on gaili o cin leanna finn.

13. Agrimonia, argimonia: .i. da ainm an marbdroigin &ersir; is luibh teasaide tirim sa treas ceim e &ersir; aderur co fodhnann co mor a foibertaib &ersir; a ceirinib cum na sul &ersir; co comfurtachtaidinn an radarc &ersir; co n-innarbann an salchar na sul &ersir; gach docamlachtper G11. The word docamlacht is legible, though abbreviated, in the ms. [BF] eli da mbinn ortha &ersir; co ngearrann ainfbeoil an fabra &ersir; co n-innarbann &ersir; co togaidh gac teimil eli bis orta &ersir; coiscidh a tinneas &ersir; foirigh na cneadha fliucha &ersir; coiscidh flux fola na srona &ersir; a cur fa cinn an duine na codladh &ersir; ni musclann no co ma hail leat. Et a brisidh maille re finegra &ersir; foiridh na faithneadha.

14. Agnus castus: .i. in meas torc allaidh &ersir; is luibh teasaide tirim he sa 4 ceim &ersir; aderuid na dochtuiri crand risin luibh so &ersir; is inunn aghnus castus re radh &ersir; uan geanmnaighi &ersir; as uimi aderur sin ris .i. loighdiugadh na toili do-ni &ersir; blath na luibhi so as fearr cum an leigis &ersir; a tinol isin earrach &ersir; berídh a brigh re feadh bliadhna ann &ersir; da ndearntar leabaidh da duilleabhar &ersir; neac da laighi air gan edach aturu bid genmnaighi amail uan &ersir; dentur fothragad da duilleabhar na luibi so fon mbandacht &ersir; fon fearrdacht &ersir; mucaicear an toil &ersir; in druis uadha. Bristear an luibh so &ersir; coimiltear idir bosaib ar uisce &ersir; sitoiltear da eisi &ersir; bearbtar becan don castoirium arin sugh so &ersir; toirmiscidtear gac uili geneamain ona ol.

Et dentar ceirin da duilleabhar na luibhi so &ersir; toirmiscidh an easlainte re n-abar gomoiria. Et not leat co fuil leigis ann toirmisceas eirghi na slaiti fearrda &ersir; leigis noch reamaraigheas &ersir; techtas an an sperma &ersir; leigis eli noch discaileas &ersir; cnaiis an fliuchaideacht &ersir; as iat so na leigis remraighis an sperma .i. sil an lacdaca &ersir; pisillium &ersir; sitruilli &ersir; melones &ersir; cucuirbita &ersir; cucumeris &ersir; porculaca &ersir; scairiola &ersir; accetum .i. uinegra sumac &ersir; campora &ersir; as iat so na leigis tirmaidheas in sperma &ersir; laighdigeas na spiruda amail ata ruib &ersir; meas torc allaigh &ersir; coinnill muire &ersir; cailmint &ersir; cuimin &ersir; anetum gona cosmaili oir atait so cnaiteac discailteac ac toirmisc na gaethamlachta noc as adbar d'eirgi na slaite ferrdaper G11.

Item, gabh sug feineil &ersir; sugh meas toirc allaigh &ersir; bearbtar tri &ounce; dan easola orta &ersir; sitoiltear &ersir; tobair da ol da lucht na hidroipisi &ersir; foiridh gach uili idroibpis. Item, gabh meas toirc allaigh &ersir; cainci cailli &ersir; bearbtar ar uisce &ersir; dentar fothragadhper G11. fona huirgib &ersir; fon maclac di &ersir; tirmaidig imurcraid an maclaic &ersir; cumgaid bel an maclaic innus co tobair an fuil mista co foreigneach &ersir; co faiscinn amail adubrumar. Item, gabh meas torc allaigh &ersir; meirsi &ersir; saidsi &ersir; bearbtar ar uisce saillti &ersir; bearrtar an ceann &ersir; coimiltear da chul an cinn &ersir; icaidh an galar re n-abar litairgia.

15. Alacon, politricum, capillus ueniris: .i. tri hanmanna an dubcosaigh &ersir; as fuar tirim mi-measarda hi &ersir; ata brigh oslaicteac diureticach innte &ersir; as mor fognus an algid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi &ersir; ainnteasa na mball cetna &ersir; an luibh cetna da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a tobairt ana digh no ceirin da denamh dhi &ersir; a cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; foiridh a n-ainnteas &ersir; a cruas. Et adeir Platiairius gurab mor brigh na luibi so ur &ersir; gurab bec a brigh crin; an luibh so da bearbadh ar uisce co maith &ersir; siucra da cumasc trite &ersir; a tobairt amail digh &ersir; foirigh duinti &ersir; ainnteas na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi &ersir; an luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; ola da cur trite &ersir; a cur arin ceann &ersir; fasaidh an finfad &ersir; an luibh cetna do bruit ar fin &ersir; foirigh gach uili piseog &ersir; neimh eli air cena. Et not leat nac dleagar an dubcosach da tabairt an tan beas an t-adbar seimh dileaghtha acht an tan beas reamur neim-dileaghtha gurab uimi sin toirmisctear a tobairt a quabson &ersir; a teirciana cona cosmuilib.

16. Alapin, cepa mairina, scilla: .i. tri hanmanna an uinneamuin spainnidh &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh discailteac diureticach glantach aigi &ersir; ata brigh marbhtac aigi an tan tic uadha fein co fiadhanta &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta na slainti ann an tan curtar co haicideac a ngarrgaibh e. Et gairmid drong ele cepa marina de .i. uinniman muiridhi &ersir; an tan curtar a leigeasaib he dleagar a roinn .i. an leath imilleach dhe da chur amach oir ata brigh marbtach ann &ersir; an leath inmedonach da cur cum an leigis &ersir; cum an oiximel darub ainm scilletorum &ersir; fodnaigh an t-oiximel so co mor cum dileaghtha adbhuir coididiana &ersir; quartana &ersir; ilica passio &ersir; artetica &ersir; an fir-uinneamanper G11. da bruit ar fin &ersir; ar ola &ersir; a cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi &ersir; foirigh a cruas &ersir; a tinneas. Item, curtar scilla re v la dheag a fin &ersir; an ola &ersir; fiuchadh da tobairt air &ersir; as a haitli ceirper G11. da cur trit &ersir; uinnemint da denamh dhe &ersir; a coimilt do druim na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi &ersir; icaidh a cruas &ersir; a tinneas &ersir; a bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; do-ni mar in cetna. Et tuic leat na hinair imilleacha de da beith ro-theasaide ain-measarda &ersir; na hinair inmedonacha measarda idir tesaideacht &ersir; fuaraideacht.

17. AlapsaAccording to DMLBS this is derived from Arab al-'afs; the Latin means 'oak gall'., galla, pomum quersuus: .i. ubull fasas ar duilleabar na darach ata fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; is amlaid is maith iat a mbeith trom reamur gan puill innta &ersir; ata gne eli dib noch da gabtar annsan Aisia &ersir; annsan Afraic &ersir; is bec an gne hisin &ersir; ni bid puill innta &ersir; ata brigh fostoiteach coirtiteach innta araen &ersir; adeir Platiarius pudur da denum dib &ersir; a cumusc maille re finegra &ersir; le gealan ugh &ersir; a cur arin imlican &ersir; arna dubanaib &ersir; foirigh flux na bronn &ersir; flux fuail na n-arann. Et bearbtar ar uisce fertana &ersir; dentar urbruith fon timtireacht de &ersir; foirid flux disinteria &ersir; emoroighidas. Et a mbrisidh &ersir; a mbearbadh ar sisan eorna &ersir; clisteri da denam de &ersir; foirigh stranguria. Item, bearbtar an fer cetna ar finegra &ersir; ar uisce fairgi &ersir; curtar farcan ann an tan beas ac fiucadh &ersir; a cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; foirigh gac uili sceatrach tic o anmainni na brighi. Item, adeir an fear cetna e da brisidh &ersir; a bruith ar uisce fertana &ersir; a tobairt ar cadas amail pisairium isin maclocc &ersir; foirigh flux fola na mban &ersir; uair eli a bruith ar sug cruaichi Padraig &ersir; a tobairt amail adubrumar &ersir; do-ni mar in cetna. Item, pudur da denam dib &ersir; a cumusc le sugh losa an sparain &ersir; a fascadh tri edach isin sroin &ersir; icaidh flux fola na srona. Item, dentar pudur de &ersir; curtar gealan uighe trit &ersir; a cur na ceirin arna hairgib &ersir; foirigh flux fola na srona. Item, dentar pudur de &ersir; a cur isna creachtaibh &ersir; cneasaigidh na creachta co maith. Item, madh all lit an folt da dubadh gab chugad an galla na beit puill ann &ersir; beas trom imlan &ersir; bearb ar ola iat no co n-ataid attaid &ersir; no gu remraigid annsan ola &ersir; a tirmugad asa haitli in edaigaib lin &ersir; pudur min da denamh dibh maille re croicinn no le duilleabar na cno franccach &ersir; cumuisc le huisce fertana an pudur so &ersir; a mbearbadh d'entaib &ersir; an folt no an fhesoc da nighi as asa haitli &ersir; bid dub da eisi &ersir; nigtear an folt da eisi a huisce bog ar eagla an croicinn do milleadh.

18. Albedarug, colubrinaThis is columbina. Cf Stokes, The Academy 49 (1896) p 406, available oline at https://archive.org/details/academyliteratur49londuoft. However Irish 'colambin' here does not translate to English 'Columbine' (Aquilegia), as the synonyms Albedarug (LOGEION sv albederagi) and 'basilicon' show, but signifies basil, Ocimum basilicum., basilicon: .i. tri hanmanna an colambin &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; gach neach aga mbi ar imurchur no a coimilt de ni urcoidighinn naitreaca neime do nait coin confuigh &ersir; an luibh so da bruith &ersir; a cur arna neascoidibh amail ceirin &ersir; brisidh ortha. Item, sugh na luibhi cetna no an luibh fein da brisidh &ersir; a cur arin creacht a mbi aillsi &ersir; icaidh &ersir; is maith an aigid dorcachta &ersir; teimhil an radairc sugh preimhi na luibhi so &ersir; blath na luibhi cetna da cur a sroin na mban torrac &ersir; do-ni toghluasacht. Item, an luibh cetna da bruith ar fin &ersir; co hairithi a prema &ersir; togairmid an fuil mista &ersir; a bearbadh ar im amail olaid &ersir; foiridh an cosachtach fuar &ersir; an easlainti re n-abur ematoica .i. seili fola. Item, is maith hi da glanadh na creacht maille re pudur ailime &ersir; ceirin da denamh di. Item, as maith hi da glanadh na haighthi &ersir; ceirin da denamh de maille re finegra &ersir; a cur uirri. Item, prema na luibhi cetna da brisid &ersir; uisce na h-ailime da cur trit &ersir; foirid na focmadha.

19. Alagsandrum, masedonica, petrusidinum: .i. tri hanmanna an elistrointI see elisdroint in the ms. &ersir; ata an luib so teasaide tirim a ndeireadh an dara ceim &ersir; Aderur persilli alastroint risin luibh so &ersir; is inann coimpleascUsually this is expanded coimplex or coimpleax. do &ersir; don persilli garrdha &ersir; ata brigh diureticac innti. Et as mor fognus sil na luibhe so cum an leighis &ersir; ata brigh discailteac chnaiteac innti &ersir; fos ata brigh seimhidthi na leannann reamur innti &ersir; comfurtachtaidtear an gaili &ersir; medaidtear an totlugadh uaithi &ersir; brisidh na clocha fuail &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; furtachtaidhid co mor da lucht na higroipisi &ersir; fodnuidh co mor da duintib na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi an tan tic o adbar fuar &ersir; glanaig an t-uct &ersir; an scamhan o adbar reamur leanna find. Et an luib fein da bhrisidh &ersir; a chur ana ceirin arin cheand &ersir; foiridh an carraighi &ersir; in moirfeaa &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; a cur annsa mbanndacht &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista &ersir; an slanugadh &ersir; an togluasacht. Et fodhnuigh co mor da luct coididiana antribulata &ersir; gnathaidhtear sil na luibhi so &ersir; seimhigid na leanna remra &ersir; oslaigidh poiri an coirp innarbaigh mailis na leannann cintac &ersir; togairmidh an fual &ersir; an t-allus &ersir; innarbaidh gaetamlacht an coilica passio amail adeir Isac.

Albeston, calx uiua: .i. da ainm ata arin ael ur &ersir; aseadh as calx uiua he an tan nach boinind fliucad ris &ersir; folmuigig co hoireada linn finn rigin &ersir; marbaidh na huili dergnait &ersir; mil da croitear a leabaid e &ersir; ni dleagar a tobairt co haenda ana purgoit gan leiges eli 'na farradh &ersir; foiridh na huili d'finegra folio" n="53b2"/> ainmfeoil bis isna cneadhaibh &ersir; marbaidh na peisti gebe inad a mbeid isin corp.

21. Altea, malbua, bismalua: .i. tri hanmanna an leamhaidh &ersir; aderur an luib so da beith teasaide sa ced ceim &ersir; fliuch sa ceim tanaisti &ersir; as imcubaidh an luib so d'oirithin na cneadh &ersir; d'fas a feola. Et fos is imcubaidh i isna clisterib da lucht teneasmon &ersir; as cumachtach an luibh so an aigid leonta na mball &ersir; an aigid aitt a ngac inad a mbia. Item, prema na luibhi so do bruith &ersir; a mbrisid &ersir; blonag muice da cur tritu &ersir; foirigh gach uili att &ersir; teinneas neimh da curtar an gum darub ainm terbentina trit foiridh mar an cedha gac uili att &ersir; neimh. Item, an luibh so da bearbadh &ersir; a sugh da cur annsa maclac &ersir; glanaidh e ona salcar &ersir; furtachtaidh on tinnis. Et adeir Platiairus ceirin da denamh don luibh so an aigid thinnis &ersir; tirmaidh na feitheadh. Et an luibh so da bruith cona premhaibh &ersir; foiridh gac uili tinneas na mball ana urbruith &ersir; ina ceirin. Et as maith e an aigid disinteria &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; furtachtaidh cuirrineacht na brond mar an cedna &ersir; as maith an aigid anntoili fearrdha e. Et adeir Avicenna gurab nor laighdigheas praiseach na luibhi so tinnis na cloichi fuail arna hol. Et leamhach da bruith ar fin no ar leamnucht &ersir; scailidh ceangal na fola bis a mbroinn na mban a haitli an toirrcisa. Item, bristear an luibh so &ersir; a bruith ar oluid &ersir; ar finegra &ersir; inarbaidh coin adairci na haitce &ersir; glanaidh hi ona salcur &ersir; ona fatudna. Et as maith an luibh so arna creachta tirma &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; a cumasc le mil. Item, an luibh so da brisidh &ersir; a bruith ar ola &ersir; foirigh greim na con confaidh &ersir; gac uili loscadh teneadh &ersir; uisci amail adeir Isac. Et ceirin da denamh don luibh seo &ersir; blonag muice do chur triti &ersir; foiridh cruas na seilgi &ersir; na n-ae amail adeir Platiairius &ersir; as imcubaidh ros na luibhi so da bruith ar leamnacht &ersir; furtachtaidhidh lucht na heitice amuil adeir Platiairius.

22. Aloe, epaticum, cicotrinum: .i. tri hanmanna na h-aloese &ersir; sugh luibe e &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ni mor lagas &ersir; as iat so an da gne as fearr dhi .i. cicotrinum &ersir; epaticum &ersir; ar dath na n-ae as maith iat &ersir; a mbeith dorcha so-bristi &ersir; gan a mbeith drocblasta na do-balaidh &ersir; ata folmugadh leanna finn &ersir; na leannann remur innti on gaili &ersir; ona hinnib &ersir; ata brigh glanta na hinchinne &ersir; brigh comfurtachta na feitidh &ersir; coiscidhthi na ndeataighe innte &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt an aimser ro-the na ro-fuair &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt don lucht ara mbi flux fola an daerghalair &ersir; da tuctar dleaghar ainis &ersir; maisdix &ersir; gum araibi da cumusc mar aen ris &ersir; as mor foghnus do cosc deor na sul &ersir; a pudar da chur isna cneadhaib &ersir; fasaidh a feoil.

23. Alphur, flos fraxini: .i. blath na fuinnseoigi &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; croicin &ersir; sil an crainn so do bruith ar uisce &ersir; an duine ara mbia flux a haitli purgoidi da cur ann conuig a imlican &ersir; farcan na fuinnseoigi da bearbadh ar uisce fertana &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirigh gach uili flux &ersir; a bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; croicinn an croin cetna &ersir; edach lin do tuma ann &ersir; &ersir; &ersir; a chur arin ngaili &ersir; icaid a tinneas &ersir; premr rusc an croinn so da bearbadh ar fin no co ndech a trian fai &ersir; furtachtaidh luct na seilgi &ersir; folmuigid linn dubh.

24. Allusal, cepa: .i. da ainm an uinneamhain gharrda &ersir; ata se teasaide fliuch sa treas ceim &ersir; comfurtachtaid &ersir; calmaigid an gaili &ersir; an dileagadh &ersir; medaigaid an tothlugadh &ersir; innarbaid brentus na fiacal &ersir; na hanala. A brisidh &ersir; a cumasc le mil no le finegra &ersir; a cur ar greim na con confaidh co ceann an treas la &ersir; a atarrach an 3 la ar eagla na neimhe d'impod aris. Item, gabh sug uinneamhain &ersir; imain &ersir; bainne cic &ersir; a cumasc trina celi &ersir; a chur i sin cluais &ersir; foirigh gach tinneas cluaise. Item, fos bristear an t-uinneaman &ersir; coimiltear ar uisce fuar &ersir; tobair da ol don tia o teit a urlabra &ersir; foiridh e co luath. Item, sugh uinneamain da cur bog isin sroin &ersir; glanaidh an innchinn o imurcaid leanna finn reamuir. Item, gabh sugh uinnimain &ersir; blonaig circi &ersir; a mbearbadh le ceili &ersir; foiridh an giba &ersir; na gaga. Item, bristear uinneaman &ersir; bruithtear he ar finegra &ersir; coimiltear e don inad a mbeid na faitneadha &ersir; foirid iat co luath. Et tuig leat mad ailt a fis an eireocaidh an t-othur gabh uinneamhan, bruith fon luait &ersir; cuir fona sroin &ersir; da di as coimeolaidh a tsroin &ersir; muna ti ni mothoca teas na boltanugh an uinneamain. Item, na huinneamain da gearrad &ersir; asa fetita mar aen riu &ersir; foiridh galar na mban re n-abar suficacio matricis &ersir; presuficacio matricis &ersir; a cur ar smeroidib dearga &ersir; a ndeathac da ligin fon maclac. Item, togairmidh gnathughadh na n-uinneamun an fuil mista co ger agna mnaibh &ersir; foiridh arna cur tri mil cailicin na sul.

25. Alumen, stipteria, sucarium: .i. tri hanmanna na h-ailime &ersir; aderur a beit teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; ata brigh cnalteac tirmaidteac alci &ersir; fotracad da denam d'ailim &ersir; da tsalann d'fer na higroipisi &ersir; foiridh an igroipis. Item, pudur do denam do cuideogaib &ersir; d'ailim trina ceili &ersir; a cur an inad a mbia aillsi &ersir; foiridh hi. Item, pudur da denamh dhi &ersir; a cur arna creachtaib a mbia ainmfeoil &ersir; foiridh e &ersir; icaid sreama na sul &ersir; uisce na hailmi da cur arna sreamaib &ersir; seangaid &ersir; tirmaid iat. Item, bruit mil &ersir; finegra &ersir; beirb noco mbia a tigi meala &ersir; pudur na h-ailimi da cur trit aindsein &ersir; greim da congmail isin bel de &ersir; daingnigidh na fiacla &ersir; cruadaig feoil na fiacul &ersir; atait tri gneiti uirri .i. rotunndum &ersir; licidum &ersir; scissum &ersir; asi scissum gnathaidtear againne &ersir; a tirtaib ro-teasaide da gabur i. Item, adeir Platiairius uisce na h-ailime da chur a feadanaib linnighan &ersir; foiridh iat. Item, gab raib &ersir; allim, comtrom do gach ni, &ersir; beirbtear ar finegra &ersir; foirigh gach uili carraige &ersir; aderaid na doctuiri gurub i is maighistir da gach uili dath.

26. Ambra, spearma ceti: .i. coimpeirt an mil moir &ersir; as mor fodnus. As imcubaighi an aigid na heipilepsia i; gabh cnaimh craige an fiada &ersir; doen casnaidheach de &ersir; cuir ambra trit &ersir; a cur a soitheac gloine ar smearoidigib derga &ersir; leagar a balad fo bel &ersir; fo sroin fir na heipilepsia &ersir; foirig gan aimirus &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta an craighe ann da reir Platiairius gurab uime sin as imcubaid i da lucht an cairdiaca &ersir; na sincoipise .i. gab ambra &ersir; lignum aloeis &ersir; cnaimh craigi an fhiada, urdail da gac ni, cumuisctear le sugh ruibi &ersir; dentar pillaide dib &ersir; caitear a haitli na codac &ersir; foghnuidh co mor an aigid eipilepsia &ersir; na n-easlainteadh adubrumar.

27. Ambrosiana, eupatorium, lilifagus: .i. tri hanmanna na hiubair sleibe &ersir; ata si teasaide sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; aderur saidsi coilleadh risin luib so &ersir; is mor a brigh ur &ersir; as bec a brigh crin &ersir; as mor fodnus si an aigid quartana &ersir; coididiana &ersir; an aigid na pairilisi uilidighe no rannaighi &ersir; an aigid na higroipisi re n-abur alsiteis &ersir; an aigid na buideocairi tic o duintib na n-ae &ersir; as amlaid da berur hi .i. an luib so da bruith ar sug meirsi &ersir; mil &ersir; finegra da cur trite &ersir; a tobairt amail siroip &ersir; foirig cruas na seilge. Et as do buadaib na luibi an fuil mista da togairm &ersir; glanaid slidti an fuail &ersir; fidhisi na n-arann on a ngaineam. Item, tobair sugh na luibhi so &ersir; eitneadha sirin da tobairt da n-ol &ersir; marbaid na huili peisti bis a corp duini.

28. Anabulla, titimaillus: .i. gerraneime &ersir; is luib teasaide tirim sa treas ceim e da reir na ndochtuiredh &ersir; in luib so do tinol isna laeib re n-abur dieis cainicalareis &ersir; a cumusc a haitle a bristi re mil &ersir; a bearbadh no go mbia a tige meala &ersir; a taisci a mbucsa glan &ersir; geraidtear na leigis lactacha leis &ersir; folmuigid linn finn saillti &ersir; fiabrus morgaithi coididiana &ersir; ni dleagar an leiges so do tobairt acht dona dainibh aga mbia inne remurra &ersir; meadon feolmur oir da mbeitis na hinni tana daba egal flux disinteria da tiacht &ersir; as maith e bruith &ersir; as olc omh an luib so.

29. Amedum, amillum: .i. leiges do-nitear da sugh na cruithneachta &ersir; adeir Platiairius co fuil an leiges so tesaide fliuch co measurda &ersir; aderuid dochtuire ele an leiges so da beit fuar tirim co measurda &ersir; as mar so do-nitear é .i. gab cruithneacht glan no eorna remur glan &ersir; a chur an uisce fuar re lo co n-aitchi &ersir; na hatruidtear an t-uisce so no go mboga an gran &ersir; a brisedh &ersir; a fascad tri edach &ersir; a tirmugad le grein no le tene no co mbia na pudur &ersir; a denamh amail potaiste &ersir; as maith e da tirmugad na fliuchaideachta imurcach bis isna corpaibh co hinmedonach. Item, amedum da chumasc &ersir; sarcacolla .i. gum &ersir; a cumusc trina ceili co maith &ersir; a cur ar ing lín &ersir; a chur ar druim na sul &ersir; foiridh a fliuchaideacht &ersir; a ndeirgi. Item, potaiste da denamh de &ersir; siucra geal da chur ann &ersir; glanaidh an t-ucht &ersir; na scamana &ersir; creachta an coirp co hinmedonac gurab uime sin as mor fognas an aigid na cosachtaidhi &ersir; na leannann seimh silteach tic on incinn &ersir; da nderntar d'eorna he &ersir; a cumasc le bainne le bainn almont &ersir; is mor foghnus an aigid na tisisi &ersir; na heitice &ersir; creachta na scamhan. Et adermaid gan an leiges so da ro-gnathughadh dona dainib le rab eagail clocha arann no lesa da beit innta &ersir; as mor foghnus an leiges so an aigid na leannann toitis chum na sul &ersir; an aigid creachta na fabra.

30. Ancula alba, scabiosa: &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; an luib so da brisidh &ersir; a bruith ar blonaig muice no re hola &ersir; foirigh an carraighi &ersir; sugh na luibhi so do coimilt don bruitidain &ersir; foiridh. Item, eabar iiii dragma da sug na luibi so &ersir; foirigh an luibri re n-abar allapisia. Item, bearbtar an luib so &ersir; gairleog cailli ar fin &ersir; curtar te arin timtireacht &ersir; icaidh an easlainte re n-abar emoroigideis &ersir; a chur amail ceirin isin inad cetna &ersir; foirigh bolga na timtireachta &ersir; fos fodnuid an ceirin cetna an aigid neascoid na timtireachta &ersir; teneasmon &ersir; an aigid an rema fuair isna sean-dainibh &ersir; a berbad ar fin &ersir; a tobairt da ol. Et ceirin da denamh don luibh so &ersir; gealan uighe trit &ersir; foirigh an neascoid re n-abur antrax. Et adeir Plaitiairius sugh na luibi so da cur sa cluais an aigid na buigri &ersir; foiridh an buighri. Et adeir Maitcer ceirin da denam don luib so &ersir; d'im gan saland &ersir; foirid teinnis na taebh &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; in luibh cetna da bruith ar mil &ersir; foirigh an cosactach tirim. Et lan leighe da sug na luibhi si da tobairt da ol &ersir; foiridh olc na mban &ersir; gac uili neim da caitinn neach &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; blonaig muice trit brisidh na neascoidi amail adeir Averoeis.

31. Aillium: .i. an gairleog, teasaide tirim a medon an iiii ceim da reir Plaitiairius; gairleog omh &ersir; a cur ar cneadhaibh na con confaidh &ersir; foirid iat. Gairleog da brisidh &ersir; a bruit ar leamnacht &ersir; a ol 'na bolgumaib beca &ersir; foirid easlainti an scamain tic o fua raideacht &ersir; as imcubaidh i an aigaidh na higroipisi fuairi &ersir; galair na n-arann &ersir; teinnisa in cind tic o fuaraideacht. Gairleog do minugadh &ersir; blonag geidh triti &ersir; a sug da cur bog isin cluais a meid bic foirid tinneas na cluaisi tic o fuaraideacht. Gairleoc da bearbadh ar im ur &ersir; foirid in t-asma &ersir; easlainti an cleibh tic o fuaraideacht. Ceirin da gairleoig &ersir; da blonaic muici da chur arin timtireacht &ersir; foiridh teneasmon &ersir; tinnis na timtireachta &ersir; is imcubaidh an ceirin cetna an aghaidh gac uile aitt tic o fuaraideacht. Gairleog da catamh ar cet longad an aimsir an aeir truaillnigthi &ersir; as mor fognas gairleog da chur fon fiacuil teinn &ersir; foirid a teinnis tic o fuaraideacht. Gnatocan na gairleoige tirmaigidh na hinne &ersir; an gaili &ersir; togairmid an lubra &ersir; mania &ersir; freinisis &ersir; anbaindigidh an radarc &ersir; as mor urcoidigidh da lucht leanna ruaigh &ersir; as imcubaidh i da lucht leanna find &ersir; do lucht na n-easlainteadh fuar oir ata bridh discailteach cnaiteach na leannann fliuch innte &ersir; innarbuidh gach gac uili neim &ersir; togairmidar na seandaine icslainte na mbatlach dhi.

Item, gab salunn &ersir; mil &ersir; eitneadha na cno nGaeidilach &ersir; gairleog, comtrom da gach ni, cumasctar &ersir; curtar 'na ceirin ar greim na con confaidh &ersir; foirid e &ersir; ni aitheirgind an neimh asa haitli &ersir; an comsuigiughadh cetna da cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; foirid iat o gach uili urcoit &ersir; feadanacht &ersir; linnigha. Gairleog da brisid fuar &ersir; a coimilt dan carraige &ersir; dan bruitigain &ersir; da moirfea &ersir; glanaid iat. Pudur na gairleoige arna loscad da chur isna cneadaib salca do-cneasaigthi &ersir; cneasaigidh iat; gairleog da brisid &ersir; a catamh co gnath &ersir; foirig gairbi in gotha noc brisis a fuaraideacht. Item, gab gairleog &ersir; pibar &ersir; persilli &ersir; piletra &ersir; sugh mindtais &ersir; finegra &ersir; cumuisctear trit a ceili &ersir; caitear &ersir; foirig lumbrisi &ersir; oslaigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilgi f&ersir; fognaid an aigidh stranguria &ersir; disuria. Ingne gairleoige arna glanad da cur isin maclog &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista amail adeir Constantin no an gairleog da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; in bean da chur ann co nuigi a himleinn &ersir; togairmigidh an fuil mista. Gairleog da catamh ar cet longad &ersir; ni urcoidigind uisce duit an la sin. A catamh re ndul ar fairrgi &ersir; ni denand murgalar na fairrgi urcoid duit an la sin. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; foiridh an buideochair amail adeir Macer. A catam mar in cetna &ersir; bogaid cruas na bronn. Et ni denann plaig na neim urcoid duit an la caiteas tu i ar cet longad.

32. Acantum, semen urtice: .i. ros na neannta &ersir; adeir Maitcer ros na neannta da brisidh &ersir; a bruith ar ola &ersir; a coimilt dona pulsaib &ersir; togairmidh an t-allas. Item, da mbia an gruag a toitim sugh na luibi so da coimilt don ceann a haitle a bearrta &ersir; coiscid tuitim an fuilt. Item, adeir an fear cetna da coimiltear an luib so d'iartar na n-ainmhinnteadh co tigid so-dair.

33. Anetam: .i. luib; teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; aderuid drong ele co fuil si tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; glanuigh clocha an lesa &ersir; na n-arunn &ersir; uair ann brisidh iat &ersir; beirid a brigh annso gu ceann tri mbliadhan gemadh ferr co nua hi &ersir; ata brigh discailteach diuireticac innte &ersir; ata brigh togairmiti na fola mista co hailginach innti &ersir; figeada da chur a sugh na luibhe so la co n-aithi &ersir; a mbearbadh ar fin arna maireac &ersir; a tobairt da ol don ti a mbia easlainte cleibh no cosachtach &ersir; foirigh &ersir; pudur da denamh da sil na luibi si &ersir; da ros neannta an pudur sin da crotad arin inad a mbia emaroighideis &ersir; foirigh e &ersir; as mor foghnus an luib so d'furtacht teinnis na brond &ersir; da togairm an codlata &ersir; chum na neascoideadh remur da n-aipiugadh &ersir; d'innarbud leanna finn asna ballibh co hinmedonach. Et co leighesinn an fail tic o linugh &ersir; a bruith ar blonaig no ar ola &ersir; foirigh an crupan tic o linad &ersir; a tirmugadh &ersir; pudar da denam di &ersir; a crotad isna cneadhaib no isna creachtaib.

34. Antera, flos rose: .i. blath an rosa &ersir; ata se fuar isin ced ceim &ersir; tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; ceirin do denamh de &ersir; a chur arin tene diadh &ersir; foiridh hi &ersir; foirigh an ceirin cetna fiucadh &ersir; tesbach beil an gaili &ersir; ros da bruith ar uisce &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; gealan uighe da cur trit &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna suilib &ersir; foirigh teasbach &ersir; deirge na sul &ersir; a bruit ar fin &ersir; coisgidh flux na bronn &ersir; na fola mista. Et fodnuig uisce na roisi an aigid na n-uili ainnteas. Et adeir Raisis ceirin da denam don ros ur &ersir; foiridh gac uili att tic co nadurtha no co haicideac. Et tuig leat da reir Platiairius an tan caitear e arna tirmugadh co fuil brigh fastogtheach ann an tan caitear ur he co fuil brigh lacthach ann &ersir; folmaigti leanna ruaigh &ersir; co hairiti an tan cumaisctear e re reubarbrum he. Et adeir Platiairius gurab de so do-nitear meal rosasiam &ersir; aqua rosasium &ersir; siucra rosasiam &ersir; siropus rosasius. Et fognaid co mor na saethraigi so an aigid na n-easlainteadh teasaide &ersir; an aigid tinnis an chinn &ersir; na n-airgedTwo vertical strokes are added in typescript at end of line. amuil ata olium rosasiam &ersir; fognuid an aigid na heitice &ersir; na sincoipise &ersir; an aigid flux na bronn &ersir; na sceatraige noch do-nitear o linn ruagh &ersir; comfurtachtadtear ona saetraigib so an incinn &ersir; an craidi &ersir; fognuid an agaid fliuchaideachta an t-sine tseaain &ersir; d'innarbud fiabruis quartana. Et adeir Maitcer pudur da denum don ros dearg &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; glanuidh iat ona salcur &ersir; da curtar an blath cetna ar loscud tenig no uisce maille re gealan uighi ni teit an urchoit.

35. Anisum, ciminum dulse: .i. an ainis &ersir; ata si teasaide tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; ata si co cnaiteach discailteac diureticach &ersir; as mor fognus si an aigaidh langanaighi &ersir; bructaid fuairi an gaili &ersir; an aghaid gac uili tinnis na n-inneadh tic o fuaraideacht &ersir; an aigidh na buigri .i. ainis da bruith ar sugh losa no uinneamain &ersir; aen bainne da chur sa chluais &ersir; icaidh a buigri &ersir; a tinnis &ersir; an ben gnataideas medaigi an bainne cich &ersir; an fear medaigid a sperma isna huirgib aige. Item, an aigid droch-datha tig o bualad no o tuitim arin croicinn ainis da cur tri ciaraig &ersir; foirig e &ersir; an ceir da cur bog air. Item, adeir Platiairius an luibh so da bruith maille re luigib eli diureticacsic. &ersir; oslaigidh duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge.

36. Apum domisdicum: .i. an meirsi garrda &ersir; aderur an luib si do beit tesaide tirim sa iii ceim. Et adeir Platiairius gurub ferr a sil so chum an leigis nan luib fein &ersir; as mor fognus mar ceirin cum na sul maille re plur arain gil &ersir; sug na luibhe so trit &ersir; fodnuigh mar an cetna cum na cic. Item, gabh duillebar na luibi so &ersir; coimiltear da cul cinn an fir ar mbia litairgia &ersir; a sug da cur annsa sroin ag an fer cetna &ersir; furtachtaig e. Itim, an aigid aitt &ersir; tinnis beil an gaili prema meirsi da bruith ar fin finn &ersir; a ol &ersir; icaidh &ersir; meirsi ana aenur da chur ar cneadh &ersir; ni dingna urcoid da eisi. Item, sil na luibi so da bruit ar finegra &ersir; coiscid an sceatrac tic o adbur fuar leanna finn. Item, adeir Raisis na daine ara mbia droc-gne a haitli easlainte meirsi omh da tobairt da ithe doib &ersir; tiadhuit ana crut fein aris. Item, an luibh cetna da brisid &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce &ersir; foirigh an fiabras coididana &ersir; adeir an fear cetna eugh meirsi &ersir; feineil oiread da gach sugh &ersir; a tobairt da ol d'fear na higroipisi &ersir; icaidh he. Item, gabh sug meirsi &ersir; amillam &ersir; gealan uighi &ersir; mil &ersir; a cumusc &ersir; a cur isna creachtaib &ersir; glanuigh &ersir; slanaighid iat. Et tuic leath co fuilit gneithe imda arin meirsi .i. aipium &ersir; ranarum .i. imas na lathfan &ersir; aipium risus .i. imas an gairi &ersir; comfurtachtaidh se an tsealg ag innarbadh leanna duibh uaithi gurub adbar dan gairi sin &ersir; aipium emaroidarum noch as imcubaig cum an daergalair. Et adeir Platiairius nach dleaghaid na mna torrcha an meirsi da gnathughadh oir sleamnaigid &ersir; bogaid na sreabainn bis a timcill an toirrcisa innas gurab cuis don togluasact sin &ersir; da ngnataidhid bigh neascoide morgaithe arna leanbaibh. Et seacnad an banaltra a glacadh na a tadall ar eagla an leinimh do dul an eipilensia oir ata an ais leanmhaighe maille re moran fliuchaideachta re hanbainne brighe &ersir; re becan an teasa &ersir; le hanmainne brighe &ersir; re duintib na poireadh &ersir; as iat sin na cuisi ullmaigeas neac chum epilensia.

37. Auripimentum, arsenicum: .i. anmanna an argalluimh &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; ata brigh discailteach atairrngteac glantach aigi &ersir; is imcubaigh e an aigid cosachtaidhi na leanam, scrubul da pudur aurupimentum da cur tri bainne no tri uig laigdhe &ersir; foirig e &ersir; as mait an aigid easma &ersir; na cosachtaidi cruaighi pudur an argallaimh da cur ar smeroidib &ersir; a deathac da ligin ina mbel &ersir; comfurtachtaid hi. Item, gabh dragma d'argallaim &ersir; a da oiread da gallainig &ersir; cumuisc trina celi &ersir; coimil don inad a mbia moirfeaa &ersir; an bruitigha &ersir; icaidh. Item, gabh pudur argallaimh &ersir; ola coitcend &ersir; cumuisctear trina celi &ersir; curtar arna bruisingib &ersir; icaidh hi.

Handwritten note in typescript: (=1334, p. 51; =1436, p. 230; =G11, p. 12; =2395, p. ... there). 38. Arracia, attriplex: .i. eilitreog &ersir; ata si teasaide sa cet ceim &ersir; fliuch sa ii &ersir; as mor fognas an aigid tirmaig na n-inneadh tic o linn ruagh loiscithi &ersir; potaiste da denamh di ar cet longadh .i. eanbruithi caerach &ersir; lagaid an bru co hailginach. Item, gabh elitreog &ersir; mercuirial &ersir; leamac maighe &ersir; borraiste &ersir; sail cuach &ersir; bruith ar im nua &ersir; curtar ainis innti &ersir; tobair ar fin no ar lind te &ersir; eabur re loighe &ersir; foirig an cosactach &ersir; lagaidh an bru. Item, gabh an luib cetna &ersir; prema gloiriam &ersir; dubcosach &ersir; crimh muc fiadh &ersir; bun milbocan &ersir; eigrim &ersir; gurmaill &ersir; bearbtar ar fin &ersir; sitoiltear &ersir; curtar mil glan trit &ersir; eabur mocrach &ersir; re loighi &ersir; foirigh salcar na n-arann &ersir; an lesa. Item, an luib cetna da timperail tri finegra &ersir; a chur 'na ceirin arna haltaib &ersir; foiridh galair na n-alt mar ata arteitica &ersir; potagra cona cosmailib.

39. Arigentum uium: .i. an t-airgid beo &ersir; ata se teasaide fliuch sa 4 ceim &ersir; ata brigh tollta &ersir; gerrta &ersir; discailti aigi &ersir; is mor d'aimsir fetur a coimed ana brigh a beit fein a soiteac dunta &ersir; an inad fuar. Et aderur gurab mor fodnus an aigid na mil &ersir; na sneadh &ersir; gac uili salcur bis arin folt &ersir; min na ponairi da chur trit &ersir; a bearbadh ar finegra amail litin &ersir; an tan beas fuar an t-airgid beo da cur ann amail meid leath &ounce; de &ersir; a cumasc go mait &ersir; a coimilt don folt no don finnfad &ersir; foirigh e o gach urcoid bhis ana dhiaigh. Et as follus gurab mor urcoidigeas deatac an airgid beo da gac neac re mbaineann oir bogaid se na feiti &ersir; ullmaigh lat cum pairilisi &ersir; an tan teit annsa cluais no sa mbel marbaid gan fuireac neach &ersir; da tegmad co racad annsa mbel tobair bainne gobair do a med moir &ersir; na hanad ag leimnid &ersir; a surdallaigh &ersir; bearbtar isoip &ersir; aipsint do ar lind no ar fin &ersir; eabar &ersir; muna dearntar da geib bas gan fuireach. Et da mbia truailleadh arin aigid o linn finn tsaillte no an easlainte re n-abar serpigho .i. deir gab prema corrcopoige &ersir; bris co min &ersir; cuir im gan salann &ersir; blonaig muice trit &ersir; becan d'airgead beo a cumasc &ersir; a coimilt dan deir no don tsalcar &ersir; icaidh. Fognaid premha na muinge miri no prema stafisagria an inadh na corrcopoigi &ersir; tarraingtear snaithi olla trit an leiges so adubrumar &ersir; a ceangal fon folt &ersir; marbaidh na mila &ersir; na sneadha amuil adubramar. Et tuic leat co bfuilid .u. brigha aigi brig discailteach &ersir; brigh tollus na ranna dluithi remra et brigh cnaidheas an fliuchaideacht &ersir; brigh glanas an salcar &ersir; brigh innarbus na himurcaca. Et as amhlaidh marbtar dasact an airgid beo .i. le seili duine &ersir; le luaith. Item, agairead beoSic? If so a case of metathesis for airgead beo. da cumusc le hola &ersir; le uinegra le serusa &ersir; a cumusc &ersir; a cur arin carraigi &ersir; foirigh an luibri &ersir; gach salcar &ersir; fognuigh commorain da neicib eli.

40. Asufetida: .i. gum crainn &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; gac med bus bren hi is moidi a luach &ersir; is uaislidi hi &ersir; ata brigh discailteach aipidtheach ann &ersir; is mor fognus an aigid easlainte an cleibh tic o adbar fuar. Et adeir Platiairius gurub mor fodnus asafeitita maille re siroip na uiola an aigid asma &ersir; disnia &ersir; an aigid an quartana &ersir; an aigid cruais na seilge &ersir; an aigid arteitica &ersir; pairilisi &ersir; eipilensia &ersir; fuardachta na hinchinne a coitcinne &ersir; gach uili easlainte fuair air cheana.

41. Aroistoloia longa, aroistolola rotunda: .i. an stoinsi cruinn &ersir; an stoinsi fada; ata se teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa ced ceim &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; a tobairt ar uisce &ersir; foirigh gac uili neimh &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; a coimilt ar fin no ar lind &ersir; togairmidh an slantugadh dona mnaibh &ersir; a bruit ar mil &ersir; a fascad tri edach lin &ersir; lan leige d'ol de gac lae &ersir; as maith ar gac uili eslainte fuair &ersir; a brisid &ersir; blonaig muice da cur trit &ersir; tairrngidh gach uili arm no dealg amach co cumachtac &ersir; a brisid &ersir; mil da chur trit &ersir; glanaig &ersir; slanaigidh na cneadha &ersir; a coimilt ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirig an spasmus &ersir; foirig fos cuirrineach na bronn &ersir; sireagra &ersir; potagra &ersir; artetica noch thic o adbur fuar. A brisidh &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce &ersir; a tobairt roimh aixis fiabrasa coididiana &ersir; quartana. Stoinsi da brisidh &ersir; pudur da denam de &ersir; an pudur sin da crotad ar teinigh &ersir; ruagaidh na demna as an tigh a croitear. Item, bristear premha na luibi so &ersir; a cur a pollaib na linnighan &ersir; foirigh hi &ersir; eabur an luib cetna ar uisce no ar dig eli &ersir; coiscidh an fail. Et tuic leat co fognunn an stoinsi fada an inad an stoinsi cruinn &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius gurub fearr an stoinsi cruinn cum an leigis na an stoinsi fada &ersir; mairigh a brigh leis co ceann tri mbliadan &ersir; a mi Octoibir dleagar a prema da buain cum an leigis &ersir; a taiscidh conuig an cetna &ersir; fognuigh co ceann tri mbliadan cum an leigis. Et adeir an fear cetna gach uili prem foghnus cum an leigis gurab ann is fearr hi cum an leigis ar tuitim a duillebair &ersir; gach uili duillebar fodnus &ersir; bointear cum an leigis gurab ann as fearr a buain chuigi an tan fasas a blath uirri. et atait tri brigha annsa luibh so .i. brigh icslainti &ersir; brigh discailteach &ersir; brigh cnaiteach. Et mad ailt an leanamh marb d'innarbugh an luib so da bruith ar fin &ersir; ar ola &ersir; a cur amuil ceirin fa sliasaid deis na mna a ngaire da lochaib blene &ersir; furtachtuigh co luath hi. Et gearraid pudur na luibhe cetna an ainmfeoil asna cneadhaib no asna feadanaib linnighan. Et pudur na luibhe cetna &ersir; pibur da bruith ar eanbruithi foirig teinnis ana bronn. Et pudur na luibhe cetna da chur ar uisce te &ersir; coiscigh rigur fiabrus antribullata.

42. Artamesia, mater herbarum: .i. an buatfallan liath &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; a bruith ar bainne no ar fin no ar lind &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; glanaig an maclac &ersir; a coimilt fuar ar fin no ar lind &ersir; do-ni mar in cetna &ersir; a brisid &ersir; a chur amail ceirin arin imlican &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista &ersir; a brisid &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce no ar fin &ersir; a tobairt da mnai con ighinaib &ersir; beirid a toirrceas co luat &ersir; an luibh cetna da ceangal fana sliasaid a ngairi don banndact &ersir; beirigh leanamh &ersir; beartar an leanamh uaithi co luath da eisi ar eagla an maclac da tarraing amach dhi &ersir; as mor fognus an luibh so an aigid greime na con confaigh &ersir; na ndeoc neime &ersir; an luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; a cur ar lind ur &ersir; fognuigh chum na neitidh adubrumar &ersir; an luibh cetna da briseadh &ersir; a chur tri blonuig muici &ersir; a cur fona cosaib a haitli siubuil &ersir; foirig a tinneas &ersir; an cortaidi &ersir; an luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; a cur ar cloit dearg &ersir; a deatac da ligin fo fear teneasmon &ersir; foirig e &ersir; as maith an luib cetna da chur 'na ceirin arna gearbaib &ersir; foiridh iat &ersir; adeir Platiairius gurab e ur &ersir; duillebar na luibhe so as fearr chum an leigis &ersir; mairigh a brigh re bliadhain ann chum gac neich da ndubrumur &ersir; coiscid an aimrideacht tic o fliuchaidheacht an maclaig &ersir; medaigid an aimrideacht tic ona tirmaideacht. Item, an luib cetna &ersir; duillebar an laibriola da bruith ar uisce &ersir; a deatach do ligin fon mbanndacht &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista. Item, an luib cetna &ersir; neanntog muiri da brisid &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna heasbaib &ersir; foirig. Item, an luib cetna da brisid &ersir; a bruith ar fin &ersir; foirid sefailia &ersir; emagrania &ersir; adeir Platiairius gurub imcubaigh an luibh so isna neascoidib cleib mar ata peripleumonia &ersir; pleurisis &ersir; fognaid an luibh cetna &ersir; sugh tenecail da fritbualad an adbair a ngach uili neascoid.

43. Athanasia, tanesetum: .i. lus na francc &ersir; as teasaide tirim hi &ersir; ni fadar a ceim ona hugdaraib &ersir; as inann atanasia &ersir; ni toirmisceas an bas &ersir; coimedus an beata oir ni leiginn bas a ngairi na ndaine gnathuigheas hi &ersir; fodnuigh co hairithi dona mnaib ara mbi flux fola co himurcac. Et gac uili flux ro-seimh coilerda tic o seimigheacht na fola no o oslugad na poireadh &ersir; as mait an luibh so ana ceirin &ersir; 'na deochaib da toirmeasc. Et foghnuigh an aigid tsalcair na fola &ersir; an aigid na heaslainti re n-abur filun &ersir; co hairithi a mi Mai as brighmuire an luibh so &ersir; as cumachtach í ar moran da galraibh &ersir; as mor fognus an luib so an aigid flux na bronn amhail ata diarria &ersir; lienteria &ersir; disinteria. Item, bristear an luib so &ersir; curtar gealan uighe triti &ersir; a cur fona hairgibh &ersir; foirigh flux fola na srona. Item, an luibh so da tirmugadh &ersir; pudur da denamh di &ersir; pudur sinseir da cur trite &ersir; pudur ainise &ersir; gailingan &ersir; cainel &ersir; minntais &ersir; na puduir so da cur ar potaiste no ar eanbruithi &ersir; fodnuigh co mor da calmugadh an di dileaghadh.

44. Athasar, polem regale: .i. poiliol ruibel &ersir; ata si teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; is mor fognus an luibh so an aigid na neime &ersir; co hairiti an tan caiteas neac luibi ana fuil brigh neime amail ata an tatabha no an corrcopog no an mong mer&ersir; na luibe marbtaca &ersir; fognuig fos dona dainib do-geib tuitim no combrugad no bis gan labra &ersir; a hol ar dig eigin. Et an luib so da brisidh &ersir; a tobairt ar finegra &ersir; innarbaidh linn dubh &ersir; a congmail annsa bel &ersir; fognuig an aigid aitt &ersir; teinnis an t-sine seaain &ersir; a bruit ar fin no ar lind &ersir; togairmidh an fual &ersir; an fuil mista &ersir; a bearbadh mar in cetna &ersir; comfurtachtaid an gaili &ersir; toirmiscidh cuirrineach &ersir; gaethamlact na n-innead. Item, an luib so da congmail fada annsa bel &ersir; foirig teinneas na fiacul. Item, dentar ceirin don luib so maille re plur cruithneachta &ersir; foirid tinnis na feiteadh &ersir; fognuig an luibh so co mor da marbadh peistidh na n-inneadh re n-abuir lumbrisi.

45. Auansia, gairiofilata: .i. an macall &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim annsa ii ceim &ersir; as mo brigh a duillebair na a preimhe &ersir; ata brigh discailteach cnaiteach oscailteach inti &ersir; togairmigh fotragad na luibi so an fuil mista &ersir; foghnuidh an fotracad cetna an aigid coilica passio &ersir; foghnuigh fos an aigid teinnis an ghaili &ersir; gaethamlact na n-innead &ersir; an luib so da bruith ar fin no ar lind &ersir; comfurtachtaigh an dileaghadh &ersir; atait da ghne arin luib so .i. gne coillighe &ersir; gne uisce &ersir; as i an gne uisce as ferr an aigid fluxa na bronn &ersir; foghnuigh prema an macaill caillighe an gac inad ana foghnann an clobus.

46. Auellana, nux parba: .i. an cnu Gaeidilach &ersir; ata si teasaide sa cet ceim &ersir; fliuch sa ii ceim &ersir; as mo oilis an corp naid na cno francacha &ersir; da caitear iat co himurcach maille risan craiceann bis fona n-eitnedhaib tuismidtear gaetamlacht isna hinnib uatadh &ersir; da nglantar iat on forcroicinn sin as mor foghnus an aigid na cosachtaigi &ersir; a mbruith ar mil &ersir; ceirin da denamh dib &ersir; blonuig muice da cur trita &ersir; fasaigh an finnfad &ersir; na heitneada cetna da brisid &ersir; a cur ar greim na con confuig &ersir; ni urcoidig nis mo.

47. Auena: .i. an coirci et ata brigh lacthach co hailghinach ann &ersir; is mor fognas an aigidh na n-att teasaidhi &ersir; bogaidh na hadbuir cruaighe &ersir; is imcubaidh ana ceirin e arna cneadaib neimhneacha.

48. Auricula muris: .i. an liath lus beac &ersir; adeir Auicenna an luib so da brisidh &ersir; a cur arin dealg bus ailt da buain a ball &ersir; tairrngidh go cumachtach he. Et ceinnsceatrach da denam de &ersir; glanuigh an incinn ona salcur. Et a tobairt da lucht eipilencia &ersir; furtachtaigh iat co mor.

49. Aurum: .i. an t-or &ersir; is ar med a measarachta nacar cuiread a ceim e seoch na mitalaib eli &ersir; as mor fognus a catamh &ersir; a faicsin don craig e &ersir; ata catimia mar an cetna .i. slaithteach an oir &ersir; fodnuigh an t-or co mor an aigid eilifainnsia &ersir; comfurtachtaigh an gaili &ersir; sincoipis &ersir; cardiaca &ersir; a tabairt fa dho sa tseachtmain &ersir; a coimilt fein no a slaidteac as maith a mbiag no a ndigh &ersir; foirigh an lubra &ersir; pudur da denumh da meanadaib an oir &ersir; a cur fona suilib &ersir; scailidh a finna &ersir; a salcuir. Et atait cumachta ecsamsamla ag an or .i. uair ann medaigid &ersir; comfurtachtaigidh na spiruid &ersir; calmaigid an dileaghadh &ersir; fostaigid gach flux ona cumachtaib fein &ersir; as mait an aigid na fuaraideachta &ersir; na teasaideachta e &ersir; innarbaidh gac uili imurcraid anbainnigus an naduir &ersir; glanaidh na leanna salca.

50. Balanon, glans: .i. na measoga daracha; atait siat fuar tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; ata brigh tirmaidhteach fostoiteach acu &ersir; pudar da denamh dona measocaib &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib tirmaidh iat &ersir; coiscidh an sileadh fola &ersir; glanaidh iat ona salcar &ersir; duillebar an croinn cetna da bruith ur &ersir; coiscidh teneasmon &ersir; lienteria, Et adeir Raisis co fuil togairm an fuail and &ersir; tirmugad na bronn &ersir; adeir an fer cetna gurab fearr cucain na measog cum na neitead adubrumar naid na measoga fein &ersir; ata deathmuireacht &ersir; tinneas cinn innta rena catam &ersir; tuismidtear gaethamlacht na n-innead uatha.

Da mesogaib na darach don gum crainn don cruaich Padraig do lus na laegh don glaisir caille don teneagul don meacan tua dan gallfotannan don biatus don coinnill Muire d'uir sleibhe Armenia don borrax da lus an sparain do betonica don cartlainn don lus creighi don fotlac dan n-im.

51. Balsamum: .i. gum crainn fasas annsa Babileoin e &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; fognuigh co mor da lucht na pairilisi &ersir; na n-easlainteadh fuar air cena &ersir; a congmail annsa bel &ersir; teigidh an incind &ersir; idir na huile ni deagbalaigh ase as ferr boltanugadh dib &ersir; as amluidh as mait an balsamum &ersir; a beit glan &ersir; dath fobuide uirri &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce &ersir; mad glan e niba saile an t-uisce &ersir; mad salac an t-uisce do-ni a contrara.

52. Barba filicana, plantago maigheor: .i. an cruach Padraic &ersir; ata si fuar fuar annsa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; as mait da glanad &ersir; do slanugadh na cneadh an luib so da brisidh &ersir; mil da cur triti &ersir; potaiste da denam don luibh so ar eanbruiti meth caeireach no ar leamnacht &ersir; foirigh flux na bronn. Item, bristear &ersir; coimiltear ar leamnacht an luibh so &ersir; foirig an seili fola &ersir; an cosactach tic o teasaideacht. Item, ceirin don luibh cetna da cur arin cneid &ersir; coiscidh a sileadh fola. Et an luibh cetna da brisid &ersir; a cur tri gealan uigi &ersir; foirigh loscadh teineadh co cumhachtacht . An luibh so da brisid &ersir; olunn da chur trite &ersir; a cur ar greim na con confaigh &ersir; foirig. Item, cruach Padraic da brisidh &ersir; a sugh d'ol ar cedlongad &ersir; icaidh eipilensia. Sugh na luibhe cetna da congmail sa mbel &ersir; foirig an galar beil. Sugh na luibhe so da cur arin teinigh diadh &ersir; teitidh roimpe. Item, educh lin da cur a sugh na luibe so &ersir; a cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; foiridh a n-att &ersir; a teinneas. Item, an aigid tinnis na fiacul &ersir; aitt a feola &ersir; a teasbaigh an luibh so da cognamh &ersir; icaidh. Item, da cosc na fola mista olund chirta da thuma a sugh na luibi &ersir; a cur sa mbanndacht. An aigid tinnis an lesa in luib so do coimilt ar uisce &ersir; foirigh. Item, an luibh so da cur fo braigid in leinimh &ersir; ni gabaid easbudha e. Item, coimiltear tri prema di ar uisce in aigid terciana &ersir; a ceathuir a fiabrus quartana roimh an aixis &ersir; icaidh gan fuireach. Item, an aigid gac uili aitt tic o teasaideacht an luibh so da brisidh &ersir; blonaig muici da cur trid &ersir; icaidh e. An luibh so da brisid ar uisce &ersir; a tobairt da mnai bis gan slanugadh &ersir; slanuidtear co luath. Item, an luib cetna da coimilt ar finegra &ersir; a coimilt dona cosaib a haitli sibail no saetair &ersir; icaidh.

53. Barba sina: .i. lus na laedh, fuar sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; ata brigh stipecda ann; a duillebar da tirmugadh &ersir; pudur da denum dhe &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaibh arsaighe &ersir; foiridh iad &ersir; adeir gurab treisi a blath na'n luibh fein &ersir; is mor foghnus an luibh so an aigid creachta na scaman &ersir; ata brigh glanta 'na prem &ersir; brigh stipecda 'na barr &ersir; comfurtachtaigh an gaili &ersir; ni liginn leanna ele ana ceann da tuitim cuigi. Adeir Avicenna nach fuil leighis as ferr na so a creachtuib na n-inneadh &ersir; coiscidh flux imurcach na mban &ersir; a ol ar uisce no ar fin &ersir; a cur amuil ceirin arin imlican.handwritten note in margin: "=G11, p"

54. Barba siluana: .i. glaiser coille, teasaide sa cet ceim &ersir; fliuch sa ii; an luib so do brisid &ersir; a tobairt dona mnaib da ndenann linn ruagh urcoid &ersir; foirigh &ersir; innarbaidh imurcaigh leanna ruaigh. Item, an tan imduideas linn dubh annsa gaili &ersir; tuismidtear fail foireigneach uadha, an luib so do coimilt ar fin no ar uisce &ersir; coiscidh gan fuireac an fail. Item, an luib cetna da coimilt ar fin &ersir; a tobairt da hol d'fer na micuimhni &ersir; icaidh. Item, adeir Avicenna an luib so da coimilt ar fin no ar lind d'fir na linnighan co ceann en la dheag &ersir; icaidh &ersir; a tabairt don mnai ara mbi mola matrisis &ersir; scailigh e gan fuireac ina haitli.

55. Barba Iouis, semperuiua: .i. an teneagal, fuar sa iiii ceim &ersir; tirim sa dara &ersir; fodnuigh co mor an aigid na teineadh diag &ersir; na haillsi &ersir; an attcomhaill na sul an tan tic o teasaideacht &ersir; in aigid gach uili loscadh teineadh &ersir; uisce. Item, adeir Avicenna sugh na luibi so da chumasc maille re min eorna no seagail &ersir; a cur arna haltaib &ersir; foirigh an t-artetica tic o teasaideacht. Item, sugh na luibhe so &ersir; sugh &ersir; sug cruaiche Padraig &ersir; leamnacht bo &ersir; plur mine cruithneachta &ersir; dentar potaiste dib &ersir; foirigh flux na mbronn gan fuireac &ersir; foiridh sugh na luibhe so imurcaid na fola mista &ersir; a cur sa mbanndacht &ersir; olunn.(Another chapter on the same plant is Chapter 157.)

56. Bardana no lapa: .i. in meacan tua &ersir; adeir Avicenna corub mor fodnus premh na luibi so an aigid na neime &ersir; co marbann natraca neime &ersir; adeir fos gibe neach choimeolas sugh na luibi so de nach cailginn beach é an la sin na nathair neime. Item, sugh na luibhe so da congmail sa bel &ersir; daingnig na fiacla. Item, premh na luibhe so da caiteamh &ersir; coiscidh in seili fola. A prema so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foiridh disinteria. Premha na luibhe so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirigh na cloca fuail. An luib so idir bun &ersir; barr da brisid &ersir; blonaig muice trit &ersir; brisidh &ersir; aibighidh na neascoide amail adeir Avicenna.

57. Branca ursina: .i. an gallfotannangatfann in the MS in error., fuar tirim, &ersir; adeir Avicenna an luibh so da brisidh &ersir; blonuic muice trite &ersir; aipigh na neascoide. An luibh so da brisidh &ersir; a bearbadh ar blonuic no ar ola, a ligin mar sin co ceann en la dec &ersir; a fascad tri edach lin ana haitli &ersir; ceir da cur ann &ersir; uinnemint da denamh dhe &ersir; a coimilt dona feitib &ersir; dona haltaib &ersir; foirigh rigor &ersir; cruas na feiteadh. An luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; bainne gobair &ersir; min ruis &ersir; sugh fleata &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna cighib &ersir; foirigh iat. Item, sugh na luibe &ersir; bainne cic da cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; sug feineil deirg &ersir; plur mine eorna &ersir; a cur 'na scartaidh arin etan &ersir; ar druim na sul &ersir; coiscidh teasbac &ersir; tinneas na sul &ersir; togairmid an codladh.

58. Beta &ersir; pleta, cicula: .i. tri han .i. tri hanmanna an biatuis &ersir; ata teasaide fliuch sa cet ceim &ersir; is luibh coitcinn e da reir Avicenna. Item, sugh na luibhe so do cur a pollaib na srona &ersir; glanaid an incinn ona salcur. Sugh na luibi da cur bog san cluais &ersir; foirig tinneas na cluaise. Item, sugh na luibhe so da cur arin folt &ersir; arin fesoig &ersir; glanaigh iat ona milaib &ersir; ona sneadhaibh &ersir; coimedaid an folt gan tuitim. Item, sug na luibhe so da cumusc maille re mil comtrom da gach ni &ersir; a cur arin loscadh da nitear o teinig no o uisce &ersir; icaidh co luat &ersir; crutaidtear droch-leanna o gnathughadh na luibhe so. Item, gabh biatas &ersir; borraiste &ersir; duillebar saitsi &ersir; isoip &ersir; Minntas &ersir; persilli &ersir; duillebar macail co mor da gach ni, bearbtar ar uisce &ersir; garbain coirci arna nighe da cur and &ersir; a mbearbadh &ersir; salann da cur air &ersir; is cumachtach ar urcoid an cleibh &ersir; da medugadh an dileaghadh.

From here on, in the typescript expansions are underlined, leading to clearer visibility of marking as compared to italics. 59. Bilonia, molena: in coinneall Mhuire &ersir; is mor foghnus an aigid flux emaroigideis &ersir; ata si fuar tirim &ersir; as mor a brigh ur &ersir; as bec crin &ersir; ata brigh fastaiteac cnaiteac innti. An luibh so fein da cur ar cloit dearg &ersir; a cur te sa timtireacht &ersir; foirig bolga an daergalair &ersir; a hatarrach co minic arna tedhad &ersir; an luib so da brisid &ersir; a cur a srut &ersir; ni ligin sileadh di gurab uime sin sin as imcubaigh an gac uile flux hi co dearb.

60. Bolus Armenicus: .i. uir sleibhe Armeinia &ersir; ata si fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh fastoiteac &ersir; ceangail innti innus co coiscinn gac uili flux. A pudur so &ersir; pudur cruaiti Padraig da cumasc &ersir; a cur arna cneadhaib &ersir; icaidh &ersir; as amlaidh as maith e &ersir; a beith dearg sobristi &ersir; adeir Avicenna ma ta an flux sa ceann a tabairt da caitim sa mbel &ersir; mad annsa gaili no isna hinnibh tabhair mar clisteri.

61. Borax: .i. gum croinn &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa ceatramad ceim &ersir; ata brigh discailteach attairngtec cnaiteac coimceangail comhdlutaiti ann &ersir; as leis daingnid na cerdada na mitaill ele re ceili &ersir; as amlaidh is maith e geal cruaidh. Item, cuirtear borax &ersir; gealan uighe circe &ersir; mil &ersir; uisce roisi trit a ceili &ersir; glanuidh an aigid ona salcar &ersir; on brici. Item, scrupall d'uisce &ersir; tri scrupaill do borax da coimilt don aigid arna cumasc &ersir; bith geal.

62. Bursa pastoris: .i. lus an sbarain; fuar tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; as cumachtac hi in aigid flux na fola &ersir; gach uile flux &ersir; is maith hi a n- uinneminntib bristi cuislinni &ersir; an bean aga mbi ina braigit ni urcoidiginn flux fola di. A cur a fotragadh &ersir; is mait i an aigid na buigeacairi. A cur fo braigid na caerach &ersir; ni faicid na mic tire iat. Pudur da denum dan luibh cetna &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; ni fasann ainmfeoil innta &ersir; tirmaig iat. Blat na luibhe so &ersir; blath uiole &ersir; blath sail cuach &ersir; siucra &ersir; a mbrisidh trit a ceili &ersir; a tobairt da caitim da luct an tseili fola mar ata emotoica pasio &ersir; a cosmuili.

63. Bitonica: .i. in bitoine; teasaide sa iii ceim ceim &ersir; tirim sa iiii ceim. A tabairt ar fin da lucht na cloch fuail &ersir; brisidh iat &ersir; togairmig in fual mar an cetna &ersir; is maith an aigid na higroipisi hi &ersir; a coimilt ar fin no ar lind. Item, pudur da denam dan luibh so &ersir; a cumusc ar mil arna spumail &ersir; is maith an aigid na cosachtaighe fuaire. Item, pudur na luibhe so da tabairt ar fin &ersir; foirigh teinneas an gaili &ersir; madh o fiabras tic a tobairt ar uisce. Item, pudur na luibhe so da tobairt arin digh re n-abar mulsa &ersir; lagaidh an bru co hailginach ona tirmacht. Item, a brisidh &ersir; salann da cur trite &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib nua &ersir; ni denaid urcoid is mo. Item, duillebar na luibhe so da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; im gan salann da cur trite &ersir; a cur mar ceirin arna suilibh &ersir; coiscidh a tinneas. Item, a coimilt ar uisce &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirigh an fliuchaideacht suilighi. Item, bitoine &ersir; ruib da coimilt ar uisce &ersir; foillsigid an radharc. Item, iiii &ounce; da duillebar bitone &ersir; viii ngrainne xx da pibar dubh &ersir; a tabairt da lucht easlainte na n-arann &ersir; foirid iat &ersir; a cur fan ded. Item, ceirin da denam de mar in cetna &ersir; foirid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Item, duillebar cruaiti Padraic &ersir; da &ounce; da duillebar bitoine &ersir; a ol roimh aixiis coididiana &ersir; coiscid an fiabras. Item, an aigid an galair re n-abur presuficasio matricis &ersir; an luibh so da brisid &ersir; a tabairt ar fin no ar uisce &ersir; foirigh emaroidas. Item, a hol ar uisce no ar fin &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; foirigh an galar buighi co cumachtact.

64. Balsamita: .i. in cartlann; teasaide sa ii &ersir; tirim sa treas ceim. An luib so da brisidh &ersir; a bearbadh ar a sugh fein &ersir; foirigh tinneas an cinn &ersir; an ceirin cetna da cur arin ngaili &ersir; foirigh a gaetmuireacht &ersir; a tinneas. Item, an ceirin cetna da cur arin imlican &ersir; foirig coilica &ersir; ilica. Item, an ceirin cetna da cur arin timtireacht &ersir; icaidh bolga an daergalair &ersir; ata brigh diureticac annsa luibh so. Item, gach uili luibh ina fuil brigh diureticach ata brigh osluice na poireadh annsa luibh sin.

65. Burneta: .i. in lus creidhe; ata si fuar tirim &ersir; is mor furtachtaidheas na cuisleanna ona teinneas &ersir; ona neim &ersir; o neim cuislinn an etain &ersir; gabh camamilla &ersir; duillebar bitone &ersir; duillebar na huluighi &ersir; modoman &ersir; feinel dearg &ersir; duillebar daireach &ersir; blat an rosa deirg &ersir; bris na neici so &ersir; beirb ar im nua &ersir; ar becan do laigh na roisi &ersir; faisctear tri edac &ersir; curtar a soiteac cumdaig &ersir; coimiltear don edan &ersir; dona hairgib &ersir; coiscidh tinneas an cinn &ersir; togairmidh an codladh. Item, lan duirn don luibh so &ersir; prema cruaiche Padraig &ersir; stoinse cruinn dearg &ersir; gabh lan duirn don dubhcosach &ersir; crim muice fiadha &ersir; bearbtar na luibhi so ar uisce fertana &ersir; a sitlodh &ersir; in sugh so da cumasc tri baine &ersir; a bearbadh maille re haran &ersir; a tabairt da ol ag loidhi &ersir; ag eirghi &ersir; foirig flux disinteria. Item, an luibh cetna da gearrad re sciain &ersir; duillebar minntais &ersir; mormoint &ersir; cailmint &ersir; sil feneil da cur triti &ersir; a cur &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin no ar lind, a cur a mbocsa &ersir; a cur te ar bel an gaili &ersir; comfurtachtaigh co mor.

66. Bibolica vel biliria: .i. in fotlact &ersir; ata brigh diureticach ann &ersir; togairmig in fual &ersir; in fuil mista &ersir; fodnuigh an aigidh easlainte an cleibh. Item, fotlact &ersir; dubhcosach ur &ersir; mellisa &ersir; lus an galloglaig &ersir; blath saili cuach &ersir; raibi uisce &ersir; lus na sum talman &ersir; liatroidi &ersir; blath fotannain &ersir; easbuc beoain comor da gach ni &ersir; a mbearbadh ar im mhi Mai &ersir; a sitlodh tri edach lin &ersir; pudur siucra &ersir; licoirisi &ersir; ainisi da cur ann &ersir; a ol ar midh no ar lind no ar digh milis &ersir; fairsingidh an t-ucht &ersir; foirigh an cosachtach. Item, an luibh cetna da brisid &ersir; leamac muighe &ersir; easbog beoain &ersir; a mbearbadh arin digh darub ainm mulsa &ersir; a tobairt bog da ol &ersir; foirigh in cosachtach cruaigh. Item, sugh na luibhe so &ersir; sil eigrime &ersir; sil elistroint &ersir; sil culurain &ersir; ainisi &ersir; sil feinel &ersir; gaill eigrim &ersir; an luibh so &ersir; dentar pudur min dibh &ersir; caitear ar fin no ar lind &ersir; is comachtach an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria. Item, bristear an luibh so &ersir; prema moingi miri &ersir; prema leamhaigh muighe a mbrisidh &ersir; blonaig da cur trita &ersir; a cur umna haltaibh &ersir; foirid att &ersir; teinn eas na n-alt.

67. Butirum: .i. in t-im &ersir; ata se teasaide fliuch sa cet ceim &ersir; ata brigh aipithi discailteac bocta ann &ersir; ata brigh tinnis da cur ar cul ann &ersir; medaidtear &ersir; reamraidhtear an corp &ersir; is mor a cumachta ar gearrad na feiteadh&ersir; glanaigh na cneadha. Item, a coimilt da carbad na leanamh &ersir; da beir ar a fiaclaibh fas &ersir; is mor foghnus an aigid na cosachtaighi fuaire &ersir; as mor fognus an aigid. perplemonia &ersir; pleurisis oir aipigh iat &ersir; togairmid an seli co hurusa &ersir; toirmisctear an sele fola.

Don cailmint don culuran don ualuart don finscoith dona huili luaith don sidabal da sil an labriola don popin geal da chongna in fiadha dan gurmaill don praisid garrdha don selidonia don dedgha don comann gall dan luaigh don curnan caisil don orofont don cainel don raib don picc Greagach don colacindida don concoire don easbuc beain don noinin do ros na minne miri don litronta don eacsemar don coiriandrum don gluinigh bec don croch don cubibis don gran oililla don cucuirbita don claman lin.

68. Calamentum (vel calamentum maighis): .i. an cailimint et ata se teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; atait da gne air .i. gne mhor &ersir; gne bec &ersir; isi an gne mhor an neft &ersir; in ghne bec .i. an cailmint coitceann. Bearbhtar an cailimint ar fin no ar mulsa &ersir; togairmid an t-allus. Item, cailimint da bearbadh ar ola &ersir; a coimilt dona pulsaibh &ersir; don corp roimh aixis codidiana &ersir; foirigh &ersir; coiscidh an fiabhras. Item, an luibh so da brisid &ersir; a cur ar bel na n-isgad &ersir; foiridh teinneas an droma &ersir; an igha fuar bhis ann &ersir; togairmigh na leanna righni o altaib in droma. Item, an luibh so da brisidh &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista. Item, a bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; an bandacht da nighi as &ersir; doni an cetna. Item, cailimint da bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; a ol dan ti gerras madra gaithi no cu confaigh no peist neimhe &ersir; icaidh. Item, an luibh so da brisid &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce &ersir; innarbaidh luimbrisi asan broinn. Item, an luibh cetna .i. a sugh da cur isna cluasaib &ersir; marbaid na cruime bis innta &ersir; ni dleagar dona mnaib torrcha buain risin luibh so oir togairmigh in togluasacht. Item, an luibh so da brisid no da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirigh asma &ersir; cumgacht in cleib &ersir; duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; singultus &ersir; tinnis in gaile.

69. Ciclamin, malum terre: .i. in cularan; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh attairrngteac cnaidteac discailteac aigi. Item, culuran da brisidh &ersir; blonaig muice da cur trit &ersir; a cur arna neascoidib cruaigi &ersir; aibigid iat. Item, premh na luibhe so da tirmugadh re grein &ersir; pudur da denamh de &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; glanuigh iat ona n-ainmfeoil. Is ann as mait an luibh so da buain an tseachtmuin deiginach do mi Auist &ersir; mairigh a brigh ann co ceann ii bliaghan.

70. Cameactis, ebulus: .i. in ualuart; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; is inann brigh &ersir; oibriugadh do &ersir; don t-sambucus acht amain is treisi an brigh lactach isin sambucus &ersir; ata brigh attairrngteac &ersir; innarbtha na leannann righin ann &ersir; ata brigh folmuighthi suas &ersir; sis annsa luibh so &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt acht in tan bus dileaghtha an t-adbar &ersir; an tan uillmightear an corp cum folmaighthi &ersir; cum flux da gabail cuigi &ersir; as amlaidh sin dleaghar gac uili sceatrac da tobairt an tan bus dileaghtha an tan bus dileaghtha in t-adbar. Is mor fognas an luibh so an aigidh terciana &ersir; uitilina &ersir; as mait an luib so an aigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; coilica &ersir; arteitica &ersir; leucafleadhmannsia &ersir; potagra &ersir; is mar so dleaghar a tabairt .i. leath lan blaisci uighe da sug na luibhe so &ersir; a urdail d'fin finn &ersir; lagaigh &ersir; folmuighidh na hadbair adubhramar.

Item, prema na luibhe so da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a timperail maille re h-oiximil &ersir; re siroip lacthach. Bearbtar sug na luibhe so &ersir; a hurdail da mil trit a ceili &ersir; a tabairt amail purgoid &ersir; fodhnaidh co maith. Item, fotragadh da denam da barr na luibhe so &ersir; a deatach da ligin fo fer na higroipise fuairi &ersir; as maith do e. Item, urbruit da duillebar na luibhe an aigid gac uili aitt &ersir; tuitmi &ersir; bualadh &ersir; innarbaidh se tinneasa &ersir; scailidh aitt &ersir; neartaigid na feithi. Item, sug na luibhe so &ersir; pudur esola &ersir; siucra da chumasc &ersir; a tabairt amail purgoid &ersir; fognuigh co mor. Item, pudur da denamh da preimh na luibhe so &ersir; sugh feineil &ersir; sug meirsi &ersir; siucra &ersir; a tabairt amail purgoid. Item, is mait an aigid atchomuill na cos &ersir; na lamh &ersir; da lucht na higroipise urbruith na luibhe so. Item, an luibh so da bruit ar a sug fein &ersir; ceirin da denam de ar potagra &ersir; ar siregra &ersir; ar arteitica.This material is used again in Chapter 110, Ebulus.

71. Cinoglosa: .i. an finscoth &ersir; is teasaide tirim hi &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta in craighe innti &ersir; as mor fognus an aigidh galair na seilge &ersir; ata cosc sceatraighi 'na preim &ersir; is mor fognus an aigid an galair re n-abar faisdidium &ersir; an anastropa &ersir; ata togairm na sceatraighi 'na barr. Item, gabh sil ragaim &ersir; barr finscoithi bristear&ersir; coimiltear ar meadg bog &ersir; togairmig an sceatrach. Item, dentar deoc da comfurtacht an craigi .i. gabh prema finscotha &ersir; premih neantoige &ersir; prema egrime &ersir; minntais &ersir; bun macaill &ersir; marbdroigin &ersir; saitsi &ersir; cailmint &ersir; bristear &ersir; curtar ar fin no ar lind &ersir; eabar amail digh &ersir; comhfurtachtaig an craighi. Item, gabh barr na luibhe so &ersir; fuarc fuinnseann &ersir; bearb ar fin &ersir; cuir amail ceirin arin seilg &ersir; comfurtachtaigid e.

72. Cinis omnis: .i. gac uile luaith; ata brigh tirmaithi &ersir; glanta innti da reir Auicenna &ersir; adeir fos luaith na crand stipecdha co fuil cosc na fola innti &ersir; co hairithi luaith na fuinnsinne &ersir; na darac &ersir; adeir fos co fuil fas an fuilt &ersir; an finnfaigh an gac uili luaithrig fuilt &ersir; a chumasc maille re holaigh &ersir; a cur arin ceann a haitli a bearrtha &ersir; da bheir teas arin ceann &ersir; coiscig a allus. Item, gabh scim darach &ersir; dena luaith di maille re crann feitleoigi an eighinn &ersir; an luaith so da cur ar folcadh fuinnseann &ersir; in ceann d'folcad as &ersir; coiscigh emagrainia &ersir; da bheir dath mait arin folt.

73. Citonalens: .i. an sidual; teasaide sa iii &ersir; tirim sa ii &ersir; atait da gne air .i. gne .i. gne garrdha &ersir; gne coillighi &ersir; asi an gne coillighi .i. an cartlann leg. caerthann curruig &ersir; ata blas stipec air &ersir; as mor fognus an aigid na haimrideachta &ersir; galar na mban. An sidubal garrdha, ata brigh comfurtachta in totluithi ann &ersir; comfurtachtaigh an incinn &ersir; coiscigh an gaetmuireacht &ersir; comfurtachtaigid lucht na sincoipise &ersir; as maith an luibh so a ceirinacaibh &ersir; a ndeocaib luchta an filuin. Da curtar premh na luibhe so fon fiacail tein coiscig an teinneas. Uisce da denamh don luibh so mar do-nitear uisce na roisi &ersir; a crotad arin aigid &ersir; ar ceann lucht na fiabras &ersir; coiscidh teinneas an cinn. Item, pudur da denam don luibh so .i. da premhaib &ersir; a cumasc maille re pudur caineil &ersir; gailingain &ersir; a tabairt a potaistib &ersir; neartaigid an brigh totluitheach &ersir; coiscig gaetmuireacht an gaili &ersir; na n-inneadh.

74. Conconidum: .i. sil in labriola; teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; ata craeb &ersir; croicinn &ersir; sil na luibhe so imcubaidh cum in leigis &ersir; ata folmugadh leanna finn, &ersir; na leannann rigin ann ona ballaib foirimilleacha amail atait na hailt &ersir; co hairithe folmughadh leanna ruaigh mi-nadurtha amail ata coilera sitrina &ersir; uitilina &ersir; ata folmughadh leanna duibh co tanaiste innte gurub uime sin as imcubaidh an luibh so da tabairt da lucht sietica &ersir; potagra &ersir; apoplexia &ersir; pairilisi &ersir; eipilensia &ersir; a cosmuili d'easlaintibh fuara fleadmaiticaca eli &ersir; da berur an luibh so an oiximel oir ni dleaghar a tabuirt co haenda oir o ro-geri na luibhe so ata scris na n-innead innti &ersir; dleaghar a tobairt le gum araibium &ersir; le maisdix &ersir; le neitibh comfurtachtaighi an craighi amail ata croch &ersir; cainel &ersir; calamus armaticus oir gac uili ni ana fuil folmughadh foireigneac ata anmuinne craighi ana diaigh. Ni dleaghar so da tabairt da lucht nach urusa da cur cum innruma na dona dainib 'ca mbeth inde tana &ersir; a cosmuile &ersir; fognaidh dona dainibh ara mb i codidiana no terciana.

Item, an luibh so da bearbadh ar ola coitcinn &ersir; a coimilt don timtireacht &ersir; coiscidh teneasmon. Item, an luibh cetna da coimilt don druim &ersir; dona hairnib &ersir; dona huirgibh &ersir; coiscidh disuria &ersir; to stranguria. Item, an luibh cetna da cur isna cluasaib &ersir; coiscid an buigri. An luibh cetna da coimilt don timtireacht &ersir; fognaidh an aigid in daergalair.The same material is used on lauriola, Chapter 167.

75. Codion: .i. in popin geal; teasaide fliuch sa treas ceim &ersir; is de do-nitear an leiges re n-abur opium &ersir; is mar so do-nitear e: mill fasas ar barr na luibhe so &ersir; a mbuain a mi Iuil &ersir; a mbrisidh a moirtel &ersir; a fascad tri edach lin &ersir; a cur re grein &ersir; an tan bi tirim a taiscigh &ersir; a coimilt don dreich &ersir; don edan &ersir; togairmigh an codladh. Atait da gne arin luibh so .i. popin geal &ersir; popin dubh &ersir; bigh an popin dubh maille re blath dearg &ersir; is de sin do-nitear an ola fodnus a moran d'easlaintib &ersir; co hairthi cum teinnis in cinn &ersir; is risin popin so aderur pobol righ noc ata fuar tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; do-nitear ola de mar adubrumur &ersir; a coimilt don ceann d'eis a bearrta &ersir; togairmigh an codladh. Ata gne don luibh cetna ara mbi blath crocha &ersir; is maith a sil sin da coimilt ar uisce &ersir; togairmigh an codladh &ersir; gebe dibh so gne bruitear ar uisce togairmig an codladh muna bia in bas a fogus do. Popin da bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; coisgid flux fola mista &ersir; ni dleaghar sil na luibhe so da tobairt a meid as mo na comtrom leith pinginne. Duillebar na luibhe so da brisid &ersir; a cur mar ceirin arin tene diad &ersir; icaidh. Item, gabh duillebar na luibhe so &ersir; bearb ar uisce &ersir; cuir te fon mbraigid &ersir; foirigh gairbi an gota gebe cuis o mbia. Item, sug na luibhe so da coimilt dona haltaibh &ersir; foirigh an potagra tic o teasaideacht &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius popin geal da brisidh &ersir; gealan uighe da cur trit no bainne cic &ersir; a cur amail ceirin arin edan &ersir; foirig teinneas an cinn &ersir; togairmigh an codlad. Item, sil na luibhe so no a duillebar da cumasc maille re hola na roise &ersir; a cur da fritbhualadh na neascoideadh teasaide &ersir; an aigid ainnteasa na n-ae. Item, adeir an fer cetna ola in poipin da cumasc maille re fin fionn &ersir; a coimilt d'altaib an droma &ersir; foirigh tirmach na mball &ersir; a caili amail as follus a lucht na heitice. Item, an lictabair darub ainm diapapauer .i. lictabair an popin gil &ersir; sugh licoirisi &ersir; gum araibi &ersir; draganti a cumusc trit a ceili &ersir; is mor fognus an aigid na hetice &ersir; tirmachta na mball amail is follus a perpleumonia &ersir; isna fiabrasa cnaigteaca.

76. Cornu serui: .i. congna an fiadha; fuar tirim e. A loscadh &ersir; pudur da denam de &ersir; a cur ar feoil na fiacal &ersir; daingnig iat &ersir; foiridh a teineas. A caitem a meanadaigh ana mbia pudur ainisi &ersir; licoirisi &ersir; toirmiscidh tuitim na leannann cum na sul &ersir; is mait an aigidh an galair re n-abar ematoica .i. in sele fola &ersir; is mait da lucht na buigri.

77. Cauda purcina: .i. in gurmaill; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; mairigh a brigh an a sil co ceann x mbliadhan &ersir; ata brigh diureticach in a sil &ersir; annsa luibh fein &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigidh disuria &ersir; stranguria &ersir; da brisidh na cloch fuail. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirigh ilica &ersir; coilica. Item, sil carauaidh &ersir; cularain &ersir; ainisi &ersir; eigrime &ersir; sil gurmaille &ersir; sil elestroint &ersir; cearrbocan co mor da gach ni &ersir; tri drachmae da granta parthais &ersir; cumasctar iat &ersir; caitear mar is du. Item, gabh duillebar gurmaille &ersir; duillebar meas tuirc allaidh &ersir; sil eigrime &ersir; bristear &ersir; cumasctar maille re blonaig muice &ersir; curtar mar ceirin arna hairnibh &ersir; foirigh an teinnis bis innta.

78. Caulis ortentis: .i. an praiseac garrdha; fuar tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; atait da gne uirre .i. gne mor &ersir; gne bec &ersir; isi in gne as fearr ann 'ga mbi lurga dearg &ersir; duillebar bec. Adeir Auicenna gurab maith duillebar na praisige deirgi arna cneadhaib salcha. Item, ceirin don duillebar so da cur maille re blonaig muice &ersir; discailidh na neascoide cruaighi. Adeir Plaitiairius an tan bearbtar an luibh so co maith co fuil brigh fostoigteac ann &ersir; an tan caitear leath om co fuil brigh lactach innti. Item, adeir Auicenna an praiseach dearg da brisid co maith maille re mil &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib a mbi aillsi &ersir; glanuid iad &ersir; a cur fa dho sa lo innta. Item, gabh ruib &ersir; praiseach dearg &ersir; min eorna &ersir; salann &ersir; bristear co mait &ersir; cumaisctear co maith &ersir; curtar arna haltaibh a mbi artetica &ersir; potagra &ersir; foirid iat. Item, adeir Isac fual na ndaineadh caiteas an praiseac dearg do cur te ar easlainte na feitheadh &ersir; comfurtachtaigid co mor. Item, aderar gurab mor fodhnus gnathughadh na pralsighe leat-omh da lucht cailitin na sul &ersir; da dorcacht an radhairc amail adeir Isacc. Item, bristear paiseach co maith &ersir; cuir allim &ersir; finegra trite &ersir; coimil da lucht. na lubra &ersir; coisgidh an lubra &ersir; salcar an croicinn. Item, an leiges cetna da coimilt cetna da coimilt &ersir; don fholt &ersir; ni ligean tuitim do. Item, a cur mar an cetna &ersir; ponuire arna bearbadh &ersir; arna brisidh trit &ersir; foirigh &ersir; icaidh at na n-uirgead. Item, praiseach dearg &ersir; ros lin &ersir; finegra da cur mar ceirin arna haltaib &ersir; foirigh artetica. Item, prema praisighe deirgi da losgad &ersir; luaith da denam dib &ersir; a ol ar fin &ersir; foirigh tuitim an t-sine seain. Item, duillebar praisighe deirge &ersir; finegra da cur mar ceirin ar druim na seilgi &ersir; foirig att &ersir; cruas na seilge. A sil da tabairt da mnai aca mbi togluasacht &ersir; beruigh e. A tabairt do mnai gan beith torrac &ersir; togairmid an fuil mista. Item, praiseach dearg da bruith ar uisce &ersir; coiscidh flux na bronn. Item, dentar luaith dan praisigh &ersir; curtar blonaig muice trite &ersir; curtar arna hiscadaib &ersir; foirigh an teanga urcan.

79. Celedonia: et ata se teasaide tirim sa 4 ceim &ersir; gab an luibh so cona blath &ersir; boin a sugh aiste &ersir; cumaisc an sugh so &ersir; a urdail da mil trit &ersir; bearbtar a soiteac umha ar teinigh min &ersir; boin cubur co fricnamac de &ersir; faisctear tri edach lin &ersir; cuir a soiteac umha da taisce &ersir; cuir fona suilibh &ersir; geraigid an radarc co mait. Item, bristear an luibh so &ersir; cuir fona fiaclaibh ana mbia teinneas &ersir; foirigh iat.

80. Centauria: .i. in dedga; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh atairngteac diuireticach ann &ersir; aderur ii gne da beith air .i. gne mor &ersir; gne bec &ersir; asi in gne bec as fearr chum an leigis &ersir; a barr &ersir; a blath is mo gnataidtear chum an leigis &ersir; as bec lagas &ersir; ata folmugad leanna ruaigh innte on gaili &ersir; ona hinnibh &ersir; oslaigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; is mor fognas an aigid terciana do-nitear o linn ruagh. Item, pudur da denam don luib so &ersir; a cur a lictabairibh &ersir; a clisterib &ersir; a leigeasaibh comsuighte &ersir; uair eli gnathaigtear an luibh so co haenda ar fin no ar lind. A tinol an tan beas a blat uirre &ersir; mairid a brigh innte chum gach neic da ndubrumar &ersir; is mait urbruit na luibhe so an aigid teinnis na feited &ersir; a tobairt dona mnaib torrca &ersir; beraid togluasacht &ersir; a tobairt dona mnaib nach bi torrac &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista. A bearbadh ar mil &ersir; calmaigid an dileagad arna caitim &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid tineasa an lesa &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; stranguria &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin. Item, an luibh cetna da bearbadh co mait &ersir; a cumasc maille re fin &ersir; re him &ersir; a cur amail ceirin ar druim na selgi &ersir; foirig a hatt &ersir; a tinneas. An tan teid peist beo sa cluais curtar sug na luibhe so innte &ersir; tic amach. Item, an aigid finna na sul pudur da genam da gran pibuir &ersir; sugh dedga da cur trit &ersir; scailid an finna. Item, mad ailt linn finn reamur d'innarbadh ona hairnib &ersir; linn ruagh gab dedga &ersir; clamhan lin comor da gach ni &ersir; a tabairt maille re maille re meadg bainni gobair fo do sa seachtmuin &ersir; folmuigid amail adubrumar &ersir; coimedaigh an deoch so linn ruagh an aimsir samraigh gan dul a fiabras, Item, dentar an tsiroip so .i. prema feineil &ersir; persille &ersir; meirsi &ersir; centaurea &ersir; a mbearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a sitlodh co mait &ersir; siucra no mil da cur tritu &ersir; is mor cumachta na siroipe so an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; na selgi.

81. Cerefolium: .i. in comann gall; teasaide tirim &ersir; ni fadar a ceim ona dochtuirib. In luibh so da brisid &ersir; a cumusc maille re mil &ersir; foirigh an aillsi. Item, an luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tabairt dona mnaib &ersir; togairmig an fuil mista. An luibh so da brisig &ersir; a bearbadh maille re blonaig muice &ersir; re ceir &ersir; a cur arna neascoidib cruaighi &ersir; bogaigh iat. An luibh so da bearbadh maille re finegra &ersir; as mor fognus an aigid flux na bronn. An luibh so da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; an ceann d'folcadh as &ersir; foirigh scotomia &ersir; uertigo. An luibh cetna do brisig &ersir; a cur mar ceirin arin edan &ersir; foirig teinneas an chinn.

82. Cerusa: .i. blath in luaidhe; fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh glanta in croicinn ann &ersir; as amlaidh do-nitear serusa da reir Plaitiairius .i. plata luaighe da cur ar bel soithig criadh ana mbi finegra tren &ersir; an sal eirgis arin finegra as de gairtear serusa &ersir; na daine gnathuigheas serusa da glacadh as minic tiagaid a pairilis &ersir; an apoplexia &ersir; an epilensia &ersir; an artetica tic o fuaraideacht tig o fuaraideacht oir in luaighi &ersir; an finegra marbaid na spiraid &ersir; na feithe &ersir; anmuinnigid an brigh ainmighe &ersir; as mor fodnus an serusa d'fas feola na cneadh &ersir; da scris an ainmfeola.

83. Cotilodion (vel cimbulairia, umbilicius ueniris): .i. an curnan caisil &ersir; ata se fuar fliuch &ersir; ata brigh boctha frithbuailteac ann &ersir; is mor fognus an aigid cuise an cleibh. Item, dentar an tsailbh so .i. sail cuach &ersir; croicinn feitlinne an eiginn &ersir; isoip garrda &ersir; barr cartlainne &ersir; cornan caisil duillebar leamhaig &ersir; biatus &ersir; borraiste &ersir; barr losa na fraechoc &ersir; bristear na luibhe so &ersir; bearbtar ar im ur &ersir; leagar tri edac lin amail tsailb mar is du an aigid gac uili easlainte cleib.

84. Citragha: .i. in t-orufont; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; is mor brigh na luibhe so ur &ersir; is bec crin &ersir; beiridh a brigh innte bliadhain &ersir; ata brigh cnaiteac discailteac innti &ersir; as maith an aigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; a boltanadh da cur fon sroin &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an incinn. Duillebar na luibhe so da chur a mailin &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a cur fon mbaitis &ersir; coiscigh siubal an rema &ersir; teinneas an cinn. Dentar fotracadh don luibh so on imlican sis da togairm na fola mista &ersir; isi cumachta na luibhe so oibriughadh an aigid gach uili easlainte fuaire &ersir; co hairithe in aigid easlainte an chinn.

85. Cinamomum: .i. an cainel; teasaide sa iii ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; mairigh a brigh ann co ceann x mbliadhan &ersir; as mor calmuigeas an dileaghadh &ersir; comfurtachtaigeas an craighi. Pudur caineil &ersir; caruaighe da cur a potaistibh &ersir; calmaigid an dileaghadh &ersir; do-ni anal maith &ersir; an tan bis an anal bren o cuis feola na fiacal, na fiacla da nighe a huisce bog &ersir; an pudur so da crotad orra &ersir; foirigh a mbrentas. Is mor foghnus an sinamomum an aigid an cardiaca passio &ersir; ata brigh cnaigteac glantach ann &ersir; ona boltanugadh ata brigh comhfurtach ann &ersir; an brigh cnaiteac ona biadhamlacht.

Et atait da gne air .i. gne tiugh &ersir; gne tanaighe &ersir; asi an gne tiugh as fearr cum an fluxa &ersir; an gne tanaighi as fearr cum na sceatraighi. Dentar an sabus so .i. gabh persilli &ersir; finegra &ersir; Minntas &ersir; peiletra co mor da gach ni &ersir; pudur caineil &ersir; cumaisctear mar adubrumar amail tsabus. Item, adeir Plaitiairius cainel da tabairt an aigid na cosachtaige tic o fliuchaideacht &ersir; o gaetmuireacht an scamain &ersir; fognuig an aigid na higroipisi dana ainm tempaniteis. Adeir Macer pudur caineil da tobairt an aigid cnead na con confaidh .i. a cur innta &ersir; foiridh a neim. Pudur caineil &ersir; uisce roisica da cumusc &ersir; da cur fona suilib &ersir; foirig a teinneas &ersir; a teasbach amail adubrumur. Pudur caineil reamair d'ol ar uisce &ersir; foirigh flux emaroigidas &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius an tan da berur cainel a folmugad reamur co lagann an bru &ersir; an tan da berar a folmughadh seim co medaigeann an fual. Item, adeir Plaitiairius cainel &ersir; min eorna &ersir; sug minntais da cur 'na ceirin aran gaile &ersir; arna hinnibh &ersir; coiscig a teinnis. An pudur cetna da seideadh sa sroin &ersir; coisgid flux fola na srona. Item, figeada tirma &ersir; cainel &ersir; fin &ersir; a cumusc &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna heasbadhaibh &ersir; foirig iat &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius co n-innarbann &ersir; co toirmiscinn an cainel in morgadh. Adeir an fear cetna da tuctar an cainel do mnai co n-ighnaibh co mbeirinn an toirrceas &ersir; da tuctar do mnai gan slanugadh co slanaidtear gan fuireac &ersir; da tuctar da mnai 'ga mbi mola matrisis slanaigid hi.

86. Ciba pirum: .i. in raibh; teasaide tirim sa 4 ceim &ersir; is mait hi an aigid an asma &ersir; an tan beas an t-adbur dileaghtha .i. tri scrubail di da tobairt an uigh buig &ersir; deathach an neith cetna da tobairt an aigid an asma tar in mbel &ersir; fodnaid &ersir; ni dleaghar so da tobairt dona dainibh coilerdha tirma aga mbi ucht cumang. Item, pudur na raibhe da cur a n- uinneminntib an aigid salcuir in croicinn. Item, pudur tataba &ersir; duillebar féithe &ersir; slanlus &ersir; cruach padraig &ersir; bun soibirgin &ersir; pudur ruis lin, bristear &ersir; bearbtar ar ola coitcinn &ersir; cuir pudur raibhe trita &ersir; a coimilt dona haltaib &ersir; ni rige a leas leiges ele an aigid potagra na artetica ac sin. Item, gabh pudur raibhe &ersir; ola na no francac &ersir; den amail uinnemint &ersir; foirigh gach uili carraighe &ersir; mifuile.

87. Colafonium: .i. an picc Greagach: teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; asi gne is fearr uirri a beith dubh leath amuit &ersir; solus leat astig amail adharc soluis &ersir; ata brigh tirmuiti &ersir; cneasaiti innti &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid disinteria in tan curtar ar smeroid dearg &ersir; in t-easlan da gabail a deathaigh tre stol pollta. Is mait in deathac cetna an aigid teneasmon &ersir; in deathac cetna da gabail tar in mbel &ersir; foirig easma &ersir; innarbaigh &ersir; discailidh na leanna reamra righin biamla bis ar sligtib an scamain. Item, gabh &dram; don picc adubrumur &ersir; &dram; da maisdix &ersir; leadhtar iat a soiteac criad &ersir; sitoiltear tri edach ar uisce fuar &ersir; togtar don uisce a haitle a teighti &ersir; bogtar idir meruib re tenigh &ersir; togaidh in finnfad don aigid ona cur uirre co hailghineach &ersir; fetur a congbail aran aigid co ceann uaire no do &ersir; berigh a brigh annsa leiges so co ceann da bliadhain chum gac neic.

88. Colocindida: .i. leigeas lactach ata teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; torad crainn e &ersir; bith amail ublaibh &ersir; bigh forcroiceann leat amuith air &ersir; bith ara lar amhail farcan &ersir; bith gran ann astidh &ersir; adeir Auicenna colacindida da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirig eipilensia &ersir; ata folmughadh leanna finn co hoiredha ann &ersir; folmugadh leanna duibh co tanaiste &ersir; fognuig co mor an aigid cruais na n-ae noch da nitear o linn finn no o linn dubh. Sil feinel &ersir; colacindita da bearbadh &ersir; a tobairt da n-ol &ersir; comfurtachtuigid an dileaghadh co mor &ersir; ata brigh marbtach ann da reir Plaitiairius &ersir; co hairiti annsa colacindida fasas arna crannaib &ersir; in colacindida fasas an inadaib reigi ase as fearr ann. Et adeir Plaitiairius co fuil smir &ersir; sil colacindida imcubaidh chum an leighis &ersir; ata an croicinn am imcubaidh cum an leigis oir ata brigh marbtac ann &ersir; mairig a brigh ann co ceann iiii mbliadhan &ersir; ata brigh diuireticach serui ann amail adeir Plaitiairius &ersir; innarbuigh in carruighi &ersir; gac gne ele don luibri &ersir; a tobairt mar gairisma maille re finegra &ersir; foirigh teinneas na fiacal &ersir; a tobairt 'na purgoid ur &ersir; foirig tinneas &ersir; marbaidh na peiste. Mormont &ersir; pudur colacinndita da cur amail ceirin arin imlinn &ersir; marbaigh peiste na n-inneadh. Item, sugh pairetairia &ersir; pudur colacindida da cumasc &ersir; da cur sa cluais &ersir; marbaig peiste na cluas. Item, pudur colocindida &ersir; ola coitcinn &ersir; tumtar cadas ann &ersir; curtar arin timtireacht &ersir; foirig emaroideis.

89. Consolida madior: .i. lus na cnam mbristi &ersir; as risi aderur an conccoire &ersir; ata si fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata tath &ersir; dlutugad na cnam ann .i. gab sug concoire &ersir; airgead luachra &ersir; sug cruach padraig &ersir; plur mine eorna &ersir; sug corta darach a cumasc &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna cnamaib briste &ersir; foirigh iat. Item, dentar deoch na cnam mbristi .i. gabh prema ferdrisi &ersir; macaill coilleadh &ersir; prem madra &ersir; prema na maetan conairi &ersir; lus na sum talman &ersir; prema airgid luacra &ersir; marbdroigin &ersir; barr cailmint &ersir; prem stoinsi fada &ersir; bun selidonia comor da gac neith bristear &ersir; &ersir; bearb tar ar fin no ar uisce &ersir; glantar le mil no le siucra &ersir; dentar amail siroip &ersir; dentar uinnemint dona luibhib &ersir; cuir ar ola an popin &ersir; aran uinnemint re n-abar marsiatan &ersir; a coimilt don cnaim a haitle an cnamha da cneasuad &ersir; coiscid an teinneas. Item, dentar urbruith dona luibhib ar &ersir; do duillebar pairitairia &ersir; da duillebar crainn na m-bulas &ersir; da duillebar an rosa deirg &ersir; a cur amail urbruith fon mball mbristi mar adubrumar.

90. Consolida media: .i. an t-easboc beoain &ersir; ata se teasaide fliuch &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta ann an aigid duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Gab s ugh easboc beoain &ersir; iubar sleibhe &ersir; prema feneil &ersir; persille &ersir; barr mercuirial &ersir; crim muice fiadha &ersir; dubhchosach &ersir; premha egrime &ersir; chuilinn dumac comor da gach neith. bearbtar ar braitlis mait &ersir; curtar mil &ersir; gabail innti &ersir; eabar mar gach ndigh. Adeir Diescoirdeis gurab mor foghnus an luibh so an aigid na tisisi &ersir; na heitice &ersir; an cardiaca .i. gabh easboc beoain &ersir; barr isoipi &ersir; meillisi &ersir; local &ersir; aitnim liag &ersir; poltulaca &ersir; sail cuach &ersir; samadh ferna comor da gach neith bearbtar iat ar sisan eorna &ersir; curtar mil &ersir; siucra innti &ersir; tobair da hol co minic sa lo co n-aithi. Item, dentar an tsailb ochta so ar im mhi Mai &ersir; curtar pudur licoirisi &ersir; ainisi &ersir; caineil inti &ersir; curtar blonaig circe no cabuin annsa sailb &ersir; eabar ar bainne gobair &ersir; coimiltear don ucht &ersir; dona maethanuibh.

91. Consolida minur: an noinin &ersir; ata se fuar sa ii ceim &ersir; fliuch sa iii ceim &ersir; is mor fognus an aigid na n- easlainteadh teasaide nger mar ata terciana &ersir; causon &ersir; a cosmaile .i. gab noinin &ersir; sail cuach &ersir; dubcosach ur &ersir; portulaca &ersir; andiuia &ersir; scairiola &ersir; premha samaig &ersir; simsoca &ersir; samhadh ferna &ersir; adhann &ersir; cruac padraig &ersir; blath rosa deirg &ersir; raibe uisce comor da gach neith bristear iat &ersir; bearb tar ar uisce firtibrad &ersir; sitoiltear co maith &ersir; curtar becan finegra &ersir; sug na n-uball ngrainneac ann &ersir; siucra &ersir; licoiris &ersir; an vii cuit dona neithib so &ersir; coimetar a soiteac stain &ersir; curtar an soiteac an uisce fuar 'na comnaighi &ersir; tobuir da ol don easlan mar is du. Item, gabh in luibh so &ersir; bearb ar folcadh da-nitear da duillebar na darach &ersir; a coimilt don folt &ersir; don fesoig &ersir; claeclaid dath na leiti. Item, adeir Auicenna an luibh so da briseadh &ersir; an t-uisce bhis 'na comnaigi a m-bualtrac bo da cur trit &ersir; a cur arna faitnib &ersir; icaid iat. Item, gabh sug na luibhe so &ersir; bainne cich mna beiris ingin &ersir; curtar en bainne de a poll na srona &ersir; glanaigh an incinn. Item, gabh sug na luibhe cetna &ersir; barr popin &ersir; duillebar midhaighi, na neithe so da brisig &ersir; a cumasc maille re gealan uighe &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna neascoidib neimhneaca ina tosac &ersir; fritbuailigh co cumachtach iat.

92. Conium: .i. ros na minne mire &ersir; as fuar marbtac in ros so &ersir; da tuctar co hinmedonac marbaigh gan fuireac muna tuctar deoc d'fin te do ana diaigh &ersir; da tuctar foirig gan fuireac gan amurus &ersir; da curtar an ross so 'na ceirin arna cicib coiscid an bainne cic &ersir; tirmuigid iat. Item, gabh sug na luibhe so &ersir; bearb a duillebar fein arna brisig arin sug so &ersir; dentar ceirin cum na teneadh diadh &ersir; chum na cneadh cnaidteac &ersir; foirigh. Item, gabh sug na luibhi so do coimilt da cicib na maigdin &ersir; ni tuitid &ersir; caelaid iat. A cuimilt mar an cetna dona huirgibh &ersir; coiscigh a ndruis. Ceirin don luibh so da cur arna brisid maille re blonaig muice &ersir; re tuirinn an airgead arna haltaib &ersir; foirig galar na n-alt. Item, ceirin don luibh. so 'na haenur da cur arna haltaib teasaide &ersir; foirig iat. An aigid artetica &ersir; potagra an luibh so da brisig &ersir; a fuine a plur mine eorna &ersir; a cur an uamain &ersir; a brisig ana haitli sin &ersir; a cumasc maille re finegra &ersir; re sug na luibhe so &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna haltaib mar in cetna &ersir; foirig gac uili guta &ersir; artetica tic o teasaideacht. An luibh so da brisidh ar fin tren &ersir; ar uisce moinge mire &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arin fordronn &ersir; arin imlinn &ersir; foirigh ilica &ersir; coilica. Item, gabh an luibh so da lan duirn &ersir; en lan duirn da scairiola &ersir; bristear co mait &ersir; bearb ar blonaig muice amail uinnemint &ersir; foirigh an carraige. Item, gabh prem na luibhe so &ersir; bearb fo luaith &ersir; bristear co maith &ersir; curtar blonaig muice triti &ersir; plur mine cruithneachta &ersir; a cur arna hesbadhaibh &ersir; foirigh. Et adeir Plaitiairius gurub mor brigh na luibhe so ana prem &ersir; ana sil &ersir; ana ros &ersir; as di gairtear erba que interfecit Socratem .i. an luibh da marb Socrates.

93. Corallus rubius: .i. cruel dearg .i. cloch noc ata fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; gach deirge bis is uaislide &ersir; atait da gne uirre .i. gne geal &ersir; gne dearg &ersir; gac truimide &ersir; gac coinnlidhe beas as uaislide &ersir; ni ni bi brigh innte acht da xx bliadhan &ersir; ata brigh coisce na fola innte &ersir; ata brigh comhfurtachta innti &ersir; is mor foghnus an aigid eipilensia. Et adeir Diescordeis cebe ' ga mbia ca himcur ni urcoidighinn toirneac na tennteach do gibe long a mbia ni denann anfad olc di &ersir; is maith an aigid na ndroc aislingthi e &ersir; ni denaid deamuin aerdha urcoid don ti 'ga mbi &ersir; cebe aca mbi ar imchur da sir ni baitear e. Et ase in litronta dleaghus an fear do beit fona braigid &ersir; an cruel geal dleaghus in bean do beith aici fona cicibh ga imcur &ersir; is mait pudur crueil an aigid easlainte na mball spiradalta amail ata empima &ersir; a cosmaile d'easlaintibh ele ata maille re sileadh fola.

94. Corona regia: .i. an eachseamur; teasaide tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta &ersir; diureticac innti. An luibh so da bearbadh maille re blonaig &ersir; coiscid gaetmuireacht na n-innead &ersir; an gaili &ersir; oslaigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; in lesa &ersir; gebe gnathaigeas an luibh so d'ithi do-ni anal maith aigi &ersir; is maith hi a foibertaibh na sul &ersir; da caitear co ceann xiii la maille re huisce foirig an buigeacuir. Da n-eabur an luibh so go ceann xx la foiridh potagra &ersir; loiniga. Adeir Plaitiairius co mbinn a brigh co ceann 4 mbliadhan sa luibh so .i. ina sil &ersir; in sil sin da brisidh &ersir; a cur ar eanbruiti &ersir; ar biataibh &ersir; do-ni deagblasta dhe.

95. Coriandrum: .i. luib fasus annsa doman mhor &ersir; gairtear an t-ainm so da sil; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim an sil so &ersir; an tan curtar an sil so a finegra &ersir; a bearbadh &ersir; air in feadh mairis an finegra ann &ersir; a tobairt a haitle na codach &ersir; dileaghaidh an biadh &ersir; comfurtachtaigid brigha an gaili &ersir; as e a hainm an tan sin coiriandrum infusum &ersir; mairig a brigh annsa tsil so da bhliadhainChecked ms and corrected transcription (from bhiadhain) [BF] &ersir; as mor fodhnus an aigid na singcoipise &ersir; in cardiaca passio &ersir; medaigid an toil &ersir; an druis ona gnathughadh. Aderar fos gan a tobairt a med moir, Item, pudur do denamh de &ersir; a crotad ar feoil &ersir; da beir blas maith uirre.

96. Centinodia: .i. in gluinech bec &ersir; as teasaide tirim hi &ersir; as maith i an uinnimeinntib lucta na highan .i. abh gluinec bec &ersir; selidonia &ersir; rosa dearg &ersir; prema feineil no a duillebar &ersir; cainci acuidh &ersir; duillebar ruibe &ersir; lus creighe &ersir; comunn gall &ersir; bristear na luibhe so &ersir; dentar uisce dib a cosmaileas uisci roisi &ersir; glanaid an rosc.

Item, dentar amail so an uinnemint so .i. gabh ros na gluinighi bigi &ersir; prema ragmuinn &ersir; barr bilair &ersir; tene talman &ersir; aibill uisce &ersir; ros neannta &ersir; prema egrime Gaedilaighi bristear na luibhe so &ersir; bearbtar ar seanblonaig muice &ersir; sitailtear &ersir; curtar blonaig circe &ersir; cabun innte &ersir; coimiltear dona cosaibh ina mbi potagra &ersir; att na higroipisi &ersir; foirig iat. Item, dentar fotragadh mar so .i. gabh duillebar sidubail &ersir; gluineach bec &ersir; lubaitsi &ersir; buatfallan liath &ersir; duillebar truim bearbtar ar uisci sailti &ersir; dentar fotragadh fona haltaibh amail aderar &ersir; foirig easlainte na n-alt.

97. Crocus: .i. in croch &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta an craige ann &ersir; na hincinne &ersir; da taiscidtear é an inadh glan .i. a leathar glan geal bigh brigh ann co ceann vi mbl. Adeir Isacc co comfurtachtaiginn &ersir; co n-anmannuiginn an gaili. Is amhlaigh comfurtachtaitear an gaili uadha .i. an tan caitear &ersir; an gaili folum &ersir; is amlaigh anbuinnigtear e in tan bis lan roimh a caitheamh. Item, gabh croch arna brisid co min &ersir; cumusc maille re buighen uighe &ersir; curtar cadas ann &ersir; curtar ar druim na sul &ersir; foirigh a ndeirge &ersir; a teinneas. Adeir Plaitiairius co fuilid da gne arin croc .i. ortentis &ersir; orientalis. Orientis vero .i. croch do-nitear isna garrdaibh. Orientalis .i. croch da gabar gan garrdha &ersir; an croc foruagh is olc e &ersir; co hairithi an tan bis a ndat sitrina &ersir; gac deirgi beas is fearrdi e &ersir; is moide as inmholta chum gac neith da ndubrumur e. Item, adeir Plaitiairius cebe gnataideas an croc co himurcach da-ni faisdidium do &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt da lucht leanna ruaigh oir togairmid in sceathrach annsa coimpleasc so &ersir; is mor foghnus in aigid stranguria &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica.

98. Cubebis: .i. spisrad; teasaide tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; ata se measurda &ersir; torad crainn noch fasas san Innia &ersir; bid a brigh ann co ceann x mbliadhan &ersir; as amluig as maith é maille re blas ger &ersir; re boltanugad mor &ersir; re millseact &ersir; is mor fodhnus d'easlainte an craighe re n-abur sincoipis .i. gabh iiii &scruple; da pudur cubibis &ersir; cumuisc maille re borraiste &ersir; a tabairt da lucht na sincoipise &ersir; in cardiaca &ersir; foirig iat. Item, gabh cubibis &ersir; dena pudur dhe &ersir; cuir fo sroin luct apaplexia &ersir; eipilensia &ersir; foirigh iat &ersir; glanuigh an incinn ona salcur. Item, gabh an spisrad so &ersir; dein piement de maille re fin &ersir; re mil &ersir; comfurtachtaid an gaili &ersir; na baill inmedonaca.

99. Catapusia: .i. gran oilella &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata folmugad leanna finn rigin ann co hairithi on gaili &ersir; ona hinnib &ersir; is mor fodhnus an aigid artetica &ersir; fiabrus coididiana &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; ni dleaghar a tabairt co haenda ar eagla na sceatraighi da thogairm co foireigneac &ersir; is amlaidh is maith e geal no uaine &ersir; gach dorcacht beas as misdi cum an leigis.

100. Cucurbita: .i. luib fuar fliuch co measarda &ersir; a cric teasaide fasas &ersir; fetar an t-ainm so da radh re sil na luibhe so &ersir; as re sil ele aderur sitruilli noc ata an aen aicned re cucuirbita &ersir; is mor fhodhnuidh na silta so an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; na n-arunn &ersir; an lesa &ersir; an aigid na neascoid cleibh &ersir; is mor fognus da lucht leanna ruaigh a caitim a samradh &ersir; is maith an aigid easlainte leanna ruaigh amail ata terciana &ersir; causon. Et adeir Plaitiairius co fuilit na tri silta mora fuara amail ata melones &ersir; cucuirbita &ersir; sitruilli a dul co hurusa an aigid leanna ruaigh o seime a folaidh. Tuic leat an tir nac fadtar na sila so co fodnann sceallain na n-uball cumhra ana inadh.

101. Cuscuta: .i. claman lin; teasaide tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; is bec lacus &ersir; in meid lagus ise linn finn no leanna righin lagus on galli &ersir; ona hinnibh &ersir; as mor foghnus da lucht na higroipisi &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na buideacuire &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigid an fiabrasa re n-abur emitritius &ersir; is e cuscuta is measa ann .i. in cuscuta fasas a faireadh an lin &ersir; ata seimiugudh na iiii leannann ann &ersir; linn finn co hairithi. A cnuasach an tan beas a blath air &ersir; mairigh a brigh co cenn da bliadhann amail adubramur. Don dactuili don milbocan don dragantum don diegridium don tserban muc dona luibhib diureticaca don litronta don copurrus

102. Dactulus: .i. torud crainn noch ata teasaide fliuch sa ii ceim &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid na cosachtaighe tirma &ersir; na cnaimhe bhis isin toradh so da brisidh &ersir; a tobairt dan luct ara mbinn innrum brond &ersir; foirigh. An cnaimh cetna da chur fon luaith a cur fona fiaclaibh tene &ersir; foirigh a teinneas co cumachtach an tan tic o fuaruigheacht &ersir; aderuid na tuatada nac baidhtear an ti 'ca mbi fona braigid.

103. Daucus asininus: .i. in milbocan; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; is mor a brigh a leith a sil &ersir; a duillebair &ersir; a preme &ersir; a blatha &ersir; as uime aderur an t-ainm sin ris .i. daucus asininus .i. asininus an t-asal &ersir; ise biadh dilis an asail e e. Ata gne ele don luibh so re n-abur daucus credicus &ersir; on oilean darub ainm Creidi ainmnidtear e .i. oilen Greagach eisein oir ni fasann acht san oilen sin. Ata brigh cnaidteach discailteach seimhithi annsa luibh so on foladh seimh ata aici &ersir; ona cailibh cudruma ata innti &ersir; as mor fodnus an luibh so arna bearbadh maille re figeadhaibh tirma ar fin an aigid an asma &ersir; na cosachtaighi fuaire fliuch &ersir; a cuis an cleibh tic o adbar fuar gan fiabras in luibh so da bearbadh ar fin maille re liccoiris &ersir; re pudur rueil &ersir; eabar mocrac &ersir; trat nona.

Item, gabh da trian fina &ersir; trian uisci &ersir; lan duirn da dubcosac &ersir; lan duirn da mercuirial &ersir; da milbocan oiread da gach luibh bristear &ersir; bearb ar fin no ar uisce mar adubramur &ersir; sitlaidhtear &ersir; eabur ar cur meala fai &ersir; oslaigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Item, gabh sugh meirsi &ersir; bearbtar milbocan &ersir; faisctear &ersir; glantar amail siroip &ersir; foirigh an igroipis gan amurus &ersir; osluichis duinti &ersir; slidhte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge na n-arunn. Item, gabh an luibh so &ersir; bris co maith hi &ersir; dena pudur dhi &ersir; curtar a maillin lin &ersir; bearbtar a mailin ar fin &ersir; curtar ar in mbatais &ersir; coiscigh teinneas an cinn &ersir; a cur ar druim an gaili &ersir; coiscigh a gaetmuireacht. Item, gabh an lictabaire darub ainm triafera &ersir; pudur na luibhe so &ersir; foirigh an igroipis. Tabair an pudur so ar fin finn &ersir; glanuigh an fuil mista. Item, gabh moran da barr na luibhe so &ersir; bearbar fin &ersir; ar ola &ersir; curtar arna hairnib an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; a cur arin imlican &ersir; foirig coilica &ersir; ilica. Gabh prem na luibhe so &ersir; premha eigrime &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirig galair na n-arann &ersir; an lesa. Dentar siroip da sugh feineil &ersir; da premaib ba luibhe so an aigid na higroipisi tic o fuaraideacht. Item, gabh an luibh so &ersir; bearb ar fin &ersir; ar ola &ersir; a leigin amail sin co ceann x la &ersir; a bearbadh ina haitle no co ndeaca an fin fo bruit &ersir; a cur sis aris &ersir; ceir da cur trit &ersir; a mbearbadh d'aentaibh no co mbia amail uinnemint &ersir; a coimilt dona ballaibh fuara &ersir; teigidh lad gan amurus.

104. Dragantum: .i. gum crainn fasas annsa Talamh Naem; fuar sa ii ceim &ersir; fliuch sa cet ceim &ersir; atait tri gneiti uirre, an cet ghne dibh bit geal &ersir; issi is ferr dib; an ii gne a ndath foruagh; an iii gne a ndath buighi no annsa dath re n-abar sitrina &ersir; asi an gne geal bertar isna leigesaibh fuara &ersir; na gneithi eli isna leigesaib teasaide. Mairigh a brigh da bliadhain ann &ersir; atait tri brigha sa gum so .i. brigh fuartha ona fuaire &ersir; brigh glanta ona fliuchaidheacht &ersir; brigh ceangail ona gumamlacht. Item, bearbtar an gum so &ersir; gum araibi ar sisan eorna &ersir; as cumachtach an aigid ainnteasa an cleibh an sisan sin.

Item, gabh uisce ara mbearbtar licoiris &ersir; curtar an gum so air &ersir; foirigh an cosachtach. Item, an t-uisce cetna &ersir; cuirtear dragantum ann la co n-aithe &ersir; tabair lan leighi da ol de &ersir; foirigh tirmach an bel. Item, gabh uisce na roisi &ersir; cuir an gum so air no go leagha &ersir; curtar pudur ameide ann &ersir; sitoiltear ar eng rian &ersir; curtar cleite ann &ersir; a coimilt d'algaib an beoil &ersir; na teangadh &ersir; foirigh iat. Item, gabh dragantum &ersir; curtar an uisce na roisi la co n-aithe &ersir; curtar arna maireac borax maeth &ersir; campora ann &ersir; coimiltear dan aigid &ersir; glanuigh hi &ersir; scrisaidh a fatadh dhi. Item, gabh griban &ersir; boin sugh as &ersir; cuir dragantum ann re fead aitche &ersir; tumtar edach ann &ersir; cuirtear arna neascoidibh teasaide ina tosach &ersir; fritbuailidh iat. Item, gabh an gum cetna &ersir; cumusc an uisce fertana &ersir; en circe do bearbadh arin uisce so &ersir; a tabairt da caiteamh idir feoil &ersir; eanbruiti &ersir; bristear na cloca fuail uada &ersir; foirigh urcoid na n-arann. Item, adeir Plaitiairius da cumusctar dragantum maille re gealan uighe &ersir; a cur ar loscad teineadh no uisce &ersir; foirigh he.

105. Diegreidium: .i. sud luibe noch is cosmuil re gerr na heigme &ersir; isna laeib re n-abur dies caineclaireis do-nitear &ersir; as amluigh do-nitear .i. gabh duillebar &ersir; sil na luibe re n-abar diegredium &ersir; bristear co maith faisctear tri edach lin &ersir; tirmuidtear &ersir; bigh 'na diegreidium &ersir; ase dath as fearr air a beith dub no a ngoire da duibhe no fo-geal &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt a meid is mo na da &ounce; no da scrupal co leith &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt gan maisdixno gum araibi no bidellium .i. srianta ele dona leigesaibh lactacha &ersir; ata folmugad leanna ruaigh co hoireda &ersir; leanna finn co tanaiste &ersir; leanna duibh co deiginach. Et adeir Plaitiairius nach dleaghar diegridium da tobairt maille re huisce fuar da berar e maille re leigesaibh lactacha amail ata oiximel lactacha lictubaire lactacha amail ata triafera sarasenica noch folmuigeas linn ruagh co hoireda no a cumusc le blanca o folmuidtear linn finn no a cumusc maille re diesene o folmuidtear linn dubh &ersir; as faidi beras a brigh ann &ersir; a cumasc maille re na lictabairib na a cumusc maille re na deocaib oir mairigh a brigh ann co ceann da bliadhain no tri mbliadhan &ersir; a cumusc maille re na lictabairib &ersir; ni dleaghar a tabairt an aimser tsamraigh acht maille re huisce bog annsa meid adubrumur romhainn.

106. Dens leonis: .i. an serban muc: teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa iii &ersir; as mor fodnus &ersir; as mor folmuigheas &ersir; glanus linn dubh &ersir; an tan peacaigus fuil dearg ana call maille re linn dubh gabh prema na luibhe so &ersir; liatlus bec &ersir; gorman &ersir; prema losa na franc &ersir; prema finscoithi &ersir; dairin &ersir; prema odraigh &ersir; becan fumiter bristear na luibhe so &ersir; curtar ar lind tren maille re mil &ersir; eabar an deoch so &ersir; glanaidh an fuil mista &ersir; innarbaidh linn dubh. Gabh an luib so &ersir; buigen uighe &ersir; sug slanlosa &ersir; min eorna &ersir; cuir arin neascoid re n-abur antrax &ersir; brisig &ersir; foirigh gan amurus. Item, gabh an luibh cetna &ersir; bun copog &ersir; bearb ar folcad fuinnseann &ersir; coimil don t-sail cnis &ersir; foirigh cudum an fuilt &ersir; da-beir dat maith air.

107. Diureticam: .i. gach luibh ana fuil brig togairmthi in fuail &ersir; briste na cloc mar ata sil melones &ersir; sitruilli &ersir; cucumeris &ersir; cucuirbita &ersir; sil feinel &ersir; ainisi &ersir; persille &ersir; elistroint &ersir; premha egrime &ersir; milbocan &ersir; bilar &ersir; sil raidleoigi &ersir; fuil bocain &ersir; caera in eighind na crann &ersir; gurmaill &ersir; is iat so na neithi diureticaca fuara amail ata andiuia &ersir; scairiola &ersir; sicoreo &ersir; samadh &ersir; ae aba &ersir; teneagal &ersir; blath raibhi uisci &ersir; sil popin. Is iat so na neice diureticaca fliucha .i. licoiris &ersir; sil leamhaigh &ersir; sil popin gil &ersir; prema na raibi uisce &ersir; na iiii sila mora fuara mar ata cemen citruilli &ersir; melonium &ersir; cucuirbita &ersir; nenufar &ersir; a cosmuile. Is lat so na leigis brisis na clocha fuail .i. bun feir magrullaigh &ersir; crim muice fiad &ersir; spica nardi &ersir; licoiris &ersir; mine muire &ersir; bruscus .i. gilcac sleibe &ersir; lus cnis conculainn &ersir; caera an eighinn &ersir; a cosmuile.

108. Diptannus, pulegium martis: .i. da ainm an litontra &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh aitairrngteac innti &ersir; brigh seimidteac &ersir; brigh discailteach &ersir; is mor fodhnus an easlainte na n-ae &ersir; greime na con confaidh. In luibh so do brisidh &ersir; ceirin do denamh de no a sugh so d'ol &ersir; foirigh gerradh na con confaigh &ersir; gach uili neimh &ersir; is mor fodnus an luibh so da bearbadh ar fin an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; icaidh iat. A tabairt ar fin &ersir; foirigh asma. Prema na luibhe so da bearbadh ar sugh artamesia &ersir; a tobairt sa maclac amuil pisairium &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; innarbaidh an toirrceas marb bis ann. An luibh so da bearbadh ar sug ruibhe &ersir; pudur castoirium da cur ann &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirig eipilensia. An luibh cetna &ersir; soibirgin da brisid &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin um in mball a mbi crit &ersir; foiridh. Adeir Pilorietus gurab ferr an luibh so ur na crin &ersir; gurob mo tigernaidheas a brigh 'na preim na 'na barr &ersir; bigh a brigh 'na preim on a tirmugad co ceann da bliadhan. Pudur na luibhe so da cumusc maille re sugh minntais &ersir; foirigh gac neimh &ersir; gac olc ban. Item, gabh pudur na luibhe so &ersir; sug aipsinnti &ersir; becan da siucra geal cumusctar &ersir; tabair lan leighi dib gac lae &ersir; foirig teinneas an gaili &ersir; supocasio matrisis. Pudur na luibhe so &ersir; sugh minntais da congmail sa bel co fada &ersir; foirig pairilis na teangad. A sug so &ersir; sugh minntais da tabairt mar in cetna sa sroin &ersir; fodnaig co mor an aigid pairilisi na mball air ceana.

109. Dragantum: .i. in coporrus; teasaide tirim sa 4 ceim &ersir; atait iiii gneiti air .i. gne geal &ersir; araibicum a hainm .i. san Araip da-gabar e &ersir; gne buighi darub ainm siperinum &ersir; sain oilen darub ainm Sipra da-gabar e. In iii gne darub ainm frasina .i. sa Frainc da-gabur e &ersir; dath uaine bhis air. In iiii gne darub ainm andicum &ersir; dat glas bis air &ersir; san Innia da-gabur &ersir; mitaill talmuighe na gneu so &ersir; ase dath as ferr air .i. dath solus uaine &ersir; bigh a brigh x mbliadhna ann. Et ata brigh discailteac cnaigteac tirmaigteac ann gurab uime sin is imcubaidh e da reir Plaitiairius an aigid na linnigan &ersir; na feadanachta fliucha ele da tirmugad. Item, gabh pudur dragantum &ersir; a da urdail da min ponairi arna parsail &ersir; an iiii cuid da gallunaigh &ersir; dentar ga copo de &ersir; a cur a mbel na cneidhi &ersir; fairsingid na cneadha &ersir; tairrngidh a cnaime bristi &ersir; atnuaigid a feoil. Is mor fodnus an aigid an galair darub ainm poilipus .i. galar da galraibh na srona &ersir; is uime aderar poillipus ris .i. as inann poli &ersir; meall &ersir; is inann pus &ersir; siligh .i. meall bis ar sileadh sa sroin. Item, gabh apostoilicon uinnemint imcubaidh na cneadh &ersir; curtar dragantum triti &ersir; suat co maith trit a celi &ersir; curtar a pollaibh na srona &ersir; foirigh an galar adubrumur. Item, ga copa da cadas da tuma an uisce saillte &ersir; cuir pudur dragantum air &ersir; cuir sa sroin &ersir; foirig poilipus. Et adeir Plaitiairius in leiges cetna da cur sa maclac &ersir; foirigh flux na fola mista. A cur mar in cetna sa sroin &ersir; foirig flux fola na srona &ersir; foirigh mar in cetna flux fola na timtireachta. Dragantum da legadh ar uisce no ar bainne no ar gealan uighe &ersir; a cur amail foibert fona suilib &ersir; foirigh a ndeirge &ersir; a fliuchaidheacht. Nod leat nac dleaghar dragantum da cumusc maille re leiges eli acht muna loisctear ar dus e as amlaidh .i. a cur ar ndenam puduir de a mblaeisc uighe circe e ar teinigh gan en raed trit &ersir; an uair bus dearg e a cur isna cneadaib &ersir; isna leigesaib adubrumar. Don baluart d'eiginn na crann don eigeann talman don tatabaid don endiuia don ellinn dona haeib abha da blath na time don eisbeorna don euforbium don uma loiscte don ematites don emblisi don cearrbocan.

110. Ebulus, cameactis: .i. da ainm in ualuaird &ersir; is teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; is mor cosmailtear a brigh &ersir; a oibriugad risin sambucas acht amain gurab treisi an brigh lactach sa ualuard &ersir; ase sugh a premh is imcubaidh chum an leigis &ersir; ata folmugadh leanna finn co hoireda innte maille re haitarraing &ersir; folmugad na n-uili leannann righin &ersir; ata folmugad suas &ersir; sis ann co foireigneac gurab uime sin nac dleaghar a tobairt act an tan bus dileaghtha in t-adbar. Dleagur an corp d'ullmugad chum an fluxa roimpi &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius nach dleaghar an leiges ana mbia toghairm na sceatraige da tobairt no co mbia in t-adbar dileaghtha. Fodnuigh purgoid na luibhe so co mor an aigid tersiana &ersir; do-nitear o coilera uitilina no citrina &ersir; fodnuigh co mor an aigid coididiana bis re haimser fada. Is mor fodnus an luibh cetna an aigid duinte na n-ae &ersir; na buidheocuire &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; potagra &ersir; artetica &ersir; leucafleadhmainnsia. Item, gabh lan blaisce uighe da sugh a preime &ersir; cumusc maille re fin finn &ersir; tabar &ersir; as mait an aigid na neitead adubrumar. Gab prema na luibhe cetna &ersir; cuir a siroip no an oiximel lactach no bearbtar a sugh a sugh so maille re mil &ersir; bigh brigh lactach sa mil so co mor.

Item, dentar fotragad da duillebar na luibhe so da lucht na higroipisi &ersir; comfurtachtaigid co mor iat &ersir; is mor fodhnus an uinnemint do-nitear don luibh so don luct ara mbi bruth no gerba no salcar idir feoil &ersir; leatar. Urbruith da denamh don luibh so don ball arna bruthadh. Adeir Raisis prema na luibhe so da buain san errach &ersir; a tirmughadh re grein &ersir; bigh a mbrigh innta co ceann mbliadhan, Et adeir an fer cetna pudur da denam da premaib na luibhe cetna &ersir; a teimperail maille re sugh felneil &ersir; minntais &ersir; siucra &ersir; cumaisc &ersir; leagar feadh oidchi 'na comnaighi &ersir; eabur arna mhaireach &ersir; foirigh an easlainte adubrumur. Item, gabh duillebar ualuairt &ersir; truim bearbtar ar uisce sallite &ersir; dentar fotragad don ball a mbia att na higroipisi no potagra no artetica &ersir; foirigh iat. Item, gabh duillebar baluairt &ersir; duillebar truim bristear co min &ersir; bearbtar ar sug na luibhe so fein &ersir; curtar ceirin de arna haltaib mar is teo fuilingeas &ersir; foirigh artetica &ersir; att na higroipisi. Item, sug na luibhe cetna &ersir; pudur assola maille re siucra &ersir; folmhaigidh gac uili easlainte tic o linn finn &ersir; na heaslainti adubrumar romainn.The same material is used in Chapter 70.

111. Edera arborea: .i. eiginn na crann &ersir; ata se teasaide co measurdha &ersir; as mor a tirmaigeacht &ersir; funis paperum ainm eli do. Sugh eiginn da coimilt dan inadh darb ail leat a finnfad da buain &ersir; boinigh a finnfadh de. An ni cetna da coimilt don folt &ersir; marbaigh na mila &ersir; na sneadha. An sug cetna d'ol &ersir; oslaigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; a tobairt co mor da lucht an asma. In sugh cetna da cur sa cluais &ersir; foirigh teinneas &ersir; neascoide na cluas &ersir; coiscigh sileadh na n-adbar ele cucu &ersir; foirigh creachta na cluas. An sugh cetna d'ol &ersir; innarbaidh linn ruagh loisce &ersir; da tuctar co himurcach togairmig disinteria &ersir; as uime aderar edera risin luibh so .i. edus an meannan or biad dilis na meannan e oir da-beir se bainne doib gin go berid meannain ele. In sug so d'ol da duine &ersir; marbaidh gac uili peist bi san gaile. Adeir Plaitiairius co fuil brigh sdipecda sa luibh so &ersir; fognuig co mor an aigid disinteria &ersir; urbruith da denam de fon timtireacht no ceirin umna dubhanaib &ersir; do-nit caera an eiginn an .c. n. darub ainm Laidne carapotisi.

112. Edera terrestris: .i. an t-eigheann talman &ersir; is teasaide tirim an luibh so &ersir; ata togairm na fola mista ann &ersir; tarbaigid co mor an aigid mola matricis. Gabh an luibh so &ersir; clamhan lin oiread da gach ni &ersir; bearbt ar ar fin finn &ersir; tobairt mar dig do mnai &ersir; scailid mola matrisis. Item, dentar ceirin don luibh cetna maille re type="pharm">deascaib fina da cur mon imlinn ar druim an maclaig &ersir; togairmig an fuil mista &ersir; scailid mola matrisis. Item, ceirin dan luibh cetna maille re blonaig muice da cur arna haltaibh &ersir; foirigh potagra &ersir; artetica. An luibh cetna maille re crotfull cuill &ersir; fotragadh da denamh as &ersir; foirigh an buigheacair.

113. Eleborus nider: .i. in tathaba dub; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim is cosmuil a oibriugadh risin tataba ngeal act amain is mo lagas an tataba dubh sis &ersir; an tataba geal suas &ersir; asi prem na luibhe so is fearr cum an leigis oir gnathuightear a cur an oiximel &ersir; a comsuigigtib &ersir; a lictabairib lactacha &ersir; folmuigid in luibh so linn dubh nadura &ersir; linn dubh mi-nadura co hoireda. Is mor foghnus an aigid mainia &ersir; melangcoilia &ersir; don luct ara mbi uuertigo &ersir; scotomia do-nitear o linn dubh &ersir; curtar isna purgaidib lactacha hi mar so .i. &dram; da pudur premh na luibe so &ersir; madh e a bearbadh na luibhe so da gentar ar fin no ar lind no ar midh fitear da &dram; no a tri da tobairt di mar sin. Et adeir Plaitiairius nac dleaghar an luib so da tobairt dan lucht aga mbi easlainte cleibh na don lucht aga mbidh corp cael anmann. Item, pudur na luibhe cetna da cur a pollaibh na srona &ersir; fodnaidh co mor da lucht litairgia. Item, duillebar na luibhe so da bearbadh ar im no ar ola &ersir; a ligin tri edac lin &ersir; foiridh an carraighi co deimin.

114. Endiuia: et ata in luibh so fuar sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata a brigh uili ana duillebar &ersir; ina sil &ersir; ata brigh diureticach ann &ersir; comhfurtachtaigid na hae &ersir; an tsealg an tan tic o adbur teasaide &ersir; is mor tarbaidheas an luibh so an aigid na neascoide teasaide inmedonaighi &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid na fiabras seacranach noc tic o adbar teasaide a siroipib &ersir; a ndeocaib &ersir; ceirinacaib. Gab indiuia &ersir; prema sitabail &ersir; dubcosach ur &ersir; sail cuach &ersir; samadh ferrna &ersir; easboc beain &ersir; rudus &ersir; prema samaig bearbaigh na luibhe so ar braitlis &ersir; glantar le mil &ersir; le licoiris &ersir; eabur mar gac siroip. Sugh na luibhe so do chumusc maille re huisce &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n~ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius gurub bec bearbadh na luibhe so gurab uime sin ordaigtear a cur sa fiucadh ndeiginach dona saetraigridibh so anuas.

115. Elena campana: .i. in eillin; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; fliuch sa cet ceim. In luibh so da bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; in togluasacht &ersir; in fual. Ceirin da preimh na luibhe so da chur arin imlinn &ersir; coiscid ilica &ersir; coilica. An luib cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; ar mil an aenfeacht &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna dubanaib &ersir; foirigh teinneas na n-arunn. Item, gabh prema na luibhe cetna &ersir; dena pudar de &ersir; beirb ar mil noco ma tiugh &ersir; eabar lan leighe ar cetlongad &ersir; re loighe &ersir; foirigh an cosactac &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta &ersir; cnaidteac &ersir; glantach na feitheadh sa luibh so. In luibh so da bearbadh ar fin an aigid teinnis &ersir; gaetmuireachta in gaili. Premha na luibhi cetna da tirmugadh a tosach an tsamraigh &ersir; beirig a brigh bliadhain innte. Item, pudur na luibhi so da bearbadh ar uisce maille re huisce eorna &ersir; re licoiris &ersir; pudur caineil &ersir; siucra da cur air &ersir; tarbaigh co mor an aigid easlainte na mball spiradalta. In luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; ar ola &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin ar in imlican &ersir; foirigh ilica &ersir; coilica &ersir; stranguria.

116. Epatica: .i. ae aba &ersir; atait siat fuar tirim, sa iii ceim &ersir; isi uair as fearr hi an uair is mo a duillebar &ersir; ata brigh fuarta diureticach innti &ersir; as mor fognus an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge noc do-nitear o adbar teasaide. Siroip na luibe so 'na haenur &ersir; pudur reubarbram da chur innti &ersir; foirigh duinte na n-ae &ersir; an buigheocur. Gac uili deoch &ersir; siroip &ersir; ceirin do-gentar cum na n-ae dleaghar ae aba da cur ann. Item, bristear an luibh &ersir; curtar gealan uighe triti &ersir; fritbuailidh na neascoide teasaide. An luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; im gan salann da cur trite &ersir; foirigh in ceirin duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge.

117. Epetimen: .i. blath na time; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata folmugadh leanna duibh nadurta &ersir; mi-nadurtha ann co hoireda &ersir; folmugadh leanna finn co tanaiste gurab uime sin as tarbach hi da lucht mainia &ersir; melancoilia &ersir; quartana &ersir; coididiana &ersir; galar na seilge &ersir; gach easlainte do-nitear o linn dubh. Et gnathuightear a cur isna comsuigtibh oir geraidh se an leiges lactach &ersir; da tuctar 'na haenur togairmig sincoipis &ersir; glanuigh fidhisi na scamhan o linn finn reamur &ersir; o linn dubh co dilis. Not leat da reir Plaitiairius co ndileaghann an luibh so linn dubh co dilis. An luibh so do bearbadh ar fin an aigid na sincoipisi do-nitear o gaetmuireacht &ersir; furtachtaigid co mor e. An luibh cetna &ersir; claman lin da brisidh &ersir; blonaig muice da cur trita &ersir; foirigh cruas na seilge. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a ol roimh aixis quartana &ersir; foirig.

118. Esula: eisbeorna &ersir; ata si teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; isi a premh is fearr chum an leigis lactaigh a ngach en gne dibh &ersir; ata folmugadh leanna finn &ersir; na leannann righin innte co hoireda &ersir; folmugadh leanna ruaigh co tanaiste gurab uime sin as mor tarbaigheas si da lucht potagra &ersir; sireagra &ersir; artetica &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; leucafleadhmainnsia &ersir; codidiana &ersir; a cosmuili. Da-berur an luibh so ar fin te no ar lind te no an uigh buic &ersir; oibrighidh co mor &ersir; geraigid gach leiges folmuigheas linn finn &ersir; na leanna air ceana. A buain san errach &ersir; bigh a brigh da bliadhain innte.

119. Euforbium: .i. gum crainn &ersir; is teasaide tirim sa iii ceim e &ersir; ata brigh lactach co foirtill ann &ersir; is amluigh is ferr e a ndath buidhi &ersir; folmuigid linn finn &ersir; na leanna rigni co hoireda on gaili &ersir; ona hinnibh &ersir; folmuigid na leanna cetna ona haltaib &ersir; is tarbach e an aigid stranguria coididiana do-nitear o coilera sitrina no uitilina. Is mor fodhnus an aigid na higroipisi tig o fuaraideacht &ersir; an aigid artetica &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica oir cnaigid in fliuchaideacht imurcach o ndentar na heaslainte adubrumur &ersir; calmuigid cumscugadh &ersir; rathughadh na feitead. Adeir Plaitiairius gurab amlaigh dleagur an purgoid so da tobairt .i. gum araibium &ersir; bidellium &ersir; maisdix da cumusc mallle ris &ersir; a tobairt amlaigh sin oir da scrisfadh se na hinne da tuctaigid e co haenda. Adeir in fear cetna gurab tarbach he an aigid eipilensia &ersir; apaplexia &ersir; sefailia &ersir; ise an gum so geraideas benedicta &ersir; iaralogodion &ersir; dleaghar a tobairt maille re huisce ara mbearbtar ainis no sil feinel cum leigis asma no disnia. In gum cetna da cur ar smeroidib derga &ersir; a deathac da ligin sa mbel an aigid an cumgaid anala &ersir; oslaigid na fidhisi innas co ritaid na leanna righne bis ansa scaman cum a n-innarbtha &ersir; bigh a brigh ann x mbliadhna &ersir; lictabaire ana curtar e fodnuigh co mor da lucht na mi-cuimhni &ersir; litairgia. An ceann da bearradh &ersir; a nighe a fin te &ersir; ainnsein eufoirbium da coimilt de &ersir; foirigh litairgia. Item, eufoirbium da tobairt an uigh buig &ersir; foirigh an buidheacuir &ersir; duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Item, eufoirbium &ersir; maisdix &ersir; gallunach uiread da gach ni a cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; foirig gac uile linniga &ersir; salcur &ersir; feadanacht.

120. Es ustum: .i. umha loisce; teasaide triim sa sa iiii ceim &ersir; ata folmughadh leanna duibh co hoireda ann &ersir; ata brigh seimhithi cnaidteac discailteach ann gurab uime sin curtar e isna tretaib discailteacha amail ata apostolicon &ersir; a cosmuile. Pudur da denam dhe chum na cneadh salach &ersir; cnaigidh an ainmfeoil &ersir; comfurtachtaidh iat. An pudur cetna da cumasc maille re mil &ersir; re gallunaigh &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; foirigh gach uili linnidha &ersir; feadanacht na cneadh. Pudur umha loisce da tobairt maille re h-oiximel no maille re huisce bog &ersir; as cumachtach fholmuigheas linn dubh sis &ersir; suas.

121. Ematites: .i. cloch noch ata fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; dat banglas bis uirre &ersir; san Innia oirteraigh da gabur hi &ersir; ata brigh coisci fola innte &ersir; is uime aderar ematiteis ria oir is inann ema asin Greigis &ersir; fuil isin Gaeidilg &ersir; as inann titis &ersir; fostogh oir ata fostogh na fola innti. Sug losa in sparain da choimilt don cloith so &ersir; a cur sa sroin &ersir; coiscid flux fola na srona &ersir; cadas da tuma sa sugh cetna &ersir; a cur san cneigh &ersir; coiscidh fuil na cneadh. Tabuir uisce na cloithi so da ol da lucht ematoica .i. an tseli fola &ersir; foirigh iat. An cloch so do nighe a sugh cruaiche Padraig &ersir; a tabairt dona mnaib ara mbi flux fola mista &ersir; foirig iat.

122. Emblici: .i. torta crainn fasus sa domun mhor &ersir; ata folmughadh leanna duib &ersir; leanna finn inntu &ersir; as tarbach iat an aigid na n-easlainteadh adoghmur mar ata quartana &ersir; a cosmuile. Pudur do denamh d'emblici &ersir; d'aloes &ersir; ola da chur trita &ersir; a coimilt don folt &ersir; ni licinn a tuitim &ersir; da-beir fas air. Pudur emblici da chumasc maille re sugh coinnle muire &ersir; a cur isin timtireacht &ersir; coiscidh flux fola emaroighideis &ersir; a chur sa maclac &ersir; coiscigh flux fola na mban.

123. Eruca: .i. in cearrmacan; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh diureticach and &ersir; glanuigh co mor slidhthi in lesa. Prema cerrmacain da bearbadh ar mil &ersir; foirig an cosachtac. Sugh na luibhe so &ersir; mil da bearbadh ara ceili &ersir; a caitimh &ersir; osluigidh duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arin ceann ara mbi cneadh &ersir; tairrngid na cnaimhe bristi &ersir; a salcur as. Et adeir Macer gibe neac gnataigeas na prema so co medaigid an silne &ersir; an geineamhain &ersir; in tan caitear maille re lactuca &ersir; re sil feineil &ersir; is mor fodnus mar in cetna . Don iarrunn don ladh bis san omur don aibill uisce don pis Greagach don lus na sum talman don fuinnseoic don eorna don fenel don feinel muc don laibin don domblas ae don filipindula don fumiter don caertann curraigh don bitnua do caerib in ibuir craige dona figeadaib dona deascaib.

124. Ferrum, ferrugo &ersir; sgama ferri: .i. in t-iarunn &ersir; in t-slaighe &ersir; in tuirinn; is teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata deitfir idir na gneitib so .i. ferrum in t-iarunn &ersir; ferrugo in tslaighi &ersir; scama ferra an tuireann.

An t-iarann vero ata brigh comfurtachta &ersir; tairngteac &ersir; fostoiteac ann. An bainne bearbtar leisin iarunn coisgidh flux na bronn. In cned loisctear leis coiscid a fuil. In slaighi vero ata brigh seimhighti tirmaidteac ann. An fin ina mbaitear an slaighe coiscid remadus &ersir; duinti na seilge. Item, dentar pudur min don tslaighe &ersir; cumaisctear maille re sugh na coinnle muire &ersir; tumtar cadas ann &ersir; curtar sa timtireacht &ersir; coiscid flux emaroides. Item, gabh slaigteach dearg &ersir; doirt finegra air &ersir; lic a deatach fon timtireacht &ersir; foirig tenesmon &ersir; ni dleaghar an tuireann da tobairt ana haenur gan neithi stipeaca maille ris mar ata duillebar rosa oir da ghenfadh creachta arna hinnibh &ersir; folmaigid da reir a truime na leanna truaillnidhe da geib san gaili &ersir; isna hinnib &ersir; ata folmughadh leanna duibh co haireda innti. Ata brigh fostoiteac ann amail is follus a lucht emoroideis oir coiscid a flux &ersir; flux fola na mban &ersir; is cumachtach foiris drochdat na haithce noch do-nitear o linn dubh. Da chur neith ar dermaid o duine d'fuat no da grad no gibe ni bis ar a aire an fin no an deoch bearbtar leisin slaighe da tobairt da ol &ersir; ni cuimhneocha da cumachta na neithi so. Adeir Plaitiairius an slaidteac do minugad a meid grainne pibair &ersir; pudur caineil &ersir; sinnseir &ersir; ainisi &ersir; licoirisi da cur ann &ersir; a caitimh ar cetlongadh &ersir; re loighe &ersir; foirig duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; curtar pudur na tuirinne a lictabairibh &ersir; a leigeasaibh comsuigigte mar ata triafera sarasenica &ersir; a cosmaile.

125. Ferrarium: .i. in ladh bis an ictar an omair a mbaitear an t-iarunn &ersir; is fuar tirim e &ersir; ata brigh fostoidteac ann &ersir; is tarbach e an aigid potagra &ersir; artetica. An t-uisce bearbtar leisin iarunn da chur a fotragad &ersir; coiscid an t-allus imurcach. Urbruit da denam d'uisce a mbaitear an t-iarann &ersir; d'uisce fertana &ersir; a deatach da ligin fo fer disinteria.

126. Flamula: .i. in aibill uisce; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; as mor fodhnus cum na cnaitidh oir tairrngid fliucada imurcach cum a hinaigh. D' aipiugad na neascoidead fuar ceirin don luibh cetna &ersir; do blonaig muice da cur orra. Da-beraid drong eigin an luibh cetna ar digh an aigid potagra &ersir; quartana &ersir; a cosmuile. Uinnemint don luibh cetna do coimilt dona taebaibh &ersir; foirigh stranguria &ersir; disuria. Sugh na luibhe cetna da coimilt don baiteas &ersir; foiridh an teinneas cinn re n-abar emagrania.

127. Fenugrecum: .i. pis no feinel Greagach: teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; ata brigh coimhceangail &ersir; aipithi innti. Min fenegrecum &ersir; buigen uighe circe da cur mar ceirin arna neascoidibh &ersir; foirid iat &ersir; madh ailt an neascoid da brisidh gabh fenigrecum &ersir; ola coitceann &ersir; terpentina cumusctar &ersir; curtar arin neascoid &ersir; brisid gac uile neascoid re lo con aithi. Et mad ailt cruas na seilge da cur ar cul gabh fenegrecum &ersir; beirb maille re hola &ersir; re fin &ersir; a cur mar ceirin arin seilg &ersir; foirigh teinneas &ersir; cruas na seilge. Item, min finegrecum maille re huisce mbog da cur 'na ceirin arin gaili &ersir; foirigh teinneas in gaili &ersir; na n-innead.

128. Fragaria: .i. lus na sum talman; fuar tirim ata in luibh so &ersir; is mor fodnus da crectaib na scaman &ersir; na heaslainte re n-abur tisis .i. gabh prem madra &ersir; prem niamnaiti &ersir; lus na sum talman &ersir; prema cruaiche padraig co mor da gach ni bristear na luibhe so &ersir; dentar praiseac dib &ersir; tobuir ar fin bog da ol &ersir; cneasaigid creachta na scaman &ersir; foirid flux bronn. Item, gabh an luibh so &ersir; lus na fraecog &ersir; prema na tri ndrisighi &ersir; cailimint &ersir; madra .i. a prem &ersir; prema cartlainn[leg. caertainn]. Handwritten note on unnumbered blank page: "C I (=Circa Instans), f.198va." curraig &ersir; puliol montana &ersir; prema murdroigin &ersir; an cuigidach comtrom da gach ni bearbtar ar braitlis &ersir; glantar le mil &ersir; le gealan uighe &ersir; coiscid gach uili flux bronn no daergalair na mban mar adubrumar.

129. Fraximus: .i. in fuinnseoc; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; is mor coiscis an flux tic a haitli purgaidi. Croicinn an croinn cetna da bearbadh ar uisce fertana &ersir; fer na heaslainte da cur ann co nuic a imlinn &ersir; foirid disinteria &ersir; lienteria. An croicinn cetna da bearbadh ar leamnacht &ersir; foirigh na heaslainte cetna. A brisid &ersir; a bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; coiscid an sceatruc. Premhrusc an crainn cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; coiscid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge noc tic o fuaraideacht. An premrusc cetna &ersir; clamhan lin &ersir; mil goibrin &ersir; folmuigid sin linn dub on tseilg.

130. Farina ordi: .i. eorna no min &ersir; is fuar sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh fritbuailteac innti &ersir; as tarbach chum na neascoid teasaide re n-abur carbuncalus &ersir; eirisipialas .i. gab min eorna &ersir; duillebar sidubail &ersir; crasola .i. toirpin &ersir; sugh noinin bristear na luibhe so &ersir; curtar gealan uighe circe tritu &ersir; curtar 'na ceirin arna neascoidibh ana tosac &ersir; fritbuailid an t-adbar ger. Adeir Plaitiairius gurab mor fodnus an eorna cum an leigis .i. a caith &ersir; a haran &ersir; a min oir ata brigh glantac oslaigteac innti gurab uime sin is imcubaidh hi an aigid gac uili easlainte na n-ae &ersir; an tan cumusctar i maille re leigesaibh teasaide no fuar oibrighidh innta araen oir ata brigh socaidhti innti cebe ni le cumusctar hi. Do-nitear deoch dhi don lucht ara mbi easlainte na mball spiradalta &ersir; na fiabras nger is imcubaidh i mar biadh an easlainte na mball spirudalta .i. liti mhine eorna maille re him mi Mhai oir aibigid in neascoid &ersir; slanaigid an t-adbur &ersir; is mor oilis na baill anmanna. Da fritbualadh na neascoid teasaide min eorna finegra da chur orra.

D' aipiugadh na neascoid teasaide min eorna &ersir; mil da cur orra no min eorna &ersir; picc boc no min eorna &ersir; terpentina &ersir; a cur orra amhuil ceirin.

131. Feniculus: .i. in feinel; teasaide sa ii ceim. An luibh so da brisidh &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirigh gac uile neimh &ersir; foirigh mar in cetna galur na n-arunn. An aigid easlainte in radairc an luibh so da cur a ndeoch a barr no a sil no a prema &ersir; is tarbach an leiges sin. In luibh cetna da brisid &ersir; a cur ar greim na con confaigh &ersir; icaidh a neimh &ersir; ni athgabann aris. Prema no sil na luibhe cetna da bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; an fual &ersir; foirig teinneas an gaili &ersir; coiscidh in sceathrac. Item, an aigid gac uili aitt tic o fuaraideacht o tuitim no o bualadh ceirin don luibh so maille re blonaig muice da cur air &ersir; icaidh he. Sil na luibhe so da buain a tosac fodmuir &ersir; bigh a brigh ann da bliadhain. Prema na luibhe so da buain a tosac an erraigh &ersir; bidh brigh isna premuib sin leath-bliadhain. Croicinn na prem cetna da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a tobairt da ol osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. An t-uisce cetna da tobairt an aigid tinnis an gaili do-nitear o gaetmuireacht &ersir; furtachtaigid Item, tri &scruple; do pudur asola da tobairt maille re sugh feineil &ersir; foirigh Leucafleadhmansia. Item, sugh feineil da cur a soiteac uma re v laeib dheag &ersir; cuir mar foibert fona suilibh &ersir; scailidh finn ceo.

132. Feniculus porsinas: .i. feinel na muc .i. an maelan muilithi; teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa iii ceim. A ol ar uisce &ersir; foiridh antracx &ersir; is bren an luibh so amail adeir an proeirb so: Petit amurisga redolet similiter camomilla .i. mar beiris an camamilla tigernas ar deaghbaladh is mar sin beiris an luibh so tigernus ar drochbalad.

133. Fenementum: .i. laibin &ersir; da plur cruithneachta do-nitear e &ersir; d'uisce &ersir; da tsalann ata brigh cnaidhteac attairngteac na leannann ann. A chumasc maille re him no maille re hola &ersir; foirigh na neascoide &ersir; brisidh iat co deimin.

134. Fel: .i. in domblas ae gach uili ainmighe; teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim. Domblas ae bo no tairbh da cur 'na ceirin arin tenig diadh &ersir; foirigh. Domblas ae bocaidi da cur isna cneadhaibh &ersir; scrisaig an ainmfeoil gan fuireach &ersir; coimhedaig iat ar spasmus an aimsir fuair. Domblas ae bocaidi da coimilt don gne don luibri re n-abar elifansia &ersir; foiigh hi &ersir; is tarbac domblas ae na n-en do comfurtacht an radairc &ersir; co hairiti domblas ae na na n-en beris a cuid ar eigin mar atait seabaic &ersir; a cosmuili. Domblas ae tairb da coimilt dona huirgib &ersir; foirig errnia amuil adeir Auicenna.

135. Filipindula: teasaide tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; a premha is mo fodnus cum an leigis &ersir; an inadhaib cruaighe sleibtighi fasus &ersir; bidh a brigh as ana preimh x mbliadhna re taiscidh &ersir; a tinol a ndeireadh fodmuir &ersir; ata brigh diureticach ann. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; brisid na cloca fuail &ersir; is tarbach an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; is tarbac a clistiribh an aigid ilica &ersir; coilica. Pudur na luibhe so maille re pudur sil feinel &ersir; a ol ar fin &ersir; foirid tinnis an gaili. Pudur premh na luibhe so d'ol ar digh &ersir; foirig eipilensia amail adeir Diascordeis. Et as mor fodnas an pudur cetna an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. An luibh so da cur a mailin &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin finn &ersir; a cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; osluigidh a nduinte &ersir; foirid iat. Pudur na luibhe so da tabairt a ndeocaibh no a mbiadhaibh &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigid cumhgaidh na hanala. An pudur cetna do cur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a deathac da gabhail tri feadan sa mbel &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid cumgaid na hanala.

136. Fumus terra: .i. fumiter; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; folmaigid na leanna loisce &ersir; linn finn saillte &ersir; gac gne da linn dubh &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid na luibri &ersir; gac uili brotha bhis arin croicinn. Is amhlaidh so da berar e .i. gab lan tri liagh da sug an fumiter &ersir; lan legi da mil no do siucra a cumusc &ersir; a tobairt ar cetlongadh &ersir; coimedaigh neach on luibri &ersir; foirigh gach uili brut.

Item, leath cart da sug fumiter &ersir; an oired da meadg bainne gobair &ersir; a ol &ersir; is mirbuileach foiris gach uili luibri &ersir; bruth &ersir; carruighi, Item, gabh da &dram; da pudur asola &ersir; a tabairt ar sugh fumiter &ersir; foirigh gac uili idroipis. Item, gabh prema feinel &ersir; persille &ersir; meirsi &ersir; sugh fumiter dentar siroip dibh mar is du &ersir; is tarbach da lucht na hidroipisi &ersir; artetica &ersir; potagra. Et ni dleaghar an luibh so da tobairt gan luibhe eli maille ris ana fuil togairm an fuail oir is mor a gaetmuireacht &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt gach n-en la gan la da beit aturra. Et ni dleaghar a tobairt beirbfi acht omh &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius gurab e ur na luibhe so is ferr ann &ersir; is uime aderur fumus terra ris .i. fumus an deatac &ersir; deathac na talman an luibh so oir as eddrom gabus an talam.

137. Fu ualerian: .i. caertann curraig; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim. A buain a mi Mai &ersir; berig a brigh ann tri bliadhna. A bearbadh ar fin finn &ersir; foirigh an galar fuail. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirid teinneas an gaili &ersir; calmuigid an dileaghadh &ersir; foiridh tinneas na bronn. Item, gabh. prema na luibhe so &ersir; prema feinel &ersir; maisdix beirb ar fin &ersir; coiscidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Item, gabh prema na luibhe cetna &ersir; bran cruithneachta &ersir; a mbearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt an aigid easlainte an maclaig. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; ar mil &ersir; ar im maille re sil egrime no cularain &ersir; foirig an buideacair &ersir; cruas na n-ae re n-abar ascites.

138. Fugo demonum: .i. an bitnua; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim. A bearbadh ar fin no ar uisce &ersir; glanuidh an fuil leath astigh dona soigidibh &ersir; osluigidh duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; togairmig an fual &ersir; an fuil mista &ersir; as tarbach hi an aigid na neime. Pudur na luibhe cetna da cur isna cneadhaibh fliucha &ersir; tirmuigid iat gan fuireac. An luibh so d'ol ar uisce co ceann da xx la &ersir; foirig loinigha &ersir; is uime aderur fugo demonum ris .i. ruagaidh si na deamhuin on ti imurcas hi &ersir; bigh buaigh uirgill air an ti 'ga mbia ina laim mar adubrumur.

139. Fructus iuniperi: .i. caera in iubair craigi; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim; a tinol san errach &ersir; bidh brigh co ceann da bliadhain ann. An toradh so da bearbadh ar uisce fertana &ersir; coiscidh an flux tic a haitli purgoidi. Is mor fodnas an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; ilica &ersir; coilica pasio &ersir; do-nitear ola na sul don tsil so .i. olium iuniperi a hainm. Comtrom &ounce; da tobairt di a mbiadh no a ndig &ersir; foirig quartana. Pudur na caer so &ersir; gallunach da cumusc trit a ceili &ersir; a cur risna creachtaibh &ersir; foirigh gac uili aillsi &ersir; linnigha. Pudur na caer cetna &ersir; pudur uma loisce trit da cur sa sroin &ersir; foiridh polipus. In torad cetna da cur isna gedaib &ersir; isna cabunaib ga rostad &ersir; calmaigidh an dileaghadh.

140. Ficus: .i. figeada; teasaide fliuch sa ii ceim &ersir; na seanndaoine gnathuigheas iat cuirig casad a n-aigthi ar cul &ersir; bidh min. Item, na hainminti eciallaighi ceangailtear don crann ara fasaid bid ro-muinnterdha. Sugh croicinn an crainn cetna teachtaig an bainne cum caisi da denamh de amuil binid. Item, sugh duillebair an crainn sin da coimilt dona huirgibh &ersir; medaigid an druis &ersir; adeir Isaac nach fuil dona huili toradh toradh is mo oilis an corp naid na figeadha &ersir; adeir an fer cetna cebe gnathuigheas na figeadha co mbid imlach &ersir; taismidtear leanna nadurtha innta. Da mbia an gaili lan da leannaib truaillnide medaigid na figeada an droch-coimpleasc sin &ersir; da raib glan comfurtachtaidh &ersir; geinigh fuil glan &ersir; glanaigh an t-ucht &ersir; na scamhain &ersir; glanaid na hairni &ersir; an les ona leannaibh reamra imdaigheas innta. Is ann dleaghar a caitimh .i. a caitim maille re pudur seinnseir no pibur no almoint no cno frainccac. Figeada &ersir; isoip da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; as cumachtach an aigid easlainte an cleib &ersir; na scaman. Item, figeada &ersir; ros lin da bearbadh ar ola &ersir; aipig na neascoide gan fuireach. Item, musdard &ersir; figeada da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirigh torman na cluas &ersir; glanaigh an incinn.

141. Fex: .i. na deasgaid &ersir; adeir Avicenna idir na huili deascaib gurab iat deascaid an finegra is treisi dibh &ersir; ainnsein deascaidh an fina. Deascaidh an finecra da cur arin imlinn &ersir; coiscidh flux imurcac na fola misda gan fuireach. Don galbanum don gailingan don caince coilli don soilisdur don clobus don oirci lacha don gumi don gilcach sleibhi

142. Galbanum: .i. sug luibhi &ersir; adeir Platiairus gurub gum crainn e &ersir; ata brigh aitairrngteach discailteach cnaidhteach aipidteac ann. iii dragmae de da tobairt an uigh buig no a sisan eorna &ersir; foirig asma. An gum cetna da cur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a deatach da gabail sa sroin &ersir; foirigh litairgia. A deathac da ligin sa maclac &ersir; foirid suficasio matricis. A cur fon fiacail teinn &ersir; foirigh an teinneas. Pillule da denam do galbanum &ersir; da mil &ersir; a caitim &ersir; foirigh gac uili peist gaili &ersir; inne mar adubramur.

143. Galanga: .i. gailingan; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ni bi brigh ann acht v bliadhna &ersir; as amlaidh is fearr e .i. a beit trom doinn-dearg cnapanach co mblas nger &ersir; ata brigh cnaidteac comhfurtachtach discailteac ann. A cur fon sroin &ersir; comfurtacht aigid an brigh ainmighi. Item, pudur gailingain da tobairt maille re sugh borraiste &ersir; foirig cardiaca &ersir; sincoipis. An gailingan da gnathughadh &ersir; do-ni anal maith ag neach. Atait na neice so innann ana n-oibrighibh .i. clobus &ersir; gailingan &ersir; lighnum aloeis oir gabtar gac ni dib so ar son a cele. Gab pudur gailingain &ersir; beirb ar fin maille re pudur quarubughe &ersir; ainisi &ersir; a ol foirigh neimhdileaghadh teinneas an gaili noch tic o gaetmuireacht.

144. Galitricum: .i. in caince coilli; teasaide tirim &ersir; ni fadur a ceim a leabhraibh &ersir; togairmigh co mor an fuil mista &ersir; an fual &ersir; fotragadh da denamh de on imlican sis. Sug na luibhe so &ersir; domblas ae cailigh da cur fona suilib mar foibert foirigh gach uili teimheal. Item, an luibh cetna da bearbadh ar uisce sisain eorna &ersir; crim muice fiadh &ersir; dubcosach ur &ersir; sail cuach &ersir; teanga enain maille ris da bearbadh co maith &ersir; a nglanadh le mil &ersir; le gealan uighe &ersir; foirigh ainnteas na n-ae &ersir; na scaman.

145. Gladiolus: .i. in tsoilisdur; teasaide tirim sa dara ceim. Pinginneda beca da denam da premaibh &ersir; a mbearbadh a sugh licoirisi &ersir; foirig easlainte na scamhan &ersir; an cosactac tic o fuaraideacht. Pudur na luibhe cetna da cur a potaistib &ersir; innarbaidh linn dubh. An pudur cetna da tobairt an aigid na piseog &ersir; na ndeoch neime &ersir; foirig iat &ersir; as mait an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Pudur na luibhe cetna da cur maille re mil isna cnadhaibh fliucha &ersir; a feadanuib na linnidhan &ersir; foirigh. Pudur na luibhe cetna da cumusc maille re mil &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; coiscid a n-ainmfeoil &ersir; glanaidh iat. Item, prema na luibhe cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirig gach uili brugadh da geib neach o bualadh no o tuitim. Item, premha na luibhe cetna da brisidh &ersir; a sugh maille re mil do cur fona suilibh &ersir; scailigh a finna. An aigid salcuir &ersir; fathfaigh na haidhce ceirin da premaibh na luibhe so &ersir; da premaib an tataba ghil &ersir; do mil da cur orra re feadh oidhce &ersir; glanaidh an aiged. Sil na luibhe cetna do bearbadh ar fin &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; an toirrceas marb &ersir; an fual. Item, prema na luibhe cetna da cur an oiximelaib maille re pudur gloiriam &ersir; ualuairt &ersir; luibeadh lactacha ndiureticac eli &ersir; fodnaigh co mor da lucht na higroipisi.

146. Gariofilus: .i. in clobus; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; toradh crainn e fhasas san Innia &ersir; a tinol sa samrad &ersir; big brigh vi bliadhna ann &ersir; blas ger as fearr air &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta discailti ann &ersir; calmuigid an dileaghadh co mor &ersir; a bearbadh maille re fin &ersir; re maisdix. A mbearbadh maille re sil feineil &ersir; is mor comfurtachtaigheas an dileaghadh &ersir; an gaili ona gaethmuireacht. A gnathughadh &ersir; comfurtachtaidh an dileaghadh &ersir; an incinn &ersir; an gaili &ersir; na hinni &ersir; is tarbach an aigid na singcoipisi &ersir; coiscid an sceatrach &ersir; comfurtacht aigid a gnathughadh &ersir; a boltanughadh an incinn. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a cur fo sroin na mna ara mbi presuficasio matricis &ersir; foirigh iat. Item, gabh clobus, da tairngi dheag &ersir; &dram; da maisdix &ersir; beirb ar uisce na roisi a soitheach gloine &ersir; tobair bog da ol &ersir; icaidh flux na mbronn.

147. Genciana: .i. In coirce lo; teasaide ttirm sa iii ceim &ersir; prema na luibhe so is mo fodnus chum an leigis &ersir; ata brigh atairrngteac discailteac chnaidteac osluicteac ann &ersir; is tarbach e an aigid asma do-nitear o fuaraideacht &ersir; a prema da bearbadh ar fin no ar lind an aigid an asma &ersir; foirigh e. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar uinnemint darab ainm dialtia &ersir; a coimilt don ucht &ersir; foirigh an cumgach cleibh &ersir; a tabairt a potaistib no a mbiadhaibh &ersir; foirigh easlainte na scamhan &ersir; an cleibh. A tobairt maille re sug minntais &ersir; foirigh eipilensia &ersir; a tobairt mar an cetna foirigh greim na con confuigh &ersir; gac neimh. A tobairt maille re sugh artameisia &ersir; togairmigh an fual &ersir; an fuil mista &ersir; an toirrcis marb &ersir; an slanugad.

148. Gumi: .i. gum &ersir; in tan aderur gum a focal coitceann is don gum araibhi is coir a thuicsin &ersir; ata gumi araibi teasaide fliuch sa cet ceim &ersir; atait tri gneithi air .i. alba .i. gum geal &ersir; sitrina .i. gum buighi &ersir; rufa .i. gum ruadh &ersir; ise an gum geal as fearr ann &ersir; ata brigh lactach co min ailginach innti &ersir; is inann gum araibi &ersir; gum sarasenica .i. gum na Sarrisdinach. Item, an gum so &ersir; pudur caineil &ersir; minntais &ersir; ceir ur do chumasc trit a ceili &ersir; a cur ar bel an ghaili &ersir; coiscid gach sceatrach. A tobairt maille re h-uisce na roisi &ersir; coiscidh disinteria. Gum araibi &ersir; fuil dregain &ersir; uisce na roisi da tobairt &ersir; coiscidh an fuil mista. An luibh cetna da cur a pollaibh na srona np a ceirinaibh umna hairgibh &ersir; coiscidh flux fola na srona.

149. Gitt: .i. an cogul; teasaide tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; luibh noc fasas idir an cruitneacht &ersir; a sil &ersir; as mor fodhnus cum an leigis &ersir; ata brigh diureticac cnaidteac discailteac ann &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; ilica &ersir; coilica &ersir; teinneas beil an gaili &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; a cur a potaistibh no a mbiadhaibh eli. Item, an luibh cetna &ersir; coinneall muire da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; tumtar cadas ann &ersir; curtar sa timtireacht &ersir; coiscidh flux emaroigideis.

Item, gabh pudur na luibhe cetna &ersir; cumusctar maille re mil &ersir; marbaid gac uili peist bis a ngaili &ersir; a n-innib. Ceirin don pudur cetna &ersir; do sugh uormoint &ersir; a cur arin imlican &ersir; marbaid gach uili peist bis a n-innib. Item, pudur cogail &ersir; sug cornain caisil da cur bog isna cluasaibh &ersir; furtachtaigid iat.

150. Genestula: .i. in gilcach slebhe; fuar tirim &ersir; ata brigh stipeca ann &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigidh flux na fola mista fotragad da denamh don luibh so ar uisce &ersir; a deatach da ligin fon maclac. Pudur da denam do sil an gilcaidh &ersir; a cumasc maille re sug cruaiche padraig &ersir; a tobairt amail pisairium &ersir; coiscidh flux na fola mista. Urbruit da denamh da sil na luibhe cetna&ersir; a deatac do ligin fon corp &ersir; coiscid disinteria. Don tene talman don tsoibirgin don flig don rinnruisc.

151. Hermodactuli: .i. an tene talmun; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim. A prema da thinol sa samradh &ersir; a tirmugadh &ersir; big brigh bliadhain innti &ersir; ata brigh cnaighteac discailteac aittairngteac innti &ersir; is purgoid dilis da linn finn hi &ersir; as tarbac an aigid artetica &ersir; potagra sireagra &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; an aigid gac uili easlainte tic o linn finn &ersir; is leis geraidtear na purgaidi so amail ata iaralagadion &ersir; teotoricon anacardinum &ersir; a cosmuile. Item, gabh sug feineil &ersir; mil &ersir; beirb co maith &ersir; cuir pudur hermodactuili ann &ersir; tabair &dram; de gach lae &ersir; foirigh artetica &ersir; potagra &ersir; sireagra gan amurus. Item, pudur hermodactuili &ersir; gallunach &ersir; tumtar ga copa ann &ersir; curtar a feadanuib na linnigan. Pudur hermodactuili &ersir; urna loisce a cumusc maille re sug feineil no ruibhi &ersir; a cur sa sroin &ersir; foirigh polipus.

152. Herba Sangti Petri: .i. an soibirgin; teasaide tirim &ersir; as mor fodhnus an aigid na pairilisi .i. gabh prema soibirgin &ersir; tene talman &ersir; barr sabrae &ersir; cailimint &ersir; premha eigrime &ersir; ragaim &ersir; eillinne &ersir; aibill uisce co mor da gach ni &ersir; a mbearbadh ar blonaig cabuin &ersir; ar usca cait no sinnaigh &ersir; faisctear tri etac lin &ersir; curtar an ola an camamilla ann &ersir; ola do-nitear da blath an truim ann &ersir; curtar &ounce; d'oilium lauirinam innti &ersir; curtar a soiteac &ersir; coimiltear don cul an cinn &ersir; do bunait na feitheadh &ersir; foirigh an pairilis. Gab an luibh cetna &ersir; bris co mait &ersir; cuir bainne cic mna oileas ingean trita &ersir; faisctear tri edach lin &ersir; curtar en bainne de a ngach leat sroin &ersir; folmuighidh linn finn on incinn. Gab duillebar na luibhe so &ersir; mongach measc &ersir; lubhaiste &ersir; finel dearg &ersir; camamilla &ersir; comann gall urdail da gach ni bearbtar ar uisce &ersir; dentar urbruit fon ceann de &ersir; foirigh fuaraideacht an cinn &ersir; emagrania.

153. Hipia mador: in flidh; teasaide fliuch &ersir; ata brigh boctha osluicteach choisce tinneasa ann. Gab an luibh so &ersir; beirb ar uisce &ersir; faisc co maith da eis &ersir; bris maille re blonaig muice &ersir; re him &ersir; curtar 'na ceirin fon mball ina mbia teinneas &ersir; coiscidh gac uili teinneas. Item, beirb an luibh cetna ara sugh fein &ersir; curtar te arin imlinn &ersir; coiscidh gontach na bronn. Item, sugh na luibhe cetna maille re sug nonin &ersir; bainne cich &ersir; plur mine eorna &ersir; cumusctar trit a ceili &ersir; curtar umna hairgibh &ersir; coiscidh a teasbach &ersir; a teinnis &ersir; togairmigh an codladh. Item, tirmuigh moran don luibh so &ersir; dena luait de &ersir; dein folcadh don luaith sin &ersir; coiscidh an leithi. Item, gabh sugh fleadha &ersir; pudur cumin &ersir; min coirce &ersir; beirb na neichi so co maith &ersir; curtar blonaig muice no im gan salann trit &ersir; cuir mar ceirin arna cneadhaibh &ersir; arna ballaibh eli &ersir; foirigh an teinnis.

154. Hipia minor: .i. an rinn ruissc; teasaide fliuch mar an cetna &ersir; is mor fodhnus uisce na luibhe so do gerugadh an radairc .i. gabh barr na luibhe so &ersir; caince achaig &ersir; ros dearg &ersir; feinel dearg &ersir; duillebar ruibhi &ersir; duillebar selidonia bristear &ersir; bearbtar no beantar a sugh asta &ersir; curtar bainne cich no fin tritu &ersir; a cur fona suilibh &ersir; geraigh an radharc &ersir; glanaigh an fabra. Item, gabh sugh na luibhe cetna &ersir; cuir pudur copurruis air &ersir; cuir fona suilibh &ersir; foirigh cailitin &ersir; teimeal na sul &ersir; a ndeargadus &ersir; a teinneas &ersir; a tochas. Item, gabh an luibh cetna &ersir; maetain ferdrisi &ersir; bristear co min &ersir; cuir buighean uighe &ersir; becan croich trit &ersir; foirigh deargadas &ersir; teinneas na sul &ersir; a cur mar ceirin umpa. Item, blath na luibhe cetna &ersir; blath an rosa deirg bristear &ersir; cumusctar maille re gealan uighe &ersir; curtar 'na ceirin umna fabraighibh &ersir; foirigh mar an cetna. Don isoip do lus na meacon don teinagal don gloiriam don bilur muiri.

155. Isopus: .i. isoip; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; as mor fodhnus an aigid na cosachtaighi thic o fuaraideacht &ersir; gairbhi an gotha &ersir; na tisisi. Item, isoip &ersir; figeada tirma &ersir; mil da bearbadh trit a ceili &ersir; a ol &ersir; foiridh gac uili easlainte cleib. Item, pudur isoipi da bearbadh ar mil no go mbia tiugh &ersir; lan leighi d'ol de gac lae &ersir; foirigh gac uili easlainte cleibh. Item, isoip &ersir; gaill bilur da bearbadh ar oiximul &ersir; innarbaig linn finn rigin &ersir; foiridh gaethmuireacht na n-inneadh. Isoip da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; bolgam do congmhail sa bel de &ersir; foirigh teinnis na fiacal. Isoip da loscadh &ersir; a deathac da licin sa cluais &ersir; foirigh easlainte na cluas. Isoip da brisidh &ersir; a bearbadh ar uisce maille re h-ainis &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin um an mball bis gorm o bualadh &ersir; da-beir dath maith air. An luibh cetna da brisidh &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce mboog &ersir; a tobairt te don mnai re n-ignaib &ersir; beraigh leanamh gan fuireach &ersir; ata brigh glantac aittairngteach cnaidhteac discailteach innti da reir Avicenna &ersir; adeir Avicenna gurab 'na blath &ersir; 'na duillebar is mo ata brigh na luibhe so &ersir; nach 'na preimh na 'na luirgnibh amuil adubrumur.

156. Ipoquisdidos: .i. lus na meacan; fuar tirim annsa ii ceim. A premha da tinol san earrach &ersir; a tirmugadh &ersir; bigh brigh co ceann da bliadain ann &ersir; ata brigh sdipecta coirtithi ann &ersir; as mor fodhnus an aigid flux coilerdha na bronn do-nitear o anmainne na brigh fostoiti &ersir; a cumusc maille re h-uisce na roisi. Pudur na luibhe cetna da cumasc maille re sugh cruaiche padraig &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin umna hairnibh &ersir; um an imlican &ersir; coiscidh flux na bronn. An ceirin cetna da cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; coiscigh an sceatrach. Pisairium da denamh don luibh so &ersir; a thuma a sugh cruaiche padraig &ersir; a cur mar as du &ersir; coiscigh flux na fola mista.

157. Iouis barba: .i. in teineagul; fuar sa iii ceim &ersir; tirim, sa ii ceim &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius gac ni chum a fodhnann an bo-samadh co fodnunn an luibh so cuige. Sug na luibhe so da cur bog sa cluais &ersir; foirigh an buidhri.

Gab leath chart da sugh an teineagail &ersir; a urdail da sugh samaidh &ersir; leath cart finegra a cumusc trit a ceili &ersir; gab pudur gloiriam &ersir; fineil &ersir; persilli &ersir; crim muice fiadh &ersir; dubhcosach &ersir; prem ragmainn bearbtar co maith no go ndeacha an iiii cuit fai &ersir; glantar le mil &ersir; le gealan uighe &ersir; taisctear a soiteach sdain &ersir; eabar mar gac n-oiximal &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; na n-arunn.See also Chapter 55.

158. Iris: .i. in gloiriam &ersir; atait tri hanmhanna air .i. iris .i. blath mar corcair bhis air; irios .i. blath geal bis air; gladiolas .i. blath croca bis air; &ersir; ata an luibh so teasaide tirim sa ii ceim. A premha do tinol a ndeiread an earraigh &ersir; bid brigh ii bliadhain ann &ersir; ata brigh lactach diureticach ann &ersir; oslaigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; an lesa. Is mor fodhnus an aigid urcoidi na mball spiradalta &ersir; teinis an gaili an tan tic o gaethmuireacht. A pudur da cur isna cneadhaibh &ersir; coiscigh a n-ainmfeoil &ersir; glanaidh iat. Foibert do denamh d'uisce na roisi &ersir; do pudur gloiriam &ersir; glanaig bratt &ersir; finn sul. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; as tarbach an deoc so an aigid gomorria &ersir; ata folmugad leanna ruaigh innti &ersir; pudur na luibhe so da chur isna cneadhaib fliucha &ersir; foirigh an linnigha &ersir; is tarbach an aigid sietica &ersir; potagra.

159. Ipofilia: .i. in bilur muire &ersir; is luib teasaide tirim hi &ersir; is mor fodnus ceirin na luibe so an aigid tinnis &ersir; do cosc neimhe. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar eanbruithi caerach &ersir; a tobairt amail digh dona hechaibh &ersir; foirigh an sileadh srona. Et fodnuigh an uinnemintibh &ersir; a ceirinaibh boctha da chose neimhe. Don bainne do lactuca don laudanum don corrcopoig do lapis lasuili don maidnes don t-slanlus don lauriola don ros lacan don lubhaitsi don mil muidhe don lapis agapidis don lisum don lilum don tenga enain don slaidhteach airgid don licoiris don chopoic don ogradh.

160. Lacc: .i. don bainne &ersir; ar tus da baine na ngobar noch ata measurdha ina cail. Bainne na caerach noch ata reamur meth. Bainne na mbo ata nis seimhe &ersir; nis meithe. Et ni fuil dona bainnibh bainne is fearr na bainne na ngobhur &ersir; is amlaidh is fearr e &ersir; gach uili bainne mar ticfas asin uth &ersir; as mor fodhnus an bainne do lucht an coimpleasca tirime acht muna bia linn sa gaili an tan sin. Is mor urcoidigeas an bainne don luct aga mbid neascoidi co foirimilleach no co hinmedonac &ersir; is mor urcoidigheas da lucht na ceann teinn &ersir; da gach uili easlainte tic o linn finn &ersir; as olc don luct ara mbid cneadha &ersir; do lucht na hincinne teinne an bainne oir dorcaigid an radarc. Et as mait an easlainte na sul bainne cich do bleagan fuiti oir coiscidh se a teasbac &ersir; furtachtaigid iat. Bainne mar bligtear e da bearbadh le cloith no le hiarand &ersir; furtachtaigid flux na bronn. An bainne da mbeantar a im as mor fognus an aigid flux leanna ruaigh &ersir; da lucht na tisisi amail adeir Avicenna.

161. Lactuca: .i. leigeas leg. caertainn.; fuar fliuch sa ii ceim &ersir; a brisidh &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna ballaibh a mbia imurcraig teasbaidh &ersir; furtactachtaigid e. A cur maille re gealan uighe 'na ceirin uman edan &ersir; togairmigh an codladh isna fiabhrasaibh gera &ersir; as inann brigh &ersir; oibriugadh di &ersir; don portulaca. Et adeir Plaitiairius an luibh so da beith measardha &ersir; adeir gurab fuaire a sil na si fein &ersir; as mor fodhnus an luibh so mar biadh da lucht na fiabhras &ersir; a sil mar leiges &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius a hughdaras na n-uili ughdar go roib i an luibh so as measurdha dona huili luibhibh oir geinigh fuil mait &ersir; medaigid an bainne cich &ersir; in silne &ersir; is biadh imcubaidh da lucht leanna ruaigh. Et as imcubaidh i da gach uili coimpleasc teasaide om no beirbfi. A bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; siucra da cur trit &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Sil na luibhe so do brisidh &ersir; gealan uighe trit &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna hairgibh &ersir; togairmig an codladh. An luibh so da coimilt da ballain na cich &ersir; a tabairt a mbel an leinim &ersir; togairmigh an codlad. Item, adeir Macer ceir &ersir; an luibh so da chaitim maille re finegra &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an gaili &ersir; lagaidh an bru &ersir; da caitear i co gnatac dorcaigid an radarc. A bearbadh ar uisci &ersir; an t-uisci do tobairt da ol da lucht na fiabras &ersir; togairmigh an codladh. A cur maille re hola 'na ceirin risna neascoidib &ersir; fritbuailig iat &ersir; is uime aderar lactuca 'ca' moved back before page-break for encoding reasons in electronic edition. This has been done silently throughout the file. ris .i. lac an bainne oir bainne geal bis innti mar adubrumuir.

162. Laudanum: teasaide fliuch e sa cet ceim &ersir; as amlaidh is fearr e .i. a beith glan deaghbalaidh brisc solus &ersir; ata brigh fastoiteac comfuertachtach discailteac ann. Aderaid na heolaidh gurab gum crainn e &ersir; aderaid drong eli gurob ni fasas a coimedacht luibi sa doman mor e. Pudur da denamh de &ersir; a cur a pollaibh na srona &ersir; foirigh in creatan &ersir; folmuigid an rema. A cumusc maille re maisdix &ersir; a cur fona fiaclaibh &ersir; daingnidh iat. A cur ar smeroidib dearga &ersir; a deatach da ligin fon maclac &ersir; glanaidh e &ersir; do-beir an fuil mista. Pisairium da denam de &ersir; a cur sa maclac &ersir; glanaidh &ersir; foirigh presuficacio matrisis. V pillaili da denamh do laudanum &ersir; a tobairt a haitili na codach &ersir; furtachtaigidh an dileadhadh.

163. Lapasium acutum: .i. an corrcopog; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim. A cur 'na ceirin arin ngaili &ersir; coiscidh a teinneas &ersir; a gaetmuireacht. A bearbadh ar leamnacht &ersir; ar feoil muice amail potaitse &ersir; foirigh an flux bronn tic o fuaraideacht. Urbruith do denamh don luibh cetna ar uisce &ersir; foirig an carraighe &ersir; gach uili bruth bis ar in croicinn. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; bolgam do congmail sa bel &ersir; foirigh teinneas na teinneas na fiacal &ersir; ramadus an tsine heaain. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin arsaigh no ar leamhnacht bo &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirig tinnis an ghaile &ersir; na seilge &ersir; na n-inneadh &ersir; flux disinteria. A premha da bearbadh ar blonaig muice &ersir; foirigh gach uili att tic o fuaraideacht. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; brisidh na cloca fuail &ersir; da-beir an fuil mhista. Sudh na luibhe so maille re h-ola na cno francach &ersir; pic &ersir; ceir nua da cur trite &ersir; foirig gach uili carraighe. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar ola &ersir; gallunach da cur triti &ersir; foirigh gac uili carraighe. An luibh so da bearbadh ar blonaig muice &ersir; aibigh &ersir; brisidh na neascoideadh &ersir; beirbtear an luibh cetna ar ola &ersir; curtar ceir innti &ersir; coimiltear amail uinneminntibh don tseilg &ersir; foirigh duinti na sseilge. Pudur na luibhe so &ersir; pudur asola da bearbadh ar mil &ersir; foirigh idroipis t re n-abur leucafleadhmansia. Sug na luibhe cetna da caitim maille re mil &ersir; marbaidh peiste na n-inneadh. An sug cetna maille re sug ruibi da cur sa sroin &ersir; glanaidh an incinn o imurcaigh leanna finn. Pinginne beca da denamh da premhaibh &ersir; a mbearbadh ar leamnacht &ersir; foirigh asma.

164. Lapis lasuili: .i. cloch noch ata fuar tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; folmuigid linn dubh co hoireda ono truime &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid na sincoipisi do-nitear o linn dubh &ersir; is amlaidh dleaghar a tobairt arna cumasc maille re teotoiricon &ersir; rena h-anacairdi &ersir; not leat gurab don cloit so do-nitear an asuir gorm. Sil feinel da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; pudur na cloithi so da cur trit &ersir; foirig gach uili galar seilgi amail adubrumar.

165. Lapis magnetis: .i. cloch; teasaide tirim, sa iii ceim &ersir; as uime aderar maighneis ria oir is inann madhneiti isin Greigis &ersir; fuil asin Gaedilg oir coiscid gach uile fuil. An cloc so do coimilt ar cloit lia &ersir; sug losa an sbarain aturra &ersir; eang lin da tuma ann &ersir; a cur re tilgin na fola &ersir; coiscid gach uili fuil. Ise ruidleas dilis na cloice so gach uili fuil da cosc &ersir; ata brigh atairrngteac innti da reir Alaxanndair &ersir; a traig Mara Toirrian da gabur e &ersir; gac uili long no eatur siblaidus an muir so ana mbid tairrngeada iaraind tairngid so cuca iat &ersir; baidtear iat. Pudur na cloithi so maille re sug fineil da tobairt &ersir; foirig an igroipis.

166. Lansiolata: .i. in slanlus; fuar tirim &ersir; as inann brigh &ersir; oibriughadh do &ersir; don cruait padraig. A cur a creachtaibh na linnidhan &ersir; foirigh. An sug cetna da cur ar tene diadh &ersir; foirigh. Ceirin don luibh cetna &ersir; da blonaig muice da cur arna haltaibh teasaide &ersir; foirig iat. Sudh na luibhe so d'ol roimh aixis fiabrasa quartana &ersir; foirigh. An sug cetna d'ol ar uisce do mnai gan slanugad &ersir; slanaidtear gan fuireach. Sugh na luibhe cetna maille re finegra do coimilt dona cuisleannaibleg. cosaibh tar eis sibuil &ersir; coisgid an tuirsi. Sugh na luibhe cetna da tobairt ar fin no ar lind &ersir; foirigh cneadha an lesa. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; an t-uisce da cur ar loscadh teineadh no uisce &ersir; foirig gan fuireach. Gab sug slanlosa &ersir; cainci acaid &ersir; sugh cruaiche padraig &ersir; buras maeth &ersir; becan ailimi &ersir; gealan uighe, cumuisc &ersir; cuir sa creacht &ersir; foirig linniga &ersir; aillsi.

167. Lauriola: .i. crand; teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; folmaigid co foireigneach &ersir; as risan toradh bis arin crann cetna aderar conidium &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim mar an cetna &ersir; atait craeba &ersir; duillebar &ersir; sil an croinn so umhal chum an leigis &ersir; folmuigid linn finn co hoireda &ersir; leanna righin ona ballaibh foirimilleacha amail atait na hailt &ersir; na cosa &ersir; an ceann cona cosmailibh. Et folmaigid linn dubh co tanaiste gurab uime sin is imcubaidh e da luct sietica &ersir; apoplesia &ersir; eipilensia &ersir; pairilis &ersir; arteitica &ersir; potagra &ersir; sireagra &ersir; dona huili easlainte fleadhmhica &ersir; folmaigid linn ruagh minadurtha amail ata coilera citrina &ersir; uitilina &ersir; curtar an lauriola a leigeasaibh comsuigigte amail atait oiximail &ersir; a cosmaile oir ni dleaghar a tabairt ana haenur oir ata scris na n-inneadh innti &ersir; dleaghar a cumasc maille re gum araibi &ersir; le bolus armenicus &ersir; ni dleaghar a tabairt acht don lucht aga mbid inne reamur &ersir; &ersir; is docur da cur chum innruma &ersir; is da sugh duillebair an crainn so do-nitear oilium laurinum.

168. Lenticula acatica: .i. ros lachan: is fuar e &ersir; ni fadar a ceim &ersir; ata brigh coisce neimhe &ersir; fritbuailti sa luibh so &ersir; is mor fodnus an aigid na neascoid teasaide amail ata quarbunculus &ersir; eirisipiala .i. gabh ros lacan &ersir; barr sidubail &ersir; teneagal &ersir; gealan uighe circi &ersir; cumuisctear &ersir; curtar umna neascoidibh &ersir; fritbuailidh an t-ainnteas &ersir; bocaig an t-adbar cruagh. Gab ros lachan &ersir; duillebar caince achaigh &ersir; barr uiola &ersir; duillebar eacseamrach &ersir; maetan drisi co mor da gach ni bristear &ersir; curtar bainne cic trit &ersir; curthar mar foibert fona suilibh &ersir; glanaigh an dearc &ersir; tirmuigid in ro-fabra.

169. Leuisticus: .i. in lubhaitse teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh diureticach osluigteac ann &ersir; seimhidteac. A preim &ersir; a sil is mo fodhnus chum an leigis. Ceirin don luibh so da cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; coisgidh a teinneas &ersir; a fuaraideacht. Pudur na luibhe so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; an fual &ersir; foirigh an luibh so greim na con confaigh &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin risin creacht. A brisidh maille re heitneadhaibh na cno nGaeidhilach &ersir; a cur sa cneadh &ersir; foirigh gach uili neimh &ersir; gabh barr lubaitse &ersir; elisdroint &ersir; meirsi &ersir; feineil deirg &ersir; liat-neanntog &ersir; camamilla beirb ar uisce milis amail fotragadh &ersir; tobair co mor da lucht na pairilise &ersir; do lucht 'ga mbid imurcaca idir feoil &ersir; leathar &ersir; bigh a brigh iiii bliadhna innti. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Sil na luibhe so da caitim maille re pudur caineil &ersir; comfortachtaidh an dileaghadh &ersir; a tabairt a mbiadaib &ersir; a sabsaib &ersir; a n-eanbruithib da caitheamh.

170. Lepus: .i. in mil muidhe; fuar tirim, da reir nadura. A fuil da cur fona suilibh &ersir; glanaidh finn &ersir; brat na sul. A cenn da loscad pudur da denam dhe &ersir; a cur maille re holaidh uman cenn &ersir; fasaidh a finnfadh. Cenn an mil da loscadh &ersir; a caitim &ersir; foirig crit na mball &ersir; furtachtaigid an pairilis. Incinn mil muidhe da rostad &ersir; da coimilt dan carbad na leanam &ersir; fasaid a fiacla gan teinneas. A fuil da chaitim da lucht disinteria &ersir; foirig iat &ersir; foirigh neascoide na n-innead. Binid mil muidhe da caitim an iii la a ndiaigh na fola mista &ersir; ticemaigh an toirrceas gan fuireach. Pudur da denamh d'fuil an mil muidhe a crocan criad &ersir; pudur a croicinn arna loscadh da chumusc ar fin finn &ersir; brisidh na cloca fuail gemudh arrsaigh iat.

171. Lapis agapidis: .i. cloch; fuar tirim. Et tairrngidh gach uili iarann asna cneadhaibh &ersir; a cumasc maille re hapostolicon. Pudur na cloithi so da cumasc maille re sug copoigi &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaibh &ersir; cneasaigh &ersir; glanaidh iat. Comtrom da &ounce; da pudur na cloithi so da tobairt maille re sugh feinel &ersir; foirig an igroipis&ersir; an pairilis &ersir; adeir Raisis pudur na cloithi so da tobairt maille re diatuirbid &ersir; re hagairc &ersir; pudur lapis lasuili &ersir; a cumasc maille re sugh feinel &ersir; ruibhe &ersir; folmuigid linn finn co hoireda &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste &ersir; is mor scribthar buada na cloithi so an antitair Avicenna.

172. Lisium: .i. gum craind; teasaide sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim amail adeir Plaitiairius &ersir; aderaid na doctuiri eli gurab sugh luibhe fasas sa talamh oirrcerach. A tirmugad a tosac an tsamraigh &ersir; bid brigh da bliadhain ann &ersir; aderar oculus lucrisi ria .i. glanaidh si na suili ona temeal &ersir; da-beir soillsi innta &ersir; ata brigh glantac innarbtac ann. Pudur an licium maille re h-uisce roisicdha da cur fona suilib &ersir; glanaidh iat &ersir; athnuaigid an radarc. Pudur an licium maille re h-uisce na roisi da coimilt da creachtaibh an beil &ersir; foirigh iat gan fuireach. An pudur cetna maille re blonaig muice da cur sa timtireacht amail p pisairium &ersir; lagaid gan guasact. Pisairium da denamh da saill muice &ersir; pudur licium da crothadh air &ersir; a cur sa maclac, &ersir; glanaidh e &ersir; da-beir an fuil mista Pudur licium &ersir; pudur serusa da cumasc maille re gealan uighe &ersir; a cur fon aigid &ersir; glanuig ona salcar hi.

173. Lilium: .i. in lilidh; teasaide fliuch sa cet ceim. An luibh so da bearbadh maille re blonaig muice &ersir; a cur ar loscadh teneadh no uisce &ersir; foirigh gan fuireach. An ceirin cetna an aigid spasmus na feiteadh. Item, gabh lilidh &ersir; beirb ar ola coitcinn no ar blonaig muice gan salann &ersir; faisc tri edach &ersir; coimil don maili &ersir; fasaigh an finnfadh gan fuireach. Premha na luibhe cetna da bearbadh ar midh &ersir; lagaidh an bru co hailginach.Item, sug lili &ersir; an 4 cuit d'finegra &ersir; an iiii cuit do mil beirb noco mbia tiugh &ersir; faisctear tri edac &ersir; curtar isna cneadhaib &ersir; foirigh. Sugh lili da coimilt don corp re teinigh &ersir; cuirigh allus co lor dhe, Gabh prema lili &ersir; beirb aran uinnemint darub ainm dialtea &ersir; leagur tri edach &ersir; coimiltear da druim na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; osluicidh a nduinti &ersir; a cruas.

174. Linga auis, pigla: .i. in tenga enain; teasaide fliuch sa cet ceim &ersir; is mor a brig ur &ersir; as bec crin. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; medaigid an sperma &ersir; togairmigh an toil. Item, gabh sug na luibhe so &ersir; cuir a comsuigiugad na lictabaireadh da comfurtacht na n-arann &ersir; an lesa amail ata benedicta &ersir; a cosmaile. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar sisan eorna &ersir; as mor comfurtachtaidheas luct na tisisi. Sud na luibhe cetna maille re siucra &ersir; a caitim &ersir; fodnaigh mar an cetna da lucht na tisisi &ersir; an ainnteasa. Sug na luibhe cetna maille re dragantum fodnaidh co mor ainnteasa na mball.

175. Litairgirum: .i. slaidteac an airgid; fuar fliuch co measarda &ersir; fedtar an t-ainm so da rad re slaidtec an oir &ersir; ata brigh coirtiteac cneasaidteac ann &ersir; fedtur an t-ainm si da rad re slaidteac an stain &ersir; ase as mo gnathaidtear cum an leigis oir glanaidh se na cnaime ona salcur &ersir; ona mbrentas &ersir; glanaidh fos an carraighi do-nitear o linn ruagh no o linn finn saillte. Pudur na slaidteac so da cur arna carraghaibh &ersir; foirigh gac uili cairraighi. An pudur cetna maille re h-ola na roisi da cur uman slait ferrda &ersir; foiridh a hatt &ersir; deirgi. Item, litairgirum da brisidh co min &ersir; cumaisctear maille re finegra no re huisce na heorna &ersir; coiscidh flux disinteria. An slaidteac cetna da deargadh &ersir; a baghadh le finegra re ix cuartaibh &ersir; in finegra da cur mar fhoibert fona suilibh &ersir; foirigh finn &ersir; teimil na sul.

176. Licrisi: .i. licoiris; teasaide fliuch sa cet ceim &ersir; aderuid na doctuire gurab prem crainn e &ersir; as amlaidh as fearr e &ersir; a beith cael rigin a ndath crochda &ersir; is amlaidh as measa e a beith geal edrom so-brisdi &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius gurab maith e an aigid gach uili easlainte cleibh &ersir; pleuirisisi &ersir; perpleumonia &ersir; co hairithe uisce ara mbearbtar licoiris da tabairt da ol doib &ersir; gurab mor comhfurtachtaideas iat. Item, gabh licoiris &ersir; beirb ar fin &ersir; foirigh gac uili cosachtach. Item, lictabairi da denamh da sugh licoirise &ersir; do mil &ersir; comhfurtachtaig a n-easlainte an cleibh. Item, licoiris da cognam &ersir; a connbail fo bun na t eangad &ersir; coiscid an ita &ersir; furtachtaigid gairbten na tenga &ersir; na braigead amuil adubramar.

177. Lapasium: .i. in copog; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; atait tri gneiti uirre .i. lapasium rotunndam .i. copoc cruinn &ersir; lapasium aqutum .i. copoc corr &ersir; lapasium &ersir; l domisdicum .i. copoc coitceann. Et adeir Plaitiairius co fuil brigh discailteach seimhidteac osluicteac innta. Sug na copoige &ersir; ola na cna francach &ersir; pic urdail da gach ni a mbearbadh ar fin tren &ersir; pudur deascadh an fina da cur tritu &ersir; a mbearbadh aris amail uinnemint &ersir; foirigh gac uili gne don cairrighe. Sug copoige maille re mil &ersir; a cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; lan leighi d'ol ar cet longadh de &ersir; marbaidh lumbrisi .i. peiste fada. Item, sug copoige &ersir; sug ruibi &ersir; a cur a meid big a pollaibh na srona an aimsir te &ersir; glanaidh an incinn o imurcaid leanna finn.

178. Linga bouina: .i. an t-odhrad; teasaide sa cet ceim &ersir; fliuch sa ii ceim da reir Auicenna. An luibh so d'ol ar fin co gnatac &ersir; innarbaidh linn ruagh loisce. An luibh cetna d'ol ar fin &ersir; coiscidh an mi-cuimne. An luibh cetna do bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foiridh an fail do-nitear o linn dubh. An luibh cetna d'ol ar fin no ar lind co ceann xx la &ersir; foirigh an linniga. Do mas do eachsemar don manna dona hublaibh graineacha don orufunt do smir don masdix don mil do nemainn don pimentairia don mellicratum don minntus don mercurial don athair talman don raidleoig do mirr don mighaidhi don caiserban bec don muscus do mumia don mandragora don mirbolanum dona hublaib fiadhain dons smeraib don melli dona sceachoiribh.

179. Mas: teasaide tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; croicind crainn e no mogall na cno re n-abar muscata &ersir; ase sin denamh is firinnighe air ata brigh cnaidteach comfurtachtach discailteach ann &ersir; ase dath as fearr air .i. dat fo-ruagh &ersir; blas ger as fearr air &ersir; beirig a brigh ix mbliadhna ann. A bearbadh ar fin tren &ersir; a ol &ersir; comfurtachtaigh an gaili &ersir; a congbail co fad a sa bel &ersir; glanaig an incinn. Item, mas da bearbadh ar sug fineil noco nderna fiucadh no do &ersir; a urdail d'fin tren da cur trit &ersir; a sitlod co mait &ersir; foirid an igroipis fuar &ersir; fuaraideacht an gaili &ersir; an t-asma tic o fuaraideacht &ersir; innarbaidh linn finn rigin on cliabh &ersir; on incinn. Item, mas da brisidh co min &ersir; a urdail da masdix da cur trit &ersir; a cumasc maille re h-ola na roisi &ersir; ceir ur da cur ann &ersir; a cur ar bel an gaili amail treta &ersir; foirig a tinis &ersir; a neimh-dileaghadh. Item, pudur da denamh da mas &ersir; a cur ar biadh no ar digh &ersir; foirid cardiaca.

180. Maccula trifolium: .i. an eachsemuir;teasaide tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; ata brigh diureticac comfurtachtach innti. A bearbadh ar fin maille rena blath &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an gaili &ersir; coiscidh a gaetmuireacht. Item, an luibh cetna maille re egrim da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; osluigid duinti na n-arann &ersir; an lesa. Blath na luibhe cetna da caitim &ersir; foirig an bren-analaighe &ersir; beirig a brigh ann co ceann iiii mbliadhain .i. ana blath &ersir; ana sil. Sil na luibhe cetna da cur an eanbruitibh &ersir; a mbiadaibh &ersir; do-ni deagbalaidh dibh &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an gaili co cumachtach.

181. Manna: teasaide fliuch co measurda &ersir; aderaid drong ann gurab sugh luibhi e &ersir; aderaid drong eli gurab drucht neamhda e toiteas ar luibhib diureticaca isin talam naem at abrigh glanta na fola ann. Manna &ersir; casia fistula da cumasc trina ceili &ersir; a tobairt isna fiabrasib gera &ersir; lagaidh co hailginac &ersir; coiscidh an tinneas. Et adeir Plaitiairius manna do congmail co fada isin bel &ersir; coiscidh ita &ersir; gairbi na teangadh. Item, manna &ersir; siucra caindi &ersir; licoiris da cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; is leiges imcubaigh e isna fiabrasaib gera &ersir; ni fuil dona huili ni milis ni is millsi na'n manna firi. Et aderaid na dochtuire gurab inann brigh &ersir; oibriughadh don manna &ersir; don casia fistula &ersir; folmaig linn ruagh co hoireda &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste &ersir; is mor fodnus da luct an terciana &ersir; da luct na buideacuiri do-nitear o linn ruagh. Coimlinaigh easbadha na brighi totlaigeach noch tic o imdugad leanna ruaigh &ersir; o ainmeasurdacht na n-ae &ersir; confurtachtaigid gac uili easlainte do-nitear o linn ruagh. A tabairt ar uisce mbog &ersir; lagaid an bru &ersir; coiscid ainnteas leanna ruaigh.

182. Mala granata: .i. na hubla graineacha; fuar tirim isin ii ceim &ersir; annsa Sbainn da gabur iat &ersir; at abrigh comfurtachtach sdipecdha tirmteac innta &ersir; coiscidh gach flux fola fola &ersir; gac sceathrac coilerdha. Et adeir Isac sugh na n-uball ngraineach da cur fona suilibh ara mbi an buideacuir &ersir; foiridh iat. Item, croicinn na n-uball ngraineach da brisidh co min mil da cur trit &ersir; a cur amail foibert fona suilibh &ersir; glanaidh iat. Item, sug na n-uball ngraineach &ersir; siucra &ersir; finegra fina finnn cumaisctear amail tsiroip aigeidi &ersir; a tobairt da luct na fiabrus nger &ersir; comfurtachtaigid iat. Item, croicinn na n-uball ngraineach &ersir; a cumasc maille re sugh na cruaiti padraig &ersir; a tobairt amail pisairium &ersir; foiridh flux na fola mista. Item, sugh na n-uball ngraineach da gabail &ersir; tumtar edach lin and &ersir; curtar imon edan &ersir; umna hairgibh &ersir; coiscidh flux fola na srona &ersir; ainnteas na fiabrus nger.

183. Marubium: .i. in t-orofont; teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa iii ceim. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin no ar midh maille re prem soilistair &ersir; foirigh tisis &ersir; taisis noc do-nitear o adbar fuar. An luibh cetna da coimilt ar uisce &ersir; deoch dhe da tobairt don mnai bis re n-ignaibh &ersir; beiridh leanamh gan fuireach. An luibh cetna maille re mil oimh da cur isna cneadhaib &ersir; glanaidh iat &ersir; icaidh linnigdha. An luibh cetna da coimilt ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; icaidh an tineas cinn do-nitear o fuaraideacht. Item, foibert da denamh da sug na luibi cetna maille re fin &ersir; re mil &ersir; glanaidh finna na sul. Item, sugh na luibhe cetna da cur bog san cluais &ersir; innarbaidh peisti na cluaise &ersir; ni maith da lucht galair na n-arann na'n lesa an luibh so do gnathughadh. An luibh so do bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt an aigid ilica &ersir; coilica &ersir; foirigh iat. An luib cedna d'ol ar fin &ersir; togarmaig an slanugad gan fuireac.

184. Medulla: .i. in smir &ersir; ni fuil dona huili smiraib smir as fearr na smir fiadha &ersir; smir laigh &ersir; ainnsein smir tairb &ersir; ainnsein smir gabair 'na diaig-sin smir caerach &ersir; ata gac smir dib so maille re brigh bocta &ersir; muna dileaghur iat laidhighid an totlugh &ersir; combuaigrid an gaili &ersir; ni dleaghar a caitim acht maille re pibar da reir Auicenna oir da caiti da dendais fasdidium isin gultus da reir Isac.

185. Masdix: .i. gum crainn fasus annsa Greig. Teasaide tirim isin ii ceim. Masdix da brisidh &ersir; gealan uighe da cur trit &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin uman edan &ersir; umna hairgibh &ersir; coiscidh teasbac &ersir; deargadas na sul &ersir; a ndera &ersir; coiscidh rith an adbair cucu. Item, pudur masdix da cumasc maille re ceir bhuig &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arin ngaili &ersir; coiscidh an sceatrac. Item, gabh sil fineil &ersir; bris co maith e &ersir; bearbtar ar fin maille re maisdix &ersir; eabar &ersir; comfurtachtaig an gaili ona gaetmuireacht &ersir; ona teinneas &ersir; ni dleaghar a bearbadh co mor &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt te.

186. Mel: .i. in mil; teasaide sa ced ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; atait da ghne uire .i. mil geal &ersir; mil ruagh. An mil geal uero bis isna cuirrceogaibh &ersir; an mil ruagh bis annsna crannaibh. An mil geal uero curtar isna leigesaib fuara &ersir; an mil ruagh isna leigesaib teasaide. Et ata brigh glantac sleamnaidhteac coimedtac innti oir coimedaigh gach uili ni ana curtar hi ina brigh &ersir; ina naduir fein. A taisce om &ersir; mairig a brigh ii.xx bliadhain indte &ersir; ata si teasaide diureticach &ersir; atait tri cuisi 'ma curtar cum an leigis hi. An cet cuis dib ara beit tolltanach ag breith brighe &ersir; cumachta an leigis cum na mball. An dara hadbur a beit milis ac ceannsugad seirbi gac uili leigis. An iii cuis brigh coimeda gac uili neith ina foladh fein innti idir teasaideacht &ersir; fuaraideacht &ersir; is mo fodnus an mil da luct an coimpleasca fuair na do lucht an coimpleasca teasaide oir imdaigid si linn ruagh co mor &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigid na leannann fuar bis san gaili &ersir; is amlaigh fodnus .i. dentar an deoc darub ainm mulsa .i. ocht rainn d'uisce &ersir; aen rann meala oir discailid &ersir; innarbaigh na leanna fuara ona ballaibh inmedonaca. Item, mil &ersir; domblas ae tairbh do coimilt don aigid &ersir; glanaid hi ona salcur &ersir; innarbaidh coin adairce na haidhce &ersir; fodhnaig fos uisce bog &ersir; mil do coimilt don aigid &ersir; glanaidh hi mar in cetna. Item, adeir Plaitiairius mil &ersir; fin da cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; foirig sincoipis &ersir; is mor fodnaid na gaeti do-nitear do mil &ersir; da salann da lucht na fiabras teasaide ara mbi constipasion.

187. Margarite: .i. in nemunn; fuar tirim an cloch so &ersir; a sligenaibh da gabar hi &ersir; is amluidh fasas an uair a sluigeas an sligen sin gabaidh a lan don druct neamhdhaOne of the Scottish copies has nemaidhi, which MacKinnon translates as poisonous. See, however, Chapter 181. cuigi &ersir; dunaigh ana timcill &ersir; do-ni cloch de re n-abur an nemann. Et an nemann ana mbi poll do reir a nadura fein asi as fearr ann &ersir; a beith a ndat geal &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta in craighi innti &ersir; curtar iat a lictabairib comhfurtachta darub ainm diamargaireton. Et not leat mad ailt an nemann da beit geal tobair hi do peta coluim da hite &ersir; leagar dhi ana gaili tri huair no a iiii &ersir; scoiltear an t-en asa haithli &ersir; bointear an cloch as &ersir; big glan solus deallraitheach da eis.

188. Mellago: .i. pimentaria; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; is mor a brigh ur &ersir; crin &ersir; dleaghar a tirmugad re grein ar dus &ersir; a taisce an inad innfuar &ersir; beirigh brigh bliadhna ann &ersir; ata brigh discailteac cnaidteac innti. A bearbadh ar fin no ar linn &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirig at &ersir; tinneas na bronn &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. A boltanugad da cur fon sroin co minic &ersir; comfurtachtaig an incinn. A duillebar da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a cur te arin mbaitis &ersir; coiscig silead an rema &ersir; teinnis an cinn. An luibh cetna do cur a fotracadh &ersir; an bean da cur ann conuic a himlinn &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista co mait.

189. Mellicratum: .i. deoch do-nitear do mil &ersir; d'fin .i. da rann fina &ersir; en rann meala &ersir; as mor comfurtachtaigeas an deoc so an naduir. Isoip &ersir; saidsi da bearbadh arin digh so &ersir; is tarbach sin an aigid gac uili easlainte an cleibh. Aran geal arna rosdad da tuma annsan digh so &ersir; icaidh an cairdiaca &ersir; sincoipis gan fuireach.

190. Menta: .i. minntus; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; is mor confurtachtaigeas in gaili &ersir; in dileaghadh. A tabairt ar cet longadh &ersir; marbaidh peiste noch bis leat astidh isin corp. A bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; urbruith da denum dona huirgibh dhe &ersir; foirid a n-att &ersir; fodnaidh fos an aigid cruais &ersir; aitt na cich. Minntas &ersir; salann da brisidh trit a ceili &ersir; a cur ar greim na con confaid &ersir; foirig e gan fuireach &ersir; ni teit a neimh ina haitli. Da thoirmeasc na geineamhna sugh minntais da cur sa mbandacht &ersir; ni teagmann clann don mnai. Sugh minntais da coimilt don caisi &ersir; ni brenann gemad fada beas astigh. Minntus da tirmugadh &ersir; beirid a brigh ann bliadhain. Minntas da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; na fiacla do nighe as &ersir; furtachtaigid a tinneas &ersir; daingnidh iat &ersir; foirigh an brenanalaighi. Pudur pibair &ersir; caineil da caitim maille re sugh minntais amail sabus &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an dileaghadh. Item, minntus do bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a ol &ersir; coiscidh an sceatrach. Barr minntais da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin umna hairnibh &ersir; glanaidh an maclac agna mnaib. Lan duirn da barr minntais da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a cur te arin imlican &ersir; foirigh coilica &ersir; ilica.

191. Mercurialis: .i. mercurial; fuar fliuch sa cet ceim &ersir; ata foludh rigin aici &ersir; at abrigh bochta innti &ersir; folmuighidh linn ruagh co hoireda ona haeib &ersir; ona hinnibh &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste. Sugh na luibhe so da tobairt omh maille re siucra &ersir; folmuighidh co hailginach na leanna reamraiti. Et teit an brigh lactach asdi rena bearbadh.

An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar im no ar blonaig muice &ersir; a fascad tri edach &ersir; a tobairt amail sailb &ersir; foirid an cosachtach &ersir; easlainte an cleibh. Mercurial do bearbadh ar feoil mhuice &ersir; an feoil &ersir; an t-eanbruithi da caitim roimh an purgoid &ersir; bogaid &ersir; sleamhnaigh na hinne &ersir; na sligthi co hinmedonac. A bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a ol &ersir; reamraigid an tsealg noch do cael o imurcraig leanna ruaigh. Item, beirb an luibh cetna ar uisce &ersir; curtar blonaig muici &ersir; mil &ersir; salann ann &ersir; a tabairt amail clistire &ersir; lagaidh na hinne co socamlac ailghineach.

192. Mellifolium: .i. in athair talmun; teasaide tirim ata si as mor fodhnus an aigid na cloc fuail &ersir; coididiana. Item, gabh tri craeba beca don atair talman &ersir; tabair re tri laeib don othar &ersir; da sceidhi ni ticfa as &ersir; muna sceidhi budh slan. Et as mor fodhnus an luibh cetna an aigid artetica &ersir; potagra. An luibh cetna da cur adrut &ersir; da brog a dul a coinne no an oireachtasaibh &ersir; biaidh buaigh n-uiruigill ort an feadh bis ann.

193. Mirtuis: .i. in raidleag; fuar sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; is fearr a hur na a crin. A ros da tirmugad re grein &ersir; beirig a brigh ii bliadhain ann &ersir; beirid a brigh ana duillebar iii bliadhna &ersir; ata brigh fastoidhteac innte ona poinnticeacht &ersir; brigh comfurtachta ona deaghbaladh gurab uime sin fodnus an aigid na sceatraighe coilerda &ersir; flux na bronn &ersir; fluxa na fola mista noch tic o anbainne na brighe fostoidhthi &ersir; o geire na leannann. Ros na luibhe so do brisidh maille re gealan uighe &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arin ngaili &ersir; coiscidh in sceatrach. An ceirin cetna da cur umna hairnibh &ersir; coiscidh flux na fola mista. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; fotragadh da denamh dhi &ersir; an t-easlan da cur 'na suighi ann &ersir; coiscidh flux disinteria &ersir; na fola mista. Item, gabh ros na luibhe so &ersir; premh madra &ersir; marbdroigin &ersir; airged luacra &ersir; premha macaill &ersir; bearbtar ar uisce &ersir; cuirtear mil no siucra innti &ersir; a hol mocrach &ersir; re laighi &ersir; foiridh na cneadha.

194. Mirra: .i. mirr; teasaide tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; gum croinn e fasas annsan Innia &ersir; dat dearg no solus or-buighi is fearr air &ersir; beirigh a brigh ann cet bliadhan &ersir; is amlaidh da gabur e an aimsir samraig &ersir; builli da tuaigh da tabairt arin crand &ersir; silidh an ghum so as. Mirr da cur ar smeroidib dearga &ersir; a deatac da ligin sa mbel &ersir; foirigh do-baladh na hanala, Pudur mirri da congmail fona fiaclaibh &ersir; do coimilt dibh &ersir; daingnigid iat &ersir; do-ni anal co mait. Item, dentar pillula da sdoracx &ersir; do mirr &ersir; connaimtear san bel &ersir; toirmiscigh sibal an rema &ersir; foirig catarrus. An pillula cetna da cur ar smeroidibh &ersir; a deathac da gababail isin bel &ersir; comhfurtachtaidh an dileaghadh. Mirr &ersir; ubla figi da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; is comachtach comfurtachtaigeas an dileaghadh. A cur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a deatac da ligin a mbel an maclaic &ersir; glanaidh e &ersir; comfurtachtaidh an brigh geneamhnach. An deatac cetna da ligin fon timtireacht &ersir; foirig an tineasmon amail adubrumar.

195. Morella: .i. midhaidi; fuar tirim sa dara ceim. Da bainne da sugh na luibhe so do cur sa cluais &ersir; foirig an teinneas tic o teasaideacht innti. Ceirin don luib so da cur fon edan &ersir; foirig tinneas an cinn tic o teasaideacht. Sudh na luibhe cetna da coimilt don brut &ersir; dona goranaib do-nitear o teasaideacht &ersir; foirig iat. Sugh na luibhe &ersir; cetna min cruithneachta da cur arin teinigh diadh &ersir; ar in aillsi &ersir; foirigh iat. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar sisan eorna &ersir; a tobairt an aigid na neascoid teasaide bis isna ballaibh inmedonacha. Item, breid dearg da tuma a sug na luibhe so &ersir; a cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; coiscidh a n-ainnteas &ersir; a cur umna haltaibh &ersir; foirig an potagra thic o teasaideacht mar adubramur.

196. Morsus demonis: .i. greim an deamhain .i. an caisearban bec; fuar tirim sa cet ceim. A coimilt ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an gaili &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; tirmaigid uisgimlacht ainmeasardha na fola. A coimilt ar uisce &ersir; a ol &ersir; glanaidh salcur an maclaic. Item, gabh caisearban bec &ersir; fumiter &ersir; gorman bec &ersir; ogradh &ersir; prema losa na franc &ersir; premha macaill &ersir; finscoithi &ersir; atur talman; bristear na luibhe so &ersir; curtar ar lind tren &ersir; curtar mil arna spumail innti in med is ailt &ersir; a ol mocrac &ersir; re loighi &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; an maclaic &ersir; glanaidh an fuil co himcubaig.

197. Muscus: .i. spisrad; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; adeir Plaitiairius gurab edh as muscus ann .i. bracadh bis a neascoidib ainmidedh san Innia &ersir; as cosmuil iat re gobraibh &ersir; a ngoiri da ngluinibh bis an neascoid so. Et atait tri datha .i. dat dubh co huili &ersir; dat dubh co rannaige &ersir; dath fo-ruagh &ersir; ase dath as fearr dib an dath fo-ruag. A boltanughadh da cur fon sroin &ersir; foirigh an sincoipis &ersir; gac uili anbuinne craighi &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta innti ona deaghballadh &ersir; brigh discailteac ona cailib fein. Muscus da cur fon sroin co gnatac &ersir; foirigh presuficacio matricis &ersir; gac uili anmainne na brighi ainmighi. Muscus da cur isin maclac &ersir; togairmigh an geneamhain. Item, muscus da cur an ola no co leaga &ersir; olunn no cadas da tuma innti &ersir; a cur sa maclac &ersir; do-ni mar in cetna &ersir; a congmail isin bel &ersir; colscidh do-baladh na hanala. Muscus da coimilt idir da basaib a srut no a loch &ersir; tiucfaid an t-iasc chugad &ersir; an liusach co hairithi.

Pudur an muscus da coimilt dona hascallaibh &ersir; foirigh a mbrentas re n-abuir ircus amail adubrumar romhainn.

198. Mumia: .i. gne spisruidh noch ata teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; as amlaidh da gabur e annsa Babileoin &ersir; a crich na paghanac &ersir; na Serristinech .i. an tan adnaictear tigerna dib so curtar moran da mirr &ersir; da balsamum &ersir; da spisartaibh uaisli deagbalaidh ana timceall isin comraigh &ersir; an tan leaghas an corp daenna &ersir; na neithi sin do-ni pudur min dibh &ersir; ni fuil dona huili neithibh ni as fearr baladh na e &ersir; an tan toctar an comra da gabur e ameasc na cnamh 'na pudur min &ersir; ata brigh fastaiteac ann &ersir; cosc fola &ersir; is mor fodnus da luct ematoica .i. don luct chuiris fuil tara mbel &ersir; an aigid flux na fola mista. Et as mor fodnus boltanughadh an guma so an aimsiri an droc-aeir truaillnigthi.

199. Mandragora: .i. prem luibhi noch ata fuar tirim &ersir; ni fadur a ceim ona hugdaraibh &ersir; atait da gne uirre .i. gne bannda &ersir; gne fearrdha &ersir; aderaid drong dona doctuiribh gurab faisna crocairibh da gabur e .i. an silni tuitis uata san talam innas co crutaidtear e &ersir; co mbinn a premh a ndeilbh duine. Croicinn na preimhe so da taisceadh &ersir; mairidh a brigh iii bliadhna innti. Et ata brigh fritbuailteac coimhceangail marbtac innti. A cur fo cinn an duine &ersir; togairmigh an codladh. Pudur na premhi so maille re gealan uighe da cur fon edan &ersir; foirigh tinneas an cinn &ersir; togairmigh an codlad mar an cetna. An pudur so do tobairt ar fin da ol &ersir; fritbuailigh na neascoide teasaide co hinmedonac. Is imda buadha eli ar manndragora isna leabraibh noc licfeamaid torainn annso.

200. Mirbulani: torudh crainn fasas annsan Innia &ersir; atait u gneithi air &ersir; atait uili fuar sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh lactach a ngach gne dibh. An cet gne dib mirbolani citrini &ersir; bit trom a ndat buighe &ersir; folmuighidh linn ruagh co hoireda &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste &ersir; is imcubaidh da luct na buideacuire &ersir; terciana an gne so &ersir; an aigid ainmeasurdachta na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; an aigidh easbada na brighi totluighthe noch do laidigh o imarcaidh leanna ruaigh &ersir; glanaidh an gaili &ersir; na hinne &ersir; innarbaidh uisce na hidroipisi re n-abar alcites &ersir; tempanites &ersir; as amlaidh dleaghar a tabairt maille re meadg bainne gobair no le sugh fumiter &ersir; ni dleaghar aen gne acu so da bearbadh acht a tobairt fuar oir beanaidh a mbearbadh a mbrigh asta. An ii gne re n-abur mirbolani cebuli &ersir; as mo as fearr hi na'n gne adubrumar &ersir; as luga as searb &ersir; as mo tigernaidheas brigh sdipicda innti &ersir; as bec lagas &ersir; folmuighidheas linn dubh &ersir; na leanna loiscte as mo da-ni gurab uime sin as imcubaidh e da lucht quartana nota &ersir; cardiaca &ersir; sincoipisi do-nitear o linn dubh &ersir; an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; fluxa an daergalair &ersir; an aigid dorcachta an radairc do-nitear o deathaigib leanna duibh &ersir; cuirtear an gne so da mirbolani a leigesaib comsuigigte maille re reubarbram &ersir; re siltaib diureticaca an aigid dorcacht an radairc mar adubramur. An iii gne .i. mirbolani inndi &ersir; ata a oibriughadh co hinmedonac idir sitrina &ersir; cebuli oir ni folmuightear linn ruagh co mor le sitrini &ersir; folmuightear linn dubh co mor le cebuli. An iiii gne .i. mirbolani emblici &ersir; folmuighidh linn dubh co hoireda &ersir; linn finn co tanaiste. An v gne .i. mirbolani bellirisi &ersir; folmuighidh mar in cetna linn dubh co hoireda &ersir; linn ruagh co tanaiste. Et aderait na dochtuire co folmuighinn gac uili mirbolani ona haeibh &ersir; on gaili &ersir; ona cuisleannaib re n-abar miseracio uena &ersir; na baill imilleacha amail adubrumar romhainn.

201. Mala masiana: .i. na hubla fiadain; fuar tirim &ersir; ni fadur a ceim a leabraibh Plaitiairius &ersir; ata brigh fostoidteach innta. Gabh ubla coillighi &ersir; maetain drisi arna mbrisidh &ersir; beirb iat a finegra &ersir; curtar umna hairnib no arin fordronn &ersir; foiridh disinteria. Na hubla millsi atait maille re gaetmuireacht moir. Na hubla stipica coillighi da tobairt a haitli an big omh no beirbfi &ersir; as mor fodnuid don luct eirgeas a heaslainte 'ga mbi neimh-dileaghadh 'na ngaili &ersir; as amlaidh dleaghar a tobairt .i. na hubla da gearradh ara lar &ersir; a sceallain da buain asta leath astid &ersir; a linadh dona puduraib so .i. pudur clobuis &ersir; nutmicc &ersir; lignum aloeis &ersir; muna fadtar so curtar pudur cuimin amhain innta no pibair &ersir; a rostadh &ersir; a caitim a haitli na codach &ersir; comfurtachtaig an dileaghadh co mor. Item, garr an ubaill cetna arna rostadh do cumasc maille re h-ailim &ersir; re borax &ersir; a cur arin aillsi &ersir; foirig hi gan aimiris mar adubrumar.

202. Mora selsi: .i. na smera; fuar tirim atait siat &ersir; ata gne eli dib noch ata teasaide tirim &ersir; ar crannaib fasaid &ersir; ata brigh discailteac isna smeraibh fasas arna drisibh &ersir; is mor fodnaid an aigid scinannsia &ersir; tuitme an t-sine tseaain &ersir; na cat mbraigid. A cur isna lictabairibh danadh ainm diamoron. Sugh na smer &ersir; mil da bearbadh trit a ceili &ersir; fodhnaidh an inad diamoron &ersir; mairidh a brigh ann x mbliadhna. Sudh na smer da tabairt co diuid no maille re biadhaibh &ersir; marbaid peiste an gaili &ersir; na n-inneadh &ersir; lagaidh an bru.

203. Melli: .i. luib; teasaide tirim sa dara ceim &ersir; as da preim gairtear an t-ainm so .i. ara millsi aderar an t-ainm ria &ersir; ata brigh diureticac innte ona seimhe &ersir; brigh aitairngteac on a cailib fein. A bearbadh ar fin no ar uisce &ersir; a ol &ersir; osluigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. A bearbadh ar uisce an airasir samraig dona dainibh oga a aca mbeith na duinti sin. A bearbadh ar fin an aimsir fuair dona dainib arrsaige aca mbeit na duinti remraiti. Pudur da denamh da premhaib na luibhe cetna &ersir; pudur sil feinel da cur trit &ersir; a tobairt ar biadh no ar dig &ersir; calmaigid an dileaghadh &ersir; comfurtachtaigid na baill inmedonaca. Item, beirbtear an luibh cetna ar fin &ersir; curtar te arin timtireacht &ersir; foirigh teneasmon.

Item, lictabair da denamh da pudur melli &ersir; do mil &ersir; as mor comhfurtachtaideas an dileadhadh.

204. Mesbili: .i. na sceachoire; fuar tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; comhfurtactaidit an gaili &ersir; coiscidh an t-innrum coilerda &ersir; togairmigh an fual &ersir; is mo fodnaid da leith an leigis na da leit an bigh oir as bec oilid an corp &ersir; an meid oilid as fuil reamur tuismidh &ersir; as roim an cuit dleaghar a caitimh &ersir; as mar sin comfurtachtaidid an gaili &ersir; gac ball feitheach air ceana. Don bilur uisce don musdard da blath na raibhi uisce don neift don cnu francach don nus muscata don almont.

205. Nastursium: .i. in bilur usci; teasaide tirim sa dara ceim; a bearbadh ar uisce no ar feoil &ersir; a caitimh &ersir; glanaidh an gaile &ersir; na baill spirudalta ona leannaibh fuara. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; ar ola &ersir; a caitim &ersir; foiridh sdranguria &ersir; disuria. Bilur uisce do bearbadh ar im no ar ola &ersir; a cur arin imlican &ersir; icaidh coilica &ersir; ilica. Urbruith fon timtireacht da denam da bilur &ersir; a deathac do licin fon timtireacht &ersir; foirid teneasmon a cur te arin imlican foirigh coilica amail adubramur.

206. Napeum, sinapium: .i. da ainm an mosdaird &ersir; ata se teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; as mo brigh ana sil na san luibh fein &ersir; seimigid na leanna remra isin cliabh &ersir; isin n-incinn &ersir; togairmigh an fual &ersir; an fuil mista &ersir; dicuirigh bron &ersir; dubacas o neach. Ceirin don tsil so &ersir; d'figeadaibh tirma &ersir; do plur arain gil &ersir; do mil &ersir; d'finegra &ersir; a cumasc trit a celi &ersir; a cur umna haltaibh &ersir; foirigh gach uili easlainte na n-alt. An ola da-nitear don mosdard is cumachtac hi an aigid gac uili easlainte na feithid &ersir; pairilis. Sil na luibhe so do congmail isan bel &ersir; foirigh teinnis na fiacal do-nitear o fuaraideacht. Ceirin do min mosdaird &ersir; do blonaig muice &ersir; foirigh salcur &ersir; brut an craicinn. Ceirin do min mosdaird &ersir; d'figeadaib tirma &ersir; do mil da cur fon ceann d'eis a bearrta &ersir; foirig litairgia. Item, ceirin do min mosdaird &ersir; do mil &ersir; do blonaig muice da cur arin ceann &ersir; fasaig an finnfad &ersir; foirig gach uili maili. Mosdard da caitim roimh aixis coididiana &ersir; foirig e amail adubrumar.

207. Nenufar: .i. blath na raibhe uisce; fuar fliuch sa dara ceim &ersir; is da premaib na luibhe cet na gairtear ungula cabalina. Blath na luibhe cetna do tinol a mi Iuil &ersir; a tirmughadh an inadh innfuar &ersir; beirigh a brigh da bliadhain ann. Blath na luibhe so da bearbadh ar uisce na licoirisi &ersir; is mor fodhnus an aigid ainnteasa na mball spirudalta &ersir; is dileas an t-uisce cetna an aigid na fiabras nger mar ata terciana intribulata &ersir; quason &ersir; a cosmaile. Et fos dleaghar an aigid &ersir; na hairgi &ersir; na pulsada a coitcinne d'innladh asin uisci sin isna fiabrasaib gera. Ceirin da duillebar na luibhe cetna da cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; coiscidh an buideocuir &ersir; ainntes na n-ae. Do tiugugad na gruaigi noch tuitis o adhbar teasaide .i. premha na luibhe so da brisidh &ersir; a cur ar folcadh &ersir; an ceann do nighi as &ersir; is fearr an luibh so isna tirtaibh teasaide na isna tirtaibh fuara &ersir; as mor fodnus siroip an blatha so isna heaslaintib gera. Et as amlaidh do-nitear hi .i. moran da blath na luibhe so da bearbadh ar uisci &ersir; a sitlodh &ersir; siucra da cur ann &ersir; bidh ana siroip. Blath na luibhe so da cur re feadh oidhche an uisci fuar &ersir; a cur arna maireach gan brisidh arin edan &ersir; togairmigh an codladh isna fiabrasaibh gera &ersir; coiscidh teinneas an cinn &ersir; a cur umna pulsaibh &ersir; coiscid luas an craighi.

208. Nepta: .i. neift; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim; a bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; togairmigh an t-allus co huilidhi. An luibh cetna da bearbadh &ersir; a ol &ersir; a coimilt dona pulsaibh &ersir; foirig aixis. quartana. An luibh cetna da brisid 'na haenur &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin ar bel an da iscad &ersir; foirig teinneas an droma &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; tairrngidh cuigi na leanna righne bis annsna ballaibh sin. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt an aigid na luibri tic o fuaraideacht &ersir; ni mhedaigeann nis mo. An luibh cetna da thabairt ar fin no ar lind &ersir; foirigh greim na con confaidh. Sugh na luibhe cetna d'ol &ersir; marbaidh na peiste. An sugh cetna da cur isna cluasaibh &ersir; marbaidh na peiste isna cluasaib. Et na gnataidhid na mna torrcha an luibh so. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; foirigh an t-asma tic o fuaraideacht &ersir; cumgacht an cleibh &ersir; duinti na seilge &ersir; teinneas an gaili &ersir; an fail. An luibh cetna da brisidh co min &ersir; a cur arna neascoidibh &ersir; foirigh a ndroc-dath &ersir; glanaidh iad.

209. Nux magna: .i. in cnu franccach; fuar fliuch sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh stipeca co foirtill ana duillebar &ersir; an a croicinn an crainn so ara mbit na cno so gurab u uime sin coisceas gach flux fola. Duillebar an crainn so maille re ruibh da brisidh &ersir; mil da cur trita &ersir; foirigh teinneas na feitheadh. An ola cetna do-nitear d'eitnib na cno so foirigh an aillsi bhis a ngoire dona suilib &ersir; isna cicibh amail adeir Auicenna. Cebe codlus fo scaili an crainn so as cuis geneamhna do mhoran d'easlaintibh e. Sugh croicinn na cno so da tobairt maille re siucra &ersir; foirigh stranguria. Sugh an croinn cetna da tobairt maille re finegra isna fiabrasaibh tic maille re rigur &ersir; re fuacht &ersir; foirigh iat gan fuireach. Eitneadha na cno so da caitim maille re sugh ruibhi &ersir; foirigh gach uile neim &ersir; da caitear iat co gnathach tuismidh leanna coilerda teasaide &ersir; isna coimpleascaibh teasaide co hairithi. Eitneadh na cno francach da brisidh mil tritha &ersir; foirigh na neascoide chruaidhi do-nitear o lind dub mar adubramur.

210. Nux muscata: .i. nutamicc; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; torudh crainn e noch fasas san Innia &ersir; bid a mbrigh vii mbliadhna innta &ersir; is amhluidh as fearr an cnu so .i. a beit trom daingin gan puill innti &ersir; ata brigh comhfurtachta aici ona deagbaladh &ersir; brigh cnaidteac discailteac ona cailibh fein. Leath na cno so do tobairt ar cet longadh an aigid fuaraideachta an gaili &ersir; an neimhdhileaghadh &ersir; da-beir dath maith arin aigid leis. Nus muscata &ersir; mas da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt ar cet longadh &ersir; da dearb Plaitiairius a cumachta so an aigid fuaraideachta na mball spirudalta no inmedonac. Item, cuimin &ersir; nus muscata da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; do-ni an t-oibriugad cetna. An cnu cetna do congmail co fada sa bel &ersir; comhfurtachtaigh an inchinn. Et adeir Raisis da caitear nus muscata &ersir; cubebis &ersir; mass roimh an cuid co foiridh an brenanalaidhi &ersir; da caitear a ndiaigh na codach co ndein an meisce. Et curtar nus muscata isna lictabairib comhsuigigte chomhfurtachtaidheas an incinn &ersir; an craighe mar ata diapinidi &ersir; diaradon &ersir; diasiminum &ersir; diagalanga &ersir; a cosmaile amail adubrumur.

211. Nux longa: .i. almont milis; teasaide fliuch a medon an cet ceime &ersir; atait na halmonta searba teasaide tirim a ndeireadh an ii ceime &ersir; adeir Galienus co fuil gne seirbe a ngach aen almont &ersir; olid amail oil id na cno Gaedealta &ersir; as reamur a foladh &ersir; as an-umal don dileaghadh iat do reir roime a folaidh &ersir; urcoidigid don galli da reir Isac. Et as mor fodnuidh don luct aca mbid cumgach cleib &ersir; tirmacht scaman &ersir; arann &ersir; togairmigh an fual &ersir; ullmuighigh duinti na n-ae gurab uime sin aderar na halmonta searba da tobairt mar leiges &ersir; na halmonta millsi mar biad. Et an ola do-nitear dona halmontaibh millsi as mor fodnas da galraibh an cleibh &ersir; a tobairt maille re mil &ersir; re siucra da caiteamh. Et adeir Isac gurab amlaidh as fearr na halmonta .i. a mbeit ur a ngoire da fliuchaideacht nadurtha fein &ersir; as olc iat arrsaig. A caitim an uair as oc iat &ersir; coiscidh ainnteas an gaili &ersir; an cleibh. Na halmoint searbha da caitear iat cuirig an corp a calle &ersir; discailid na leanna ramra on cliabh &ersir; ona scamhanaib &ersir; osluicidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; discailidh an gaetmuireacht ramur bis annsan inne re n-abar colon &ersir; glanaidh salcar na n-arann &ersir; an maclaig &ersir; furtachtaig constipasion na bronn. An croiceann bhis orra leath amuith do buain dibh &ersir; a cur san maclac &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista co cumactach &ersir; innarbaidh gach ulli 1inn morgaithi bis annsa corp &ersir; coisgidh teinneas na bronn &ersir; togairmigh in codladh. A tabairt maille re sugh minntus &ersir; coiscidh an flux fola. A tobairt maille re sugh egrime Gaedilaighi &ersir; brisidh na clocha fuail. A cumasc maille re finegra &ersir; an aigid d'innladh as &ersir; glanuidh hi o gach uili salcur. Bainne na n-almont searb da tobairt maille re fin &ersir; furt acht aigid co mor an aigid na fiabras righin. Don olibanum don opoponax dona huighib do cnaim craighi in fiadha don eorna.

212. Olibanum: teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; gum croinn e noch da gabhar annsa catraig darub ainm Alaxanndria &ersir; da gabur e fos annsa chatraig darub ainm Gamascum &ersir; a ndath solus as fearr e. Et ata brigh comfurtachtach cneasaidhteac and &ersir; is fada d'aimsir beiris brigh ann re coimed. Olibanum &ersir; masdix da chumasc maille re fin &ersir; re gealan uighe &ersir; a cur fona hairgibh &ersir; iman edan &ersir; coiscid silidh na leannann cum na sul &ersir; cum na fiacal. A congmail fona fiaclaibh &ersir; foirig tuitim an t-sine seaain &ersir; toirmiscidh sileadh na leannann cum an cleibh &ersir; cum na scamhan. Pilluili do denamh dan gum cetna &ersir; a v no a iiii dib da tobairt re loighi &ersir; foirigh an bructach goirt &ersir; comf urtachtaigid an dileaghadh. An gum cetna da cur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a deathach da ligean fon maclac &ersir; togairmigh an toirrceas gan fuireach. Pudur oilibanum da cur ar finegra no co leadha ann &ersir; edach lin da tuma and ina haitli &ersir; a cur arna cighib ro-mhora bis ac mnaibh &ersir; laidhlgid iat co hingantach. Olibanum amh do bearbadh ar fin finn &ersir; a fascadh tri edach lin &ersir; a cur mar foibert fona suilib &ersir; glanaidh an radharc.

213. Opoponax: &ersir; is inunn opo asin is inann Greigis &ersir; sugh asin Gaedhilc &ersir; as inann ponax isin teangaidh cetna &ersir; luibh isin Gaedhilc oir sugh luibhe e noch da gabur isan doman toir. Et ata se teasaide tirim san iii ceim &ersir; ordaigid Plaitiairius pilluili beaca da denamh dhe &ersir; a tabairt an uigh buig &ersir; foiridh docamail na hanala re n-abar asma. Item, a cur a sug uormoint re la con aitche &ersir; a sitlodh arna maireach siucra &ersir; mil da cur ann &ersir; a ol arna maireac ar cet longadh &ersir; foirid an idhroipis tic o fuaraideacht &ersir; gac tercair fuar ele tic ona fiabhrasaibh. A cur ar smeroidib dearga &ersir; a deatach da licin fon sroin &ersir; foirid litairgia. Anni cetna da cur a sudh premh ruisc trum re feadh oidhce &ersir; a fascadh arna maireach &ersir; a tobairt bog maille re siucra &ersir; foiridh an idroipis &ersir; na heaslainteadha fuara air cheana. Opoponax da cur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a deathach do licean fon maclac &ersir; togairmid an slanugad &ersir; an toirrceas marb bis ann. Pisairium da denam don ni cetna maille re hartamesia &ersir; cadas da tuma ann &ersir; a cur i sin maclac &ersir; do-beir an fuil mista. Opoponax da tobairt maille re sugh uormoint &ersir; re mil &ersir; marbaid gac uili peist bis a ndainib &ersir; an eachaibh.

214. Ouua: .i. na huidhi &ersir; ata gach uili ugh teasaide fliuch &ersir; aderar co fuil fliuchaideacht ana mbuigean &ersir; ana ngealan. Et an tan rostar in buighean ata brigh fostoidhteac ann. Et idir na huili uigib as iat uighi na cerc is fearr &ersir; is mo is inmholta iat an tan is ur na an tan as arrsaidh iat. Et as di-molta uighi na n-en ghnathuigheas uisce da reir Auicenna oir tuismidtear droc- leanna uata. Et adeir fos co fuil cosc neimhe a ngealan gach uili uighe &ersir; co hairithi a ngealan na n-uigeadh cerc. Et adeir Auicenna gurab amlaidh is fearr a caitim .i. a mbearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a caitimh bog &ersir; as mo moltar an buigean cum na hoileamhna da reir da reir Auicenna na an gealan. Buiden na n-uighead da caithimh bog &ersir; foriid gairbhi an gotha &ersir; na braidhid &ersir; cumgach an cleibh &ersir; fodnaid da luct pleurisisi &ersir; da luct na heitici &ersir; da lucht ematoica. Et ordaigid Auicenna ugh da bearbadh ar finegra no co mbad cruaidh &ersir; a caitimh &ersir; foiridh disinteria.

215. Os de corde serui: .i. an cnaimh bis a craighi an fhiadha &ersir; ata se fuar tirim &ersir; ni fadhar a ceim a leabar Plaitiairius &ersir; a leat cle an craighi bis se &ersir; d'fuil an craighi fein tuismidtear e &ersir; bidh ar dus ana maetan no co cruadaidhinn a ngne cnaimh e &ersir; bidh fos cosmailis an cnama so a craighi an gobair &ersir; racaidtear a richt an cnaimhe so e. Et ata deichfir atura .i. cnaimh craighi an fiadha bid se for-ruagh &ersir; cnaim craighi an gobair bidh se geal bog &ersir; beirid a brigh a cnaimh craighi an fiadha x mbliadhna xx &ersir; a tirmugad re grein ar dus &ersir; ata brigh comhfurtachta an craighi ann &ersir; brigh glanta na fola. Casnaideac an cnama so da bearbadh ar sug borraiste &ersir; a tobairt da neach ar a mbi a sincoipis no cardiaca passio &ersir; foiridh e gan fuireac. Pudur an cnaimhe cetna da tobairt ar fin &ersir; foirig flux fola an daer-galair &ersir; is imdha buadha an cnama so ag Auicenna.

216. Ordium: .i. in eorna; fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; is mor moltar a leabar Plaitiairius hi cum an leigis oir as di da-nitear tisanum ordi .i. sisan na heorna &ersir; as mor fodnus da luct an fiabrasa amail adeir Ipocras a leabar Rementa acutorum &ersir; fos i sin cet leabar d'Amprismorum. Et fodnaid an aigid na neascoid teasaide &ersir; fuar co coitcinn .i. min eorna &ersir; finegra cum fritbuailti na neascoid teasaide ana tosac &ersir; min eorna &ersir; buiden chum a n-aipiti ana tormach. Et min eorna &ersir; picc &ersir; mil cum aipithi na neascoid fuar. Et adeir Galienus idir na huili gran gurab i in eorna is mo oileas co haicideach &ersir; is mo ollis an cruithneacht co nadura. Et adeir Isac eorna arna bearbadh da brisidh a moirtel &ersir; potaiste da denumh dhi ar bainne gabuir &ersir; as biadh imchubaigeas da lucht na tisisi &ersir; na heitice an potaiste sin oir athnuaigid an fliuchaideacht nadura &ersir; imdaigid an sperma &ersir; an fual &ersir; na spiruid amuil adeir Isac in Dietis Uneuers<ex>alibus</ex>. Da duillebar na fineamhna don persille don puiliol muntanum don pibur dubh do mhillsen monadh don pairitair don scim don eigrim don ruib cloithe don lus don meathradh dona peirib don luaighi.

217. Pampinus: .i. duillebar na fineamhna; teasaide tirim ata se. A briseadh &ersir; blonuic muice da chur trit &ersir; a bearbadh an aighean &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin ar druim na seilge &ersir; foirig a cruas &ersir; a nduinti. Pisairium da denamh dhe &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista &ersir; an slanugad &ersir; an toirrceas marb. Pudur da duillebar na fineamhna &ersir; blonaig circe da cur trit &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna neascoidibh fuara &ersir; foirigh iat.

218. Petrosilium: .i. in peirsille; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; atait da gne air .i. gne muinnterdha &ersir; gne coillidhe &ersir; ase a sil &ersir; a prem is mo fodnas chum an leigis &ersir; beiridh a brig ana sil v bliadhna &ersir; ata brigh diureticach comhfurtachtach ann &ersir; is tarbac an luibh so an aigid na gaethmuireachta &ersir; a caitim omh no beirbfe &ersir; comhfurtachtaidh an gaile co mor &ersir; lagaidh an bru co hailginach. An luibh so da bearbadh maille re borraiste ar feoil caeireach &ersir; fodnuidh co cumachtachtach an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Ceirin don luibh cetna da cur umna huirghibh &ersir; coiscidh a n-att &ersir; a teinneas.

219. Pulegium muntanum: .i. an puliol muntanum; teasaide sa ii ceim &ersir; tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh diureticach ann. A buain an tan bis a blath uirre &ersir; beiridh a brigh bliadhain innte &ersir; a taiscid an inad dorcha. Et fodnuigh si an aigid easlainte teasaide &ersir; fuar an cleibh &ersir; fos foiridh tinneas &ersir; gaethmuireacht an gaili &ersir; na n-inneadh &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; na seilge. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; glanaidh slidte an fuail &ersir; icaidh stranguria &ersir; disuria. Fodnaid an luibh cetna co mor an aigid easlainte na n-alt a ceirinaibh &ersir; a n-uinneminntib. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; furtachtaigid galar na mban.

Piper nigrum: .i. an pibur dubh; teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; mairig a brigh ann co ceann ii bliadhain. Et ata brigh diureticach ann. A pudur da cur isna cneadhaibh &ersir; coiscidh a n-ainmfeoil &ersir; is leor da loscadh orra &ersir; ata brigh atairrngteac cnaidteac ann da reir Auicenna. Pudur pibair da cur fon sroin &ersir; togairmigh an sraedach noch is cuis da glanugh na hincinne ona leannaib reamra. Pudur pibair &ersir; figeadha da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a caitim &ersir; glanaidh an cliabh ona leannaibh fuara. Pudur pibair &ersir; ainisi da caitim maille re figeadaib a haitli na codach &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an dileaghadh. Item, pudur laedhain an pibair duib da cur an uisce na roisi &ersir; a cur fon suil &ersir; scailig finna na sul. Item, dentar an sabus so da calmugad an totluighthe .i. gabh saitsi &ersir; minntus &ersir; persilli &ersir; bris iat &ersir; boin sudh asdu &ersir; cuir plur arain gil arna rosdadh ann &ersir; pudur pibair &ersir; cumusctar maille re finegra no re fin &ersir; caittear maille ris an cuit. Et na ro-gnathaigheadh lucht leanna ruaigh na fola deirge an pibar oir ullmaigid iat cum na luibhri. Et ata gne ele de .i. pibar fada &ersir; as mo ata brigh comfurtachta ann na sa pibar dhubh. Adeir Auicenna gurab eadh as pibar fada ann .i. caitine fasas arin luibh ara fasann an pibar dubh. Et adeir Plaitiairius gurab ar sleibtib annsan Innia da gabar e &ersir; as amlaidh da gabur e oir ata d'imad natrach neime &ersir; beathadhach neimneac an tsleibhe sin gurab eigin a loscadh innas co fagaid na hainmighi neimhneach sin e gurab amlaidh sin da gabar e gurab e sin da beir dub e.

221. Pulicaria: .i. in millsean monadh &ersir; atait da gne air .i. gne mor &ersir; gne bec &ersir; ata an gne mor fuar fliuch sa iii ceim &ersir; ata an gne bec teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh discailteac cnaidhteac innti. A bearbadh ar fin maille re figeadaib tirma &ersir; innarbaidh na leanna fuara bis isna ballaibh spiradalta &ersir; foirigh cumgac na hanala &ersir; gac gne don asma. Fotracad don luibh so an aigid salcuir an maclaic. Pudur na luibhe cetna da cur amail pisairium sa maclac &ersir; medaigid an geneamhain. Item, gabh lan duirn da barr na luibhe so &ersir; bearbtar ar fin &ersir; cuir te fon timtireachta &ersir; foirig builc an daergalair. Item, an luibh cetna do cur ar licc the &ersir; a chur ar in mbaitis &ersir; coiscidh in rema fuar amail adeir Auicenna.

222. Paritaria: .i. in pairitair; teasaide tirim sa iiii ceim &ersir; aderur uitriora risin luibh so .i. uitrum an gloine oir glanuidh si gach gloine &ersir; a choimilt dhe &ersir; is fearr a hur na a crin &ersir; ata brigh seimhithi discailteac cnaidhteac innte &ersir; is mor fodhnus an aigid teinnis &ersir; gaethmuireachta an ghaili &ersir; na n-inneadh &ersir; an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria. A bearbadh ar uisce saillti &ersir; a cur arin imlican &ersir; fortachtaigid co mor na heaslainteadha adubhramur. Item, bristear an luibh so &ersir; bearbtar ar bran &ersir; ar deascaibh &ersir; curtar 'na ceirin uman imlican &ersir; coiscidh flux na bronn. Fotragad da denamh don luibh so &ersir; do duillebar eidinn na sceithi &ersir; da dearglaech &ersir; da premaibh madra &ersir; an lucht ara mbi disinteria da chur ann &ersir; furtachtaigid co mor iat amail adubramur romhainn.

223. Polipodium: .i. in scim; teasaide tirim isin ii ceim &ersir; atait da gne uirre .i. gne fasas arna clochaibh &ersir; gne fasas arna crannaib &ersir; asi in gne fasas arna dairgibh is mo iartar cum an leigis dibh &ersir; folmuigid linn finn co hoireda &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste &ersir; co mor on gaili &ersir; ona hinnibh &ersir; is mor fodnus da lucht fiabruis coididiana &ersir; tersiana noch do-nitear o coilera sitrina &ersir; uitilina &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge noch do-nitear o leannaibh righne &ersir; as mor fodhnus do lucht quartana &ersir; coilica &ersir; don lucht aga mbidh leanna reamhra biamla isin gaili &ersir; isna hinnib. An luibh so da bearbadh ar eanbruithi &ersir; as amlaidh sin dleaghar a tobairt da lucht leanna finn &ersir; leanna duibh &ersir; dleaghar fos a tobairt mar sin do coimed na slainte. Dleaghar na neiche an aigid na gaetmuireachta da bearbadh le, mar ata sil ainisi &ersir; cuimin &ersir; feineil &ersir; is tarbach hi an aigid artetica &ersir; potagra &ersir; gach uili easlainte na n-alt. Item, dentar siroip di .i. gabh da &ounce; no a tri da premuibh na luibhe so arna mbrisidh co maith &ersir; bearbtar ar uisce maille re h-airnidibh &ersir; re sail cuach &ersir; re sil feineil &ersir; ainisi &ersir; cumin bearbtar co maith &ersir; sitoiltear &ersir; curtar siucra ann an meid as ailt &ersir; as mor fodnas an tsiroip so da coimed na slainte &ersir; an aigid galair na n-alt.

224. Pibinella: .i. an eigrim; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh diureticach ann &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigid, stranguria &ersir; disuria. A bearbadh cona premhaibh &ersir; cona sil ar fin &ersir; coiscid loscad an fuail. Item, prema na luibhe so da brisidh co min &ersir; barr bainne da cur tritu &ersir; a chur &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin umna heasbaib &ersir; foirig iatt.

225. Pulitricum: .i. gne don dubhchosach .i. an ruibh cloithi; fuar tirim co measurdha &ersir; ata brigh diureticach oslaicteac innte &ersir; furtachtaigid an aigid duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt gan luibhe diureiticacha ele faria mar ata premha fineil &ersir; persille &ersir; a mbearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt an aigid na n-easlainteadh adubramur.

226. Porrum: .i. in lus; teasaide tirim .i. a teasaideacht sa iii ceim &ersir; a tirmuidheacht sa ii ceim. Sugh bonna gil an losa da tobairt maille ris fein da lucht cuiris fuil tar a mbel &ersir; bid slan. Barr lossa da brisidh &ersir; mil da cur trit a cur isna cneadhaib brena ina mbi moran silidh &ersir; foiridh iat. Sugh na luibhe so ar sisan mbog &ersir; coiscidh an cosachtach. Lus da brisidh &ersir; mil da cur trit &ersir; a cur ar greim na con confaid &ersir; foirig e &ersir; gach uile neimh. Sug lossa d'ol maille re bainni cich mna &ersir; foirigh an cosachtach. Sug losa &ersir; an iiii cuit do mhil trit da cur sa sroin &ersir; foirigh teinneas an chinn. Da mbia teinneas isin cluais cuir aen bainne da sugh an losa isin leat sroin is faidi on cluais &ersir; icaidh an teinneas. Lus da caitim a tosac na codach &ersir; toirmiscidh an meisce. A caitim a tosach na codach ata brigh lactach ann. A caitimh a caitim dona mnaib a tosach na codac &ersir; bigh clann mor uada. Premha an losa da chur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a detach da ligin fonmaclac &ersir; togairmig an fuil mista. Sudh an losa .i. a premh da cur fon sroin &ersir; coisgidh flux fola na srona. Premha losa da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirigh an neimh. Murlain losa da bearbadh ar bainne almoint &ersir; a caitimh &ersir; togairmigh an druis. Et ata gne coillidhe don lus re n-abur sibhus &ersir; ata si teasaide isin iiii ceim &ersir; tirim isin iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh discailte na leannann fuar ann &ersir; togairmid an fual &ersir; an fuil mista &ersir; a caitim omh. Sugh na gnee so don lus da cur sa maclac &ersir; toghairmigh an fuil mhista amail adeir Isac &ersir; an uair caitear luibh in luibh so ar cet longadh tuismid gaetmuireacht isin gaili &ersir; gortaigh na feithi &ersir; tuismidh detuigi reamra tirma uaithi noch urcoidigheas don radarc &ersir; is cuis d'aislingtibh troma a cosmaileas tromlaighi.

227. Pingedo: .i. in methrudh &ersir; ata gne de teasaide tirim &ersir; gne eli teasaide fliuch &ersir; as fearr methradh na n-ainminteadh coillti chum an leigis na an ainmighe asna beantar &ersir; gach arrsaideacht beas an t-ainmighe as fearrdi an metrad &ersir; is e metrad na cerc &ersir; na caileach is fearr. Metrad geidh &ersir; matgamna da coimilt don ceann bis lom &ersir; fasaidh finnfadh air. An metrad cetna da coimilt da creachtib in beoil &ersir; foirigh iat. Metrad an eisc da coimilt maille re mil dona suilib &ersir; foirid an fliuchaideacht shuilighe. Geir fiadha da cur an uinnemintib lochta an spasmuis &ersir; furtachtaigid iat. Metrad gobair da cur a clistiribh coirtithi an aigid disinteria &ersir; fodnaidh co lan mor. Aderar co fuil metragh an leomhain &ersir; an tairbh teasaide tirim &ersir; metradh na na n-ainminnteadh eli teasaide fliuch &ersir; adeir Isacc co fuil gach uili methradh an-umal don dileaghadh oir tuismidh duinti isna ballaibh amail adubhramur.

228. Pira: .i. na peirida; fuar tirim atait siat. A caitim a ndiaig na codach &ersir; furtachtaidh an dileaghadh. A caitim roimh an cuit &ersir; furtachtaidh flux na bronn. Peiridha da brisidh &ersir; a mbearbadh ar uisce fertana &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin ar bel an gaili &ersir; coiscidh an sceat rach coilerdha. An ceirin cetna da cur arin imlican &ersir; coiscidh flux na bronn.

229. Plumbum: .i. an luaidhe; fuar fliuch ata se &ersir; ata brigh fritbuailteac fuartach ann. Plata tanuighi da denam dhe &ersir; a cur arna ballaibh a mbia ainnteas &ersir; foirid iat. Da laidhdiugad siligh &ersir; teasbuidh na cneadh &ersir; da tirmugad ga copa luaighe da cur san cneadh no plata tanuigi ina mbia moran da pollaibh da cur ara bel leath amuith &ersir; as nor furtachtaidheas iat. Da cosc neime do-nitear o teinidh no o uisce plata luaighe da cur air leath amuit.

230. Quercus: .i. in darach; fuar tirim isin ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh fostuidhteach tirmuighteac ana crann &ersir; ana duillebar &ersir; ina toradh. Duillebar an crainn so da brisidh co min &ersir; a cur isna cneadhuibh &ersir; coiscid flux fola na cneadh &ersir; cneasaigid iat. Duillebar ur an crainn so da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a ol &ersir; coiscidh disinteria &ersir; gac flux fola &ersir; a cur fon timtireacht &ersir; foirid teneasmon. Coirt darac do bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; an t-uisce d'ol &ersir; an t-easlan da suigi arin coirt &ersir; coiscid na heaslainteadha adubramur. Measoca na darach ata togairm an fuail innta &ersir; coiscidh an fluxa &ersir; is mo an brigh stipecda a mblaeisc na measoc na ina toradh &ersir; as mo ata si a copan na measoice ina 'na plaisc oir aderar idir na huili ni stipecda gurab e copan measoice na darac is mo is sdipecda dibh. Don racam don ros marina don reubarbrum don ros dearg don madra don ruibh dona neithib fritbuailteacha.

231. Rafanos: .i. racam; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim. A prema da brisidh &ersir; a cur a finegra co ceann tri la &ersir; a bearbadh ana haitle &ersir; siucra da cur ann &ersir; a ol maille re trian uisce re loidhi &ersir; ag eirghi &ersir; fodnaigid an aigid fiabrais coididiana &ersir; terciana nota &ersir; as risan comhsuighadh so aderar oixisacra. An tsiroip cetna sin d'ol an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Duillebar na luibhe cetna da bearbadh ar fin no ar blonaig muice &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin ar druim na n-ae &ersir; scailigh a nduinti &ersir; a cruas. An ceirin cetna da cur arin imlican &ersir; icaidh sdranguria &ersir; disuria. Sug na luibhe cetna da cur bog san cluais &ersir; foirig teinneas &ersir; buigri na cluaise &ersir; gac uili luibh diureticac asa teit a mbrigh cuirig an luibh so a mbrigh innta &ersir; a cumasc maille re premh na luibhe so. Premha na luibhe so da brisidh &ersir; a cur a finegra re fead oidce &ersir; a sitlodh arna maireach &ersir; uisce boc da cur 'na ceann &ersir; a tobairt amail sceatraigh &ersir; folmuigid na leanna reamra rigne bis annsa ghaili &ersir; da nitear oiximul diureticach da premhaibh na luibhe so maille re premhaibh feineil &ersir; persille &ersir; meirsi &ersir; egrime &ersir; dubhcosach &ersir; crimh muice fhiadha &ersir; bearbtar ar finegra &ersir; cuirtear mil ann &ersir; eabur mar gach ndigh simplidhe mar adubrumur. Gloss; d'antus dentar olibanum.

232. Rosmarinus: .i. an ros marina; teasaide tirim &ersir; na fadhar a ceim ona hugdaraibh. A blath &ersir; a duillebar imcubaigheas cum an leigis &ersir; ise as ainm don blath so dauntosrecte &agr;&ngr;&thgr;&ogr;&sfgr;. &ersir; as uadha ainmnidhtear an lictabaire ana teit se .i. diantos &ersir; beirig a mbrigh bliadhain ana duillebar &ersir; a mblath, na luibhe so. Et ata brigh comfurtachta isin luibh so a leit a deagbalaidh &ersir; brigh discailteac osluicteac ona teasaideacht &ersir; brigh tirmuighteac cnaidhteach glantac ona tirmuidheacht. Blath na luibhe so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobhairt an aigid na sincoipisi &ersir; cardiaca &ersir; foirigh iat. An blath cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; comhfurtachtaidh an incinn &ersir; foiridh teinneas an cinn. Item, bearbtar blath na luibhe so ar fin &ersir; leagar a deatac fon sroin &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an inchinn co mor. Diantos &ersir; maisdix da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; bolgam do congmail isan bel co fada &ersir; foirig tuitim an t-sine seaain. Item, an luibh cetna maille re cuimin da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirigh tinneas an gaili &ersir; na n-inneadh. An luib cetna da bearbadh ar fin a cur te ar in imlican &ersir; foirigh stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista &ersir; glanaidh an maclac &ersir; comhfurtachtaidh an brigh geneamhnach. Et da gnataidhis mna catrac Salernetain blath na luibhe so da bearbadh ar ola choitcinn &ersir; a cur amail pisarium sa mbanndacht da bhidis clannmar uadha &ersir; da beirid an fuil mista. Tuic leatt co comfurtachtaidtear na baill feiteacha on ros marina gurab uime sin as imcubaidh da lucht na pairilisi hi.

233. Reubarbrum: teasaide tirim isin ii ceim &ersir; premh croinn noch fasas annsan Innia &ersir; atait da ghne air .i. barbrum re raitear reubarbrum on tir darub ainm Barbara &ersir; poinnticum re raitear reuponticum &ersir; on oilen darub ainm Pontos ainmnidtear e no on blas poinnticdha bis air &ersir; as amlaidh as fearr e .i. a beith trom gan puill ann &ersir; an tan bristear e snaithidha ruagha dearga da beith ann &ersir; an tan fliuctar e &ersir; a cur ar th' ingin bidh dath crocda air ni beirinn a brigh ann act tri bliadhna &ersir; ni binn brigh lactach ann on aimsir sin suas &ersir; folmuigid linn ruagh co hoireda &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste. Gab da &dram; da premaibh reubarbrum &ersir; a urdail ele da caisia fistula &ersir; curtar iat air an uisce ara mbearbtar melones &ersir; sitruilli &ersir; cucumeris &ersir; leagar ann iat re feadh oidchi &ersir; sitoiltear arna maireac &ersir; tabartar da ol arna maireach &ersir; comfurtachtaigid ainnteas na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; foiridh an fiabrus re n-abur ematrisius &ersir; foirigh terciana diuid &ersir; comhsuigigti. Item, pudur reubarbrum da tabairt ar lan leighi da sugh indiuia &ersir; foirigh an buidheacair &ersir; as mor fodhnus da calmughadh in totluithe noch da hanmainnigead o imurcaidh leanna ruaigh. Et ase a dileas an inchinn &ersir; an craighi da comfurtacht &ersir; calmuigid an radarc &ersir; marbaigh peisti na n-inneadh.

234. Rosa rubia: .i. an ros dearg; fuar sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa dara ceim. Ceirin dan luibh so da cur ar loscadh tineadh no uisce &ersir; foirigh e. An ceirin cetna da cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; coiscidh a loscadh o imdugad leanna ruaigh ann. Ros dearg da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; coiscigh flux &ersir; flux na fola mista. Ros ur da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a brisid &ersir; a cur ana ceirin aran att &ersir; foirigh gach uili at. Ros dearg da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a brisigh &ersir; gealan uighe da cur trit &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna suilib &ersir; foiridh a ndeargadus. Et as imcubaidh a crina &ersir; a ur chum an leigis. Blath rosa no an ros fein do tirmugad &ersir; bigh a mbrigh tri bliadhna innta &ersir; as don ros do-nitear mil rosasium &ersir; as amlaidh do-nitear hi .i. an tan curtar an blath so a mil feadh aimsiri &ersir; a fascadh ina haitle &ersir; bidh ana mhil rosasium &ersir; as mar an cetna do-nitear ola na rose .i. an blath cetna da cur an olaigh re headh d'aimsir &ersir; a fascad ana diaidh &ersir; bigh ana oluig rosasium &ersir; adubramur caibidil da blath an rosa leat as tuas dinn.S.v. Antera, flos rose, Chapter 34.

235. Rubia maior, uarencia: .i. in madra; teasaide tirim isan cet ceim &ersir; ata brigh diureticach comfurtachtach ann. Premha madra &ersir; maisdix da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mhista &ersir; an fual &ersir; tarbaigid co mor an aigid duinnti na n-ae &ersir; na n-arunn &ersir; na seilge. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar blonaig mhuice no ar im &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin ar druim na n-ae &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae. An ceirin cetna da cur arin imlican &ersir; togairmigh an fual &ersir; an fuil mhista. Premha madra da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; an folt d'fholcadh as &ersir; da-beir dath min ruadh air. Ceirin da denamh da pudur maisdix &ersir; da pudur madra &ersir; da ceir nua &ersir; a cur ar bel an ghaile &ersir; foirig a tinneas. Premh madra da bearbadh ar fin a ol do mnai &ersir; togairmigh an slanugadh. Item, deoc annso da slanugadh na n-uili cneadh .i. gab barr praisce deirge &ersir; macaill &ersir; lus na franc &ersir; sil cnaibi &ersir; urdail ru uili da premhaibh madra a mbearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; a sitlodh &ersir; mil arna spumail da cur innti da reir meidideachta na dighi &ersir; tabair fiuchadh ar is d'aentaibh orra &ersir; an tan bus fuar curtar gabail innti &ersir; tabartar da hol &ersir; cneasaigid gach cneadh.

236. Ruta, bisa no molea: .i. in ruibh; teasaide tirim isin iii ceim; a hol co minic &ersir; comhfurtachtaigi an gaili. A tobairt do mnai re n-ignignaibh &ersir; beraidh leanamh gan fuireach. An luibh so da gnathughadh &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; tirmigid in sileadh. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar mil &ersir; foirigh an cosachtach tic o fuaraideacht. An luibh so d'ol ar fin no ar lind &ersir; atait na buadha so uirri .i. osluicidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; furtachtaigidh an aigid artetica &ersir; sietica &ersir; an aigid aitt an maclaic &ersir; na n-inneadh &ersir; fos an aigid na peisteadh bis an ingoire sa gaile &ersir; isna hinnibh. Ruibh &ersir; figeadha da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol da lucht na higroipisi &ersir; foirig iat. Da gerugad an radairc .i. sugh ruibhe &ersir; fineil &ersir; domblas ae coiligh no iluir &ersir; a cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; a fascadh tri edach lin &ersir; a cur fona suilib &ersir; do-ni sug ruibi 'na aenar an ni cetna. Sugh ruibe da cur a pollaibh na srona &ersir; coiscidh flux fola na srona. An luibh so da cur a ndigh no a ceirin an aigid greim na con confaidh &ersir; an aigid gach uili neimh &ersir; foirigh hi.

237. Repercusiua: .i. gach ni ana fuil brigh frithbuailteac, atait siat a coimpleasc fuar da reir Auicenna &ersir; comhfurtachtaigidh an brigh innarbtach mar ata galla .i. mill duillebair na darach &ersir; a measoca &ersir; gatfann &ersir; popin &ersir; portulaca &ersir; ros &ersir; uisce &ersir; duillebar na fineamhna &ersir; ros lachan &ersir; min eorna &ersir; toirpin &ersir; a cosmaile. Don trom don tsalann don sarcacolla don scamonia don sabraedhi do shene don piletra don tsailigh don spicanardi don praisidh buigein don raib don rudus do cnaim na heilifinti don sdicatos don tulchan don tsanndaili don stafis agria don crim muice fiadha dona neichib sdipeca don modoman don storac don codladh don ita don t-saitsi don liathan locadh.

238. Sambucus: .i. in trom; teasaide sa iii ceim: &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim. A prema &ersir; a duillebar &ersir; a blath &ersir; a toradh, atait imcubaidh cum an leigis. Et as do laedan an truim do-nitear an ola darub ainm sambusium. Et ata brigh atairrngteach leanna finn &ersir; na leannann righin annsa trom &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; furtachtaigid an aigid coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; coididiana &ersir; tersiana noc do-nitear o coilera sitrina &ersir; uitillina. Et folmuigid co hoireda uisce na hidroipisi; leath lan plaeisce uighe circe da sugh preime an croinn so do tobairt maille re fin &ersir; folmuigid na heaslainteadha adubramur. Et curtar premh rusc an crainn so an oiximelaib &ersir; a siroipibh lactacha co gnatac &ersir; curtar fos duillebar an crainn so a ceirinaibh &ersir; an urbruitib an aigid aitt &ersir; tinnisa na mball noc tic o fuaraideacht. Duillebar an croinn so da cur sa fotracadh re n-abur sduthfa &ersir; fortachtaigid lucht na higroipisi co mirbuileach. Blath an croinn cetna da cur an eanbruitibh no a potaistibh &ersir; lagaidh gan guasacht. In blath cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; lagaid an fin sin. Sugh caer an crainn so &ersir; da trian fina trit &ersir; lagaidh co neamh-ghuasachtach.

239. Sal: .i. in salunn; . t. teasaide isin ii ceim &ersir; tirim san iii ceim &ersir; is mor fodnus an aighid replexion an gaili noc tic o leannaib fuara, A bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a ol amail sceatraigh glanaidh co hoireda. Salann da cur a mailin &ersir; a tegadh re tinigh &ersir; a cur arin seilg no arin gaili no aran inadh ele bhis tind ann &ersir; coiscidh a teinneas gan fuireach. Salann da brisidh co min &ersir; a bearbadh ar mil noco mbia tiugh &ersir; gaeithe da denamh de a roime coinnle &ersir; a tabairt isin timtireacht &ersir; lagaidh gan guasacht &ersir; is mor fodnus gnathughadh an tsalainn isna coimpleascaib fuara &ersir; an aigid neimh-dileaghadh an gaili.

240. Sarcacolla: .i. gum crainn; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim. A cumasc maille re gealan uighe &ersir; a cur uman edan &ersir; umna hairgibh &ersir; coiscidh sileadh na nder &ersir; flux fola na srona. Pudur in guma so da cur an uisce na roisi re feadh oidche &ersir; a fascadh arna maireac &ersir; a cur mar foibert fona suilibh &ersir; foiridh a teimil &ersir; scailidh a finna. A cur ar smeroidibh &ersir; a deathach da ligin fon timtireacht &ersir; foirig teneasmon &ersir; bolga an daerghalair. Pudur an guma so da cur isna cneadhaibh &ersir; tirmaigid iat.

241. Scamonia: teasaide tirim sa iii sa iii ceim &ersir; folmuigid linn ruagh co hoireda &ersir; linn dubh co tanaiste &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt d'folmugad leanna ruaigh nias lugha na scrupal &ersir; fetur da scrupal no a tri da tobairt de isna coimpleascaibh ele &ersir; is imcubaidh e an aigid fiabruis tersiana acht muna bia imurcraigh ainnteasa ann &ersir; is mor foddhnus an aigid ainmeasardachta na n-ae &ersir; na buigeacaire &ersir; easbaidh an totluithe noch do-nitear o imurcaigh leanna ruaigh. Et as tarbac e an aigid na ngutadh thic o teasaideacht &ersir; ni dleaghar a tobairt 'na aenur gan cumasc maille re leigesaib eli. Et not leat nac scamonia e acht an uair bis se gan bearbadh &ersir; an uair bearbtar e diagreidium a ainm. Et as guasachtach an leiges so da tobairt oir u uair ann leanaidh se da taebaib an gaili &ersir; togairmidh fail &ersir; sceatrach &ersir; as olc e don lucht aga mbid ae teasaide da reir naduire no aicidi mar adubrumar.

242. Saturateia, utimbra: .i. in sabraidh; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin no ar linn &ersir; togairmidh an fuil mista &ersir; an fual &ersir; foiridh tinneas na n-inneadh. Premha na luibhe cetna da tobairt maille re mil &ersir; glanuigh an cliabh &ersir; an gaili ona leannaibh reamra righin. Pudur na luibhe cetna da tobairt maille re mil &ersir; togairmigh an druis. An luibh so da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a coimilt don ceann d'eis a bearrtha &ersir; foirig litairgia. Et aderaid na dochtuire co fodhnann na neiche so ara ceili .i. taim &ersir; sabraedhe.

243. Sene: teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; duillebar crainn e &ersir; as bec folmuigeas &ersir; linn dubh &ersir; na leanna righne air cheana as mo folmuigeas &ersir; fos tairrngidh ona ballaibh foirimilleacha gurab uime sin fodnus an aigid mania &ersir; melangcolia &ersir; quartana &ersir; splenetica passio .i. galar na seilge &ersir; tsingcoipis &ersir; cardiaca &ersir; teinnis na feitheudh &ersir; t-sietica &ersir; artetica &ersir; potagra &ersir; sireagra &ersir; a cosmaile. Et gnathaighmid an luibh so da cur a n-oiximelaibh &ersir; a siroipib &ersir; a ndeocaibh &ersir; a ceirinaib an aigid na n-easlainteadh adubramur &ersir; as amlaidh geraidtear an leiges lactach le so .i. (da &dram;) da unsa da seinne da cur inta &ersir; folmaigid na leanna cinntaca mar sin co himcubaidh.

244. Serbliadhnaum: .i. piletra; teasaide tirim; a bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; urbruith da denamh dhe don ceann &ersir; foiridh an tinnis cinn tic o fuaraideacht. A bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; a ol &ersir; icaidh teinneas na bronn tic o fuaraideacht &ersir; togairmigh an fual &ersir; an fuil mista. An luibh so da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; lan leighi da tobairt dhe gac lae &ersir; osluigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar mil arna spumail &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirigh an sele fola. A bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a coimilt don edan &ersir; dona hairgibh &ersir; foirigh an tinneas cinn. An luibh so da bearbadh ar sugh licoirisi &ersir; foiridh an cosachtach. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin maille re h-ainis &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirig gaetmuireacht an gaili. An luibh so da brisidh maille re Minntas &ersir; re uormont &ersir; ceirin dibh da cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; foirig tinneas an ghaili &ersir; comfurtachtaigh an dileaghadh.

245. Salisit: .i. in t-saileach; fuar tirim sa ii ceim idir duillebar &ersir; blath &ersir; crand. Blath an croinn so da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a coimilt do lucht ainnteasa an fiabrasa &ersir; furtachtaigid iat. Craeba an crainn so da cur as cinn leapa lucht a an fiabrasa &ersir; uisce fir-tibrad da crotadh aran easlan &ersir; &ersir; furtachtaigid e. Et as mor comhfurtachtaigheas uisce blatha an crainn so lucht terciana &ersir; causoin &ersir; fodnuigh duillebar an crainn so a ceirinaibh fuartha da cosc neime &ersir; tineasa na mball amuil adubrumur romhuinn.

246. Spicanardi: teasaide isin dara ceim &ersir; tirim isin iii ceim &ersir; blath crainn e noch da gabur san Innia. Et atait da gne air .i. spica nardi &ersir; spica celtica &ersir; a cosmaileas deisi eorna bis maille re deaghbaladh air. Pudur spica nardi da cur ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; foiridh singcoipis &ersir; cardiaca. A bearbadh ar uisce tibraidi &ersir; siucra da cur ann &ersir; furtachtaid lucht an fiabruis. Pudur da denamh dhe &ersir; a boltanughadh do ligin fon sroin &ersir; comfurtachtuigid an incinn. Spica nardi da bearbadh ar ola coitcinn &ersir; a cur a pollaibh na srona &ersir; folmaigid an rema on incinn co hoireda. An ni cetna da cur annsa cluais &ersir; foiridh an buigri. Spica nardi do coimilt dona fiaclaibh &ersir; foiridh an brenanlalaighi. Spica nardi da cur a sparan cael lin &ersir; a cur sa mbandacht &ersir; da-beir an fuil mista &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an geneamhain. An pisairium cetna da cur san timtireacht &ersir; foirigh teneasmon &ersir; do-nit na Sarristine ola don crand so ara mbi spica nardi &ersir; olium nardinum a hainm &ersir; as mor furtachtaigeas an craighi amail adubramur.

247. Sdrusium: .i. an praiseac buidhean; teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ata brigh seimhithi diureticach innti &ersir; is imcubaidh hi an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; seilge &ersir; na buidheacuire &ersir; togairmigh an fual &ersir; an fuil mista. Et as imcubaidh i an aigid na cosachtaigi do-nitear o fuaraideacht &ersir; a bearbadh ar fin &ersir; ar mil &ersir; a ol. Sugh duillebair na luibhe so &ersir; bainne cic &ersir; siucra geal trit &ersir; ceirin de da cur aran aigid &ersir; glanaig hi o gach uili salcur &ersir; droch-dath bis uirre. Sugh na luibhe so da bearbadh maille re ruib ar fin no ar lind no ar mil &ersir; ceirin de da cur uman ceann d'eis a bearrtha &ersir; foirig litairgia. An luibh so da bearbadh ar eanbhruiti gobair &ersir; a ol &ersir; foiridh litairgia co deimhin.

248. Sulfur: .i. raibh; teasaide tirim isin iiii ceim &ersir; mitaill talmuidhe hi &ersir; a tirtaibh ro-teasaide tuismidtear hi. Tri scrupaill da raib da tobairt an uig buigh &ersir; foirigh an t-asma tic o fliuchaideacht. Sulfur da cur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a deathach da gabail sa mbel &ersir; foirigh easlainte fuar an cleibh. Item, gab ceir &ersir; ola choitceann &ersir; an tathabha geal &ersir; bearbtar iat trit a celi &ersir; faisctear tri edac lin &ersir; curtar pudur raibhi innte &ersir; coimiltear don ceann &ersir; foirig gach uili carruigi &ersir; foirig bruth na mball ele &ersir; ni dleaghar a tabairt dona dainib tirma coilerda na dona dainibh 'ga mbi ucht cumhang. Fetar a tobairt co hinill da lucht leanna finn.

249. Sol secium, sbonsa solis, ?eliotropia, sicorea, ingcuba, uerucaria: .i. in rudus; fuar tirim ata se&ersir; ni fadur a ceim a leabar Plaitiairius &ersir; ase a ur fodhnas cum an leigis &ersir; ata cotugh an aigid gac neimh ann &ersir; an garrdha ana curtar e ni at aighid ainmighe neimhe ann. Ceirin don luibh so ana haenur da cur ar greim na con confaidh &ersir; ni aith-eirghinn an neim ana haitle. An luibh so d'ol ar fin no ar lind &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Ceirin don luibh so da cur arna faithnibh &ersir; foirigh iat. Blath na luibhe so d'ol ar uisce co ceann ix la &ersir; foirigh an buidheacair. Ceirin don luibh cetna da cur arin neascoid re n-abur antrax &ersir; foirigh hi.

250. Spodium: .i. cnaim na heilifinte: fuar tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata brigh fritbuailteach cneasaidteach ann. An cnaim so da beith a nduine &ersir; coiscigh an ita. Casnaideac an cnaimhe so da tobairt ar sudh cruaiche padraig &ersir; coiscigh flux na bronn &ersir; a cur 'na ceirin arna pulsaibh &ersir; infuaraigh ainnteas na mball spiradalta. Pudur an cnaimi cetna da cur ar fin dearg &ersir; coiscidh flux disinteria &ersir; ematoica &ersir; flux na fola mista &ersir; flux fola na srona.

251. Sticatos: .i. sian sleibe ; teasaide tirim sa cet ceim &ersir; atait da ghne air .i. sticatos citrinum &ersir; sticatos araibicum &ersir; ase sticatos citrinum is fearr ann. A tirmugadh &ersir; beirigh a brigh bliadhain ann idir blath &ersir; duillebar &ersir; ata brigh diureticach ann ona seimhe &ersir; brigh comfurtachta ona duillebar no ona deagbaladh. Blath na luibhe so da bearbadh ar fin an aigid cumgaid an cleibh &ersir; fuaraideachta an ghaili &ersir; na n-innead &ersir; an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; an aigid sdranguria &ersir; disuria cona cosmaile.

252. Satuirion, priamiscus, leporina: .i. an tulcan &ersir; aderur magarlin ris &ersir; ata seteasaide fliuch sa iii ceim. Prema na luibe sin as imcubaidh cum an leigis &ersir; bidh prema na luibhe a cosmaileas uirgidh ainmighi &ersir; gairtear trit sin magarlin de &ersir; as cumachtach mhedaigheas in sperma agna mnaibh &ersir; agna fearaibh &ersir; da-beir dat breigi ar aigid na mban rena coimilt dib. Prema na luibhe so da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; ar mil no ar oiximel &ersir; a ol gaca trata &ersir; foirig galar na n-alt.

253. Sandaili: fuar isin iii ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; gne do maidibh beca iat &ersir; atait tri gneithi orra .i. sandaili ailbi &ersir; dat geal bis air &ersir; sandalus ruibi &ersir; dat ruagh bis air &ersir; sandaili citrini &ersir; dat buighi bis air &ersir; ase sin dat as fearr air &ersir; beirig a mbrigh da xx bliadhan i ngac gne dib so. Et ata brigh comfurtachtaithe innta ona deagbaladh fein &ersir; brigh claeclaithe ona fuaraideacht gurab uime sin is mor fodhnus an aigid droch-coimpleasca teasaide an fiabrasa &ersir; do cosc itan &ersir; ainnteasa na n-ae. Pudur sanndaili da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; siucra da cur ann &ersir; bidh amail siroip &ersir; furtactaigid in tsiroip so na heaslainteadha adubramur. Pudur sandaili da cur an oiluigh mandragora &ersir; a coimilt don edan &ersir; togairmigh an codlad isna fiabrasa gera &ersir; furtachtaigid teinneas an cinn. Item, pudur sandaili da cumasc maille re sug lactuca &ersir; edac dearg da thuma ann &ersir; a cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; coiscidh flux fola na srona ti ona haeib. Pudur sannduili &ersir; ola na roisi &ersir; finegra da cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; etach dearg da tuma ann &ersir; a cur ar druim na n-ae &ersir; coiscidh a n-ainnteas. Item, cumaisctear an pudur cetna maille re huisce fertana &ersir; re finegra &ersir; etach da tuma ann &ersir; a cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; coiscidh an sceatrach. Item, pudur sandali da cumasc maille re sugh na cruaiche padraig &ersir; a cur arna neascoidib ana tosach &ersir; fritbuailig iat.

254. Sdafisagria: .i. sil luibe noc ata teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; tairngid linn finn on incinn &ersir; a cur fona fiaclaibh &ersir; fodnuigh an aigid litairgia. Pudur stafisagria da cur a pollaibh na srona &ersir; togairmid an tsraedach noc is cuis comfurtachtaig don incinn. Sdafisagria da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; bolgam dhe do congmail sa bel &ersir; foirigh tuitim an t-sine seaain. Pudur stafisagria da caitim maille re mil &ersir; marbaidh peiste na brond.

255. Scolapendria, linga ceruina: .i. crimh muice fiadha: teasaide tirim co measurdha &ersir; as mor fodnus an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge oir ata brigh semithi discailteach ann. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; brisidh na clocha fuail. Oiximel da denumh don luibh so &ersir; d'finegra &ersir; a ol co ceann da xx la &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; brisidh na cloca fuail &ersir; is mor fodhnus an t-oiximel so an aigid na buidheacuire.

256. Stipica: .i. gach luib ina fuil brigh stipica bidh fuar tirim co gnatach. Et asiat so na spisraidh &ersir; na guma ata sdipicdha .i. gum araibi &ersir; spodium &ersir; sandaili ailbi &ersir; ruibi &ersir; mumia &ersir; bolus armenecus &ersir; maisdix &ersir; croicinn na n-uball ngrainneach &ersir; saingis dragoinis .i. fuil dreagain &ersir; a cosmaile. Et asiat so na luibhe stipeca .i. ueruena &ersir; plantagho &ersir; mentastrom .i. cartlann &ersir; sud g aipsinti &ersir; sugh na gluinighi bigi &ersir; sug an rosa deirg &ersir; sugh na n-airneadh n-anabaigh &ersir; sugh losa na franc &ersir; ipocistidos .i. lus na meacon &ersir; rubia maidor .i. madra.

257. Sbaragius: .i. in modomhun; teasaide tirim ata si &ersir; ata brigh diureticach innte &ersir; is imcubaidh an luibh so an aigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. A cur a ceirinachaibh &ersir; an uinnemintibh an aigid teinnis an cinn &ersir; togairmigh an codladh co demhin.

258. Storax: .i. gum crainn noch ata teasaide isa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; as annsan Innia da gabar &ersir; ata brigh atairrngteac ann &ersir; ata foladh reamar aigi &ersir; atait tri gneiti air .i. storax licita &ersir; in Calabria do gabur e &ersir; storax calamita &ersir; on focul Greigise darab ainm calo aderur e &ersir; is inann calo isin Greigis &ersir; maith isan Gaeidilg oir asi so gne as fearr don storax &ersir; storax &ersir; storax micor &ersir; as annsan Innia da gabur e &ersir; beirig a brigh x mbliadhna an gach gne dibh so. Storax &ersir; ros dearg da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a fascadh tri edach lin &ersir; glanuig an incinn. Ceirin da ceir nua &ersir; do storax &ersir; d'ola coitcinn da cur ar bel an gaili &ersir; coiscidh an tinneas. Pillule da denamh do storax &ersir; do mil &ersir; a congmail fo bun na teangadh &ersir; foiridh catarrus. Storax da cur ar smeroidib dearga &ersir; a deatach da ligin fon maclac &ersir; togairmig an fuil mista &ersir; foiridh suficasio matrisis. Storax da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; an fin da congmail isin bel co fada &ersir; foiridh tuitim an t-sine seain. Pillule da denamh don storax maille re mil &ersir; foiridh easlainte na mball spiradalta. Et as imcubaidh storax da cur an uinnemintibh &ersir; a tretaib an aigid na fuaraideachta oir coinnmigh a mbrigh innta da gnath. Storax da congmail fo bun na fiacal &ersir; daingnigh iat co ro- maith.

259. Sompnus: .i. an codladh et as iat so na neithi togairmis an codladh .i. papauer nigrum .i. popin dubh &ersir; opium &ersir; sugh gatfainne &ersir; mandragora &ersir; ros lacan &ersir; uisce fuar &ersir; teneagal &ersir; pisillium &ersir; portulaca &ersir; a cosmaile.

260. Sitis: .i. an ita et asiat so na neice coisceas an ita .i. siucra cainndi &ersir; trian finegra &ersir; da trian uisce &ersir; a congmail isan bel &ersir; sisan eorna ara mbearbtar sail cuach &ersir; nonin &ersir; toirpin &ersir; teineagal &ersir; sil an tsamaigh ferna &ersir; a cosmaile &ersir; fodnaig fos an aigid na hitan gum araibi &ersir; oiximul diureticach &ersir; uisce fuar da mheascadh isin bhel co minic &ersir; uisce te d'ol &ersir; gan en red d'uisce fuar d'ol oir medaigid an t-uisce fuar an tart &ersir; laidigh an t-uisce te he amuil ader Auidseanna.

261. Saluia: .i. saidsi; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; a duillebar imcubaidheas cum an leigis &ersir; ase a hur as fearr &ersir; beirig a brigh bliadhain innti &ersir; ata gne coillidhe don luib so re n-abar eufatoirium .i. an ibair sleibe. Et as mo an brigh diureticach san ibair sleibe na sa saidsi. Ata annsa saidsi brigh comfurtachtach cnaidteac discailteach &ersir; is mor comfurtachtaideas an luibh so na feithe amail do-ni an castoirium. Saitsi da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a tobairt do lucht na pairilisi &ersir; eipilensia &ersir; comfurtachtaigid co mor iat. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; ceirin da cur dhe uman mball ara mbia crith &ersir; foirigh e. Sug saitsi da cur a sabus no a mbiadaibh ele &ersir; a caitim du lucht na pairilisi. &ersir; eipilensia &ersir; is mor tarbaideas doibh. Duillebar saitsi da cur a fotracad an aigid stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; furtachtaigidh iat &ersir; glanuidh an maclac. Sug saitsi no a pudur da cur a sabhsaibh &ersir; meduigid an brigh totluighthe. Item, gabh piletra &ersir; saitsi &ersir; finegra &ersir; becan pibuir &ersir; caitear &ersir; glanuidh an galli ona leannaibh reamra. Urbruith da denam da duillebar an t-saitsi innarbaidh an togluasacht. An luibh so da cur ar greim na con confuigh &ersir; foirigh e. A cur arna cneadhaib &ersir; coiscidh a tilgin fola. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirig an tsean-cosachtach. Saitsi d'ol ar fin &ersir; glanuig an maclac &ersir; foirigh tinneas na slaiti fearrda.

262. Sauina, bracteos: .i. liathan locadh; teasaide tirim sa treas ceim &ersir; a duillebar as imcubaidhe cum an leigis &ersir; beirig a brigh bliadhain ann &ersir; ata brigh seimhiti ann. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; furtachtaidh teinneas an gaili &ersir; na n-inneadh noch thic o fuaraideacht &ersir; an cleibh mar an cetna. A bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; fodnuidh an aigidh stranguria. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; togairmigh an fuil mista &ersir; an togluasacht. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; a deatach da licin fon timtireacht &ersir; foirig teneasmon &ersir; bolga an daergalair. A boltanughadh da gabail fon sroin co minic &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an incinn. Item, gabh barr minntais &ersir; liathan loca &ersir; saitse &ersir; caitear iat maille re salunn &ersir; comedaidh thu ona heaslaintibh fuara &ersir; on pairilis co hairithee. Do deascaib an fina don terra sigilata don tuirbit don cruitneacht dona brisclain don ferban do lin in damain allaidh don terpintina da tamuiriscus don tamuirendi da maetanaib na fineamna.

263. Tartarum: .i. deascaidh an fina; teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; folmaigid linn finn &ersir; na leanna righne air ceana &ersir; is tarbhach e an aigid na n-easlainteadh fuar do-nitear ona leannaibh reamra. Et ata brigh creachtnaithe na n-inneadh innte gurab uime sin nac dleaghar a tobairt 'na aenur gan neiche ele maille ris. A tirmughadh &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaibh fliucha &ersir; tirmaigid iat. Pudur da denamh dib &ersir; a tabairt dona dainib ro- reamra &ersir; traetaigh a reimhe imurcach. Unsa co leith dib da tabairt maille re mil arna spumail &ersir; lagaidh deich n-uaire amuil adubrumar.

264. Terra sigilata, terra Sarasenica, argentaria: .i. an talamh selaithi &ersir; aderaid drong eli an talamh Sarristineach ris &ersir; ata se fuar tirim &ersir; bigh amuil cloic &ersir; sela ann amail crois. Et ata an brigh fastuiteac co mor and. Becan do pudur an talaimh so da cumasc maille re gealan uighe &ersir; a cur fon edan &ersir; coiscidh flux fola na srona. An pudur cetna maille re sugh sraidium leg. sráidín da cur isin sroin &ersir; coiscid an flux cetna. Ceirin don pudur cetna maille re h-olaig na roisi &ersir; re gealan uighe &ersir; re finegra da cur arin imlican &ersir; coiscidh gac uile flux bronn. An ceirin cetna da cur ar bel an gaile &ersir; coiscidh an sceatrach. An ceirin cetna da cur umna haltaib &ersir; coiscidh silead an rema cucu. An aigid aitt na cos artamesia da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; in pudur cetna do cur air &ersir; foirid iat . Et an pudur cetna da cur ar uisce mbog &ersir; a coimilt don ceann a haitle a foilce &ersir; do-ni folt min deagh-datha air neach.

265. Tuirbit: teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; prema crainn e noc fasas san Inniadh &ersir; folmaigid linn finn &ersir; ata brigh aitairngteach ann &ersir; as tarbach e an aigid coilica &ersir; gac uili galair na n-alt &ersir; geraidh se gach uili purgoid folmuigeas linn finn. Pudur da denamh dhe &ersir; a cur isna cneadhaibh &ersir; cneasaigh iat &ersir; foirig linnidha &ersir; ainmfeoil na cneadh &ersir; as de so do-nitear an lictabaire darub ainm darub ainm diatuirbiti &ersir; ni dleaghar ni is mo na dragmae ii da dragmae da tobairt de so.

266. Triticum: .i. an cruitneact; teasaide isin cet ceim &ersir; fliuch co measurdha a medon an ii ceim. Et examlaidtear an cruitneacht da reir egsamlacht na n-aimsir ana curtar hi oir adeir Isac an cruitneacht curtar san earrach &ersir; isin fodhmur da beit co measardha an aithfegad na n-aimsir ele. Et examailtear an cruitneacht da reir a hoigi no a harrsaideachta oir adeir Isac an tsean-cruitneacht as bec oileas as do-dileaghtha hi oir cnaigtear a fliuchaideacht nadurtha on arrsaideacht &ersir; medaidtear a tirmuideacht aicideac &ersir; an tan bis idir a hoigi 'sa harrsaideacht as ann as fearr hi da reir Isac oir an tan bhis ur big imarcaidh fliuchaideachta innti &ersir; rann talmaigeachta innus co tulsmidtear gaetmuireaccht isin gaili ona dileaghadh. Et an t-aran do-nitear don cruitneacht gloin ata se teasaide tirim isan ii ceim oir gabuidh se teasaideacht on tene cuice &ersir; an sugh do-nitear don cruitneacht ata brigh glanta an cleibh &ersir; na scaman ann &ersir; minigid gairbhi an gotha. Et fedtar sisan do denamh dhi amail do-nitear don eorna &ersir; is mor fodnus sisan na cruitneachta da chosc an fluxa &ersir; sisan na heorna da chosc na cosachtaighi. Cruithneacht da brisidh &ersir; a bearbadh maille re hola &ersir; foiridh na neascoid cruaighi. Cruithneacht da bearbadh ar uisce maille re ruib &ersir; a brisidh ana haitle &ersir; ceirin di da cur arna cicibh &ersir; foiridh a cruas &ersir; a tinnes. Cruitneacht arna brisidh da bearbadh ar sug gafainne &ersir; ceirin de umna haltaibh &ersir; coiscidh sileadh an adbuir cucu. Gran cruitneachta arna cognamh da cur ar greim na con confuigh &ersir; ni denann urcoid ina haitli &ersir; is mo oilis an cruitneacht fasas isan fearann meth na an cruitneacht fasas isin fearann truag. Et ata bran na cruitneachta teasaide tirim co measardha &ersir; ata brigh glanta ann. Sisan da denamh don bran so &ersir; glanuigh an cliabh ona leannaib reamra righin.

267. Tanasetum agreste: .i. na brisclain: fuar tirim &ersir; ni fadur a ceim a leabar Plaitiairius &ersir; is mor fodhnus an aigid fluxa na bronn. A mbrisid &ersir; gealan uighe no barr bainne da cur trit &ersir; foiridh ainnteas na mball. Prema na luibhe so da bearbadh ar fin dearg &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirigh galur na mban. Ceirin don luibh cetna maille re gealan uighe da cur fona hairgibh &ersir; foiridh an teinneas cinn tic o teasaideacht.

268. Tapsia: .i. an fearban: teasaide tirim san iii ceim &ersir; beirigh a brigh ann co ceann tri mbliadhain &ersir; togairmigh an scetrach co hoireda &ersir; flux na bronn co tanaiste. Item, bristear an luibh so co maith &ersir; bearbtar hi &ersir; foirig an potagra. Et ata brigh ataitairrngteac na leannann a hinmedon an cuirp cum na mball foirimilleach innti. Item, gabh finegra &ersir; an uinnemint darub ainm pupulion &ersir; sugh midhaighi &ersir; sugh na luibhe so &ersir; plur mine eorna &ersir; bainne cic cumasctar co cudruma &ersir; curtar 'na ceirin umna haltaibh foirig artetica &ersir; potagra &ersir; sireagra &ersir; gac uili easlainte na feiteadh tic o fuaraideacht.

269. Tela rania: .i. lin an damain allaidh: fuar tirim &ersir; ata brigh fostoigteach ann &ersir; coiscidh sileadh fola na cneadh cneasaigid amuil adubrumar.

270. Terpintina: .i. gum crainn noc ata teasaide tirim &ersir; beirig a brigh cet bliadhan ann &ersir; ata brigh discailteach aipidteac boctach ann. Terpintina maille re min eorna da cur a ceirinaibh &ersir; aipigid na neascoide fuara &ersir; discailidh an t-adbhar. Terpintina da cur ar smeroidibh dearga &ersir; a deatach da licin fon timtireacht &ersir; foirig builg an daer-galair. An deathac cetna da licin fon mnai &ersir; foirig suficasio matricis &ersir; presuficasio matricis.

271. Tamariscus: .i. croiceann crainn fasas annsan Innia &ersir; ata teasaide tirim da reir Avicenna &ersir; ata brigh diureticach glantach ann &ersir; is tarbac e an aigid galair na selgi &ersir; stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica. Pudur an croinn reamhraiti da cur ar biadaib no ar deocaibh &ersir; do-ni furtacht an aigid na n-easlainteadh adubramur.

272. Tamuirindi, oxifencia, dactilus asetosus, dactilus indicus: toradh crainn; fuar tirim. leat astigh don ii ceim &ersir; folmaigid linn ruagh co hoireda &ersir; na leanna loisce eli co tanaiste oir folmaigid linn ruagh on gaili &ersir; ona hinnibh &ersir; ona haeibh &ersir; as imcubaidh e an aigid na buidheacuire &ersir; duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; an aigid tersiana. Sug fumiter &ersir; tamuirendi da tobairt da ol &ersir; foirigh an brut bis arin croicinn &ersir; an carraighe amuil adubrumuir.

273. Turio uitis: .i. maetain na fineamhna &ersir; maethain gach uili crainn &ersir; gac uili luibhe &ersir; fetar an t-ainm so do rad riu. Maetain na fineamhna da cur a sabsaib &ersir; calmuig an brigh totlaightheach. Maetain na ndrisi na ndrisidh maille re gealan uighe circe da cur trit &ersir; a cur arna suilib &ersir; coiscidh a teasbach &ersir; a tinneas &ersir; a ndera. Maetain na darach ata brig stipicdha coirtiteac indta. Don uernix don ueruena don tsail cuach da lus na leadan don gloini do caera na fineamhna don fin don neim don broinn dona peistib don radarc don scetraig dona neithib loisceas.

274. Uernix, bernix, elasia: .i. gum croinn noc ata fuar tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; atait tri gneiti air .i. gne buighe &ersir; gne ruagh &ersir; gne geal &ersir; asi an gne geal solus is fearr dibh &ersir; ata brigh ceangailteac dlutaidteac na n-uili datann ann oir ase cuirid na peinntiuraig tar eis gach datha arna dealbaibh oir da-beir a dat fein da gac dat dibh &ersir; bid solus loinnearda uadha. Uernix &ersir; duis leg. tuis &ersir; gealan uighe circe da cur ar bel an gaile &ersir; coiscidh gac uile sceatrac. Et coiscidh pudur an guma so gac uili flux. An gum cetna do coimelt don ceir &ersir; beirigh a brigh innti cet bliadhan gan truaillead.

275. Ueruena, herba Ueneris, peristeron: teasaide tirim ata si &ersir; is treisi a tirmaideacht na a teasaideacht. An luibh so da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; a ol &ersir; foirigh neimh leadartha no con confuigh &ersir; an luibh fein 'na ceirin. Sugh na luibhe cetna do congmail isin bel &ersir; foirigh an galar beil. Duillebar na luibhe so da cur isna cneadhaib dearga &ersir; foiridh iat. An luibh cetna d'ol ar fin no ar linn an aigid gach uili neimhe. Tri premha &ersir; tri duilleadha don luibh so da buain &ersir; paidir re gac nduille &ersir; re gach premh &ersir; a ol ar uisce srotho &ersir; foiridh ter tersiana. Ceitri duilleadha &ersir; iiii prema da buain mar an cetna &ersir; a ol roimh aixis quartana &ersir; icaidh e. Ueruena da beit ad laimh a dul d'fis t'otair &ersir; fiarfaig dhe cinnus ata &ersir; da n-abra co mbia co maith tiucfaid as &ersir; da n-abra co mbi co holc racaidh d'eag. An luibh so do bearbadh ar fin no ar midh an aigid gach uili easlainte thic o fuaraideacht an gaili no an cleib &ersir; is tarbach fodhnus doibh. Ueruena &ersir; bitoine &ersir; atair talman &ersir; a coimilt ar uisce &ersir; a ol ar cet longadh gac lae &ersir; brisigh an cloc fuail gan amurus.

276. Uiola: .i. in sail cuach; fuar a tosac an cet ceim e &ersir; fliuch a ndeireadh an ii ceim. A tirmugad &ersir; beirig a brigh da bliadhain innte &ersir; as fearr a buain gacha bliadhain. Et as do blath uiola &ersir; do siucra do-nitear siucra uiolasium &ersir; as don blath cetna &ersir; do mhil do-nitear mil uiolasium &ersir; don blath cetna &ersir; d'olaigh do-nitear ola uiolasium . Et cebe acu bus ailt da denamh cuir an blath an blath annsa mhil no san ola no sa siucra &ersir; lic ann eadh d'aimsir &ersir; faisc ina haitli &ersir; bidh mar adubrumur. Et as amlaidh do-nitear siroip na uiola .i. blath na uiola da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; an uair bus fuar e siucra da cur ann &ersir; is imcubaidh an tsiroip sin an aigid na n-easlaintead teasaide. Deanamh ele uirre .i. blat uiole da cur an uisce re feadh oidche &ersir; a sitlodh arna maireach &ersir; siucra da cur innte &ersir; bidh 'na siroip. Denum eli uirre .i. blath na uiole da brisidh &ersir; a cur maille re holaigh a soiteach gloine re grein an aimsir samraigh re v laeib deag &ersir; bidh 'na holaigh togaidhi &ersir; furtachtaigid an ola so gac uili droch-coimpleasc teasaide an cuirp. Ola na uiole do coimilt don edan &ersir; dona hairgibh &ersir; icaidh teinneas an cinn noc thic o teasaideacht. Et at ait iiii brigha isan olaid so .i. miniugad na neitid ngarb &ersir; innfuaradh na neiteadh teasaide &ersir; bogad na neiteadh cruaigh &ersir; in stupail &ersir; an ceangal bis arna hinnib da ladh. Uiola maille re gealan uighe da cur umna neascoidib teasaide &ersir; fritbuailigh iat ana tosach. An luibh so da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; na cosa &ersir; an aigid d'innlad as &ersir; togairmig an codlad. Tuic leat gurab cora in uiola da bearbadh cum siroip da denamh dhi na an ros oir ata fliuchaideacht righin do-discailti innti &ersir; fliuchaideacht so-scailte silteac ata san ros. Uiola da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a ol &ersir; coiscidh an laitirt no a boltanughadh do cur fon sroin &ersir; do-ni mar an cetna. Et adeir Macer an uiola ara mbi blath doinn-dearg gurab imcubaidh hi an aigid epilensia.

Item, blath uiole &ersir; croch &ersir; mirr do cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; a cur arna suilibh &ersir; foirigh att &ersir; deirgi na sul. Item, sail cuach da brisidh &ersir; a cumusc maille re mil &ersir; re finegra &ersir; a coimilt don ceann deis a bearrtha &ersir; icaidh a bruth &ersir; a salcur. An luibh so da cur ar licc the &ersir; a cur mar sin arin at &ersir; coiscidh a neimh &ersir; a teinneas. An luibh so da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; a deatach da licin fon maclac &ersir; foirid creachta in macluig. Sil na luibhe so da tabairt ar fin &ersir; glanaidh an fuil mista. Ceirin don luibh so da cur arin potagra tic o teasaideacht &ersir; foirigh. An luibh so d'ol ar uisce &ersir; innarbaig linn ruagh bis annsa gaili. An luibh cetna da bearbadh ar meadg an aigid pleurisisi &ersir; perpleumoniaError for pneumonia. &ersir; gac uili easlainte an cleibh. Ola na uiola da coimilt da cliabh na leanam mbec &ersir; icaidh an cosachtach. Sugh na luibhe cetna da cur bog sa cluais &ersir; foirigh torman na cluas noc tic o teasaideacht. Sug na luibhe so d'ol ar cet longad &ersir; marbaig na peisti. An luibh so do tobairt ar cet longad ar fin da duine o teit a urlabra &ersir; foirig e mar adubrumuir.

277. Uirga pastoris, osaragi: .i. lus na leadan min: fuar tirim &ersir; ni fadur a ceim &ersir; ata brigh fostoiteac innti &ersir; is imcubaid hi an aigidh flux na bronn. Ceirin don luibh so maille re gealan uighe &ersir; re min eorna arin imlican &ersir; coiscidh flux bronn. Pudur na luibhecetna da tabairt a n-uig bhuig &ersir; coiscidh flux na bronn. Ceirin don luibh so maille re gealan uighe circe da cur arin teinigh dhiadh &ersir; foirig hi. Ceirin don luibh cetna da cur arin ceann &ersir; furtachtaigid an aigid frenisise.

278. Uitrum: .i. an gloine; fuar sa cet ceim &ersir; tirim sa ii ceim. Pudur na gloine maille re h-ola na cno francach da cur fon ceann &ersir; foirig gac uili carraighe. Pudur gloine maille re serpentina leg. terpentina da cumasc trit a ceili &ersir; foirig bruth an croicinn &ersir; a coimilt de. Item, blath na smer &ersir; pudur gloine &ersir; ola na roisi &ersir; a cumusc trit a ceili &ersir; a cur ar morfia &ersir; fuiliugad air roime &ersir; foirigh e gan amurus da reir Plaitiairius. Pudur ro-min gloine da cumusc maille re sugh feinel &ersir; a cur fon suil &ersir; scrisaig finn na sul.

279. Uua: .i. caera na fineamna; teasaide fliuch iat acht muna claechlaighi fonn no tir a n-aicned &ersir; adeir Isag co tuismidhit fuil glan &ersir; co tiagaid tar na huili toradh acht amain na hubla figi &ersir; adeir Isac co n-examhailtear iat a 4 foladhaib .i. a cnaime, fuar tirim &ersir; a sugh, teasaide fliuch &ersir; a n-eithneadha, teasaide tirim &ersir; a croicinn, fuar tirim fos &ersir; adeir Galienus gurab inann oibriughadh croicinn na risine &ersir; oibriugad croicinn na caer so oir atait do-dileaghtha gaetmur &ersir; adeir Isac co coiscinn caera na fineamna meisce an fina &ersir; gach meisce tic co hobann is gairid bis ar neach &ersir; gach meisce tic co rigin is fada bis ar neach mar adubrumar.

280. Uinum: .i. in fin; teasaide tirim ata se &ersir; as mor oilis an corp &ersir; coimedus an tslainte &ersir; a ol co measurdha da reir Isac in Dietis Uineuersalibus &ersir; calmuigid se brigh dileaghtha an gaili &ersir; na n-ae &ersir; na mball co huilighe oir adeir Galienus na briatra so a Leabar Choimeda na Sl<ex>ainte</ex>: Imposibile est accionem uirtutis digestiue confurtairi absce uino .i. ni fedtar oibriughadh na brighe dileaghtha da calmughadh co foirfi an uair anbainnidhtear hi gan fin oir ni fetar biadh no deoch as mo calmuigeas an brigh nadura &ersir; an brigh dileaghtha na an fin oir comhaentaighidh a teas risin teas nadura &ersir; a fliuchaideacht risna fliuchaideachtaibh nadura. Et intaigid co hurusa a fuil ro-glain &ersir; meduigid na spiraid &ersir; glanuig se an fual leg. fuil &ersir; osluigidh duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge glanuig na suili &ersir; indarbaidh bron &ersir; toirrsi on craige &ersir; calmuigid na baill co huilidhe. Ni headh amain acht calmuigid an t-anam oir claechlaidh bron cumha &ersir; toirrsi &ersir; meduigid an forbailteacus &ersir; comfurtachtaig an t-anum chum aitrigi &ersir; chum diadachta &ersir; da-beir beodacht &ersir; arrachtus do neoc &ersir; is follus da reir Isacc co n dleaghar an fin da tobairt an gac ais &ersir; an gac aimsir &ersir; an gac coimpleasc &ersir; fhonn da reir mar fuilngeas an naduir e da reir meide no loidhed. Et adeir Isac gurub mo dleaghaid na macaim &ersir; na daine oga an fin d'ol naid na seann-daini oir gemad imcubaid doib e da reir a coimpleasca ni fuilngteac a n-incinn air da reir anmaindi na brighi ainmigi acu &ersir; buigi a feiteadh. Et as ecsamuil oibrighis an fin isna haesaibh da reir Isac oir mar leiges amain dleaghar a tobairt dona seann-dainibh &ersir; mar biadh dona dainibh oga &ersir; mar biadh &ersir; mar leiges dona macamhaibh. A beith mar leiges dona seann-dainibh ise as adbar do .i. teasaideacht an fina ag fritcathugadh an aigid fuaraideachta na haisi. A beit mar biadh dona dainibh oga ise as adbar do .i. gurab inann coimpleasc &ersir; naduir doib da reir teasaideachta ceachtair dibh &ersir; gurab ona cosmuilis do-nitear a n-aileamhaint. A beit mar biadh &ersir; mar leiges dona leanmaibh ise as adbar dho oir nir coimlinadh a teas nait a mbrigha nait a mbaill co foirfe &ersir; ata a fliuchaideacht co himurcach mar adubrumar &ersir; certaig an fin na neithi sin &ersir; as ullamh e da dul a n-oileamhaint na mball. An aimsir geimrigh &ersir; a fonn fuar dleaghar an fin da tobairt a meid mhoir. An aimsir samraigh &ersir; a fonn teasaide dleaghar a cumasc maille re huisgi oir beirigh seimhideacht an fhina an t-uisce an inmedon na mball da n-innfuaradh &ersir; da fliuchadh. Et examuiltear an fin da reir aisi .i. fin nua en bliadhain amain &ersir; fin arrsaig o iiii bliadhna co vii mbliadhna &ersir; fin medonac o da mbliadhain co iiii bliadhna. An fin nua vero ata se teasaide fliuch sa cet ceim gurab uime sin as mor fodnus an aigid na fuaraideachta &ersir; idir na huili deoch asi so is mo teit an oileamhaint na mball da reir Isacc &ersir; gedeadh tuismidhtear droc-leanna truaillidhe uadha &ersir; gaetmuireacht isan gaili &ersir; isna hinnibh oir adeir Galienus nach fedann an fin ur an biadh da breit leis cum na mball. An fin arrsaigh vero ata se teasaide tirim sa iii ceim &ersir; ata serbi ann &ersir; as bec oilis &ersir; is luat teit sa ceann &ersir; comhbualgris na cetfadha da n-eabur co mi-nadura he acht muna bia arna cumusc maille re huisce nglan &ersir; sechnadh an luct aga mbid na cetfadha ro-gera &ersir; na feithe anmunna an fin so acht muna beadh an fin maille re moran fliuchaideachta noc fedus fritcatugad an aigid geraideachta &ersir; ro-teasaideacht an fina. An fin medonac vero ata se teasaide tirim sa ii ceim &ersir; ase imcubaidheas da gac uili ais &ersir; aimsir &ersir; coimpleasc da tuctar co measardha he.

281. Uenenum: .i. in nemh &ersir; as iat so na neichi frithcataidhius an aigid na neimhe mar ata feol natrach in neimhe &ersir; cailmint &ersir; sugh praisce coblain &ersir; orobus .i. pis enain &ersir; ipericon .i. bithnua &ersir; ceclamen .i. cularan &ersir; euforbium &ersir; salund &ersir; ruibh &ersir; gaill bilur &ersir; stoinsi fada &ersir; eitneadha na cno francac &ersir; a caitimh maille re ruibh &ersir; sparagus cona sil &ersir; balsumum &ersir; finegra &ersir; fuil mil muige &ersir; bainne asail no lara &ersir; uirghi fiadha &ersir; gairleog &ersir; litronta &ersir; a cosmaile.

282. Uenter: .i. an bru &ersir; is iad so na neice coisceas flux na brond &ersir; dlighidh na neice sin beit teasaide tirim maille re foladh reamur .i. cruel dearg &ersir; terra sigilata .i. talamh selaithi &ersir; bolus armenicus .i. uir slebe armenea &ersir; sraidin &ersir; prema niamhnaite &ersir; eidhinn na crann &ersir; crann na spinan &ersir; croiceann fuinnseoigi &ersir; prema na tri ndrisidh &ersir; cruach padraig &ersir; sugh na n-airneadh n-an-abaigh &ersir; galla &ersir; sugh sailigi &ersir; dragantum &ersir; gum araibi &ersir; meanadach &ersir; ailim &ersir; uirgo pastoiris &ersir; pentafilon &ersir; fuil coluim &ersir; luait adhuirce bo &ersir; findfadh mil ar ndenamh puduir dhe &ersir; luaith congna fiadha &ersir; a cosmaili.

283. Uermis: .i. na peiste &ersir; as iat so na neice marbus na peiste mar ata ambra aibsint &ersir; surramant &ersir; stoinsi &ersir; garleog &ersir; ruibh &ersir; Minntas &ersir; gaill bilur &ersir; cartland &ersir; mirr &ersir; dedga dearg &ersir; tim &ersir; puliol ruibel &ersir; carauaigh &ersir; cogal &ersir; co hairiti na neici marbus na mila.

284. Uisus: .i. an radurc &ersir; as iat so na neithi ghlanus an radarc mar ata aloeis &ersir; ruibh &ersir; berberis &ersir; popin geal &ersir; ailim &ersir; tuisia &ersir; selidonia &ersir; sugh centauria &ersir; sug fenegrecum &ersir; gaill bilar &ersir; luaith fialtoige &ersir; domblas ae gach uili ainmighi &ersir; co hainmidteac domblas ae an ilair &ersir; blath umha &ersir; umha loisce &ersir; a cosmuili.

285. Uomitibus: .i. in sceatrach &ersir; is iat so na neichi togairmis an sceatrach mar ata bun fearbain &ersir; gran oililla &ersir; an tatabha geal &ersir; sil elefreoigi &ersir; sil ragaim. Et as iat so na neithi comsuigigthi togairmis an sceatrach mar ata oiximel &ersir; siroip aigeidithi &ersir; sugh prem rusc an truim. Et as iat so na neici tairmiscus an sceatrach amail atait ceirinaca sdipecdha da cur ar bel an gaili dona neicib so .i. maisdix &ersir; olibanum &ersir; gum araibhi &ersir; mas &ersir; spoidium &ersir; nus muscata &ersir; gailingan &ersir; na neichi so da bearbadh ar finegra &ersir; edach lin arna dublad re iii cuartaibh da cur ann &ersir; a chur ar bel an gaili. Item, gabh ros &ersir; mirr &ersir; sugh campora &ersir; sug slanlosa &ersir; sugh ueruena &ersir; sugh minntais &ersir; cumaiscthear na sugha so maille re haran geal arna rostadh &ersir; curtar ar bel an gaile &ersir; coiscidh an sceatrach amuil adubrumar.

286. Uritiua: .i. na neiche aga fuil brigh loisceach amuil ata peletra &ersir; sdafis aigria &ersir; pibar dubh &ersir; musdard &ersir; gairleog &ersir; ael ur &ersir; glaiser lena &ersir; bainne gearr na heigmhe &ersir; aibill uisce &ersir; premha teneadh talman &ersir; barr neannta gan brisidh &ersir; a cosmuile. Don cuilinn tragha d'uisceamhlacht na fola don uisce don iarapigra Galieni.

287. Yringi, socacul: .i. an cuilinn traga; teasaide fliuch ata se &ersir; as mor comhfurtachtaideas a prema an dileaghadh &ersir; osluigidh duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge. Premh na luibhe so da bearbadh ar uisce &ersir; pinginneda beca da denamh dibh &ersir; a mbrisidh co min a moirtel &ersir; a mbearbadh ar mil arna spumail no co mbia tiugh a ngne lictabaire &ersir; curtar na puduir so ann .i. pudur gailingain &ersir; seinnser &ersir; nutamuic &ersir; cainel &ersir; calamus aromaticus &ersir; mas &ersir; cubebis &ersir; sil ainede &ersir; ainisi ar ndenam puduir dibh &ersir; curtar iat isin lictabaire cetna &ersir; ise as ainm dhi diaeringe. Item, dentar an deoch so an aigid galair na n-arunn &ersir; duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge .i. gabh lan duirn da premaib na luibhe so &ersir; prema feinel &ersir; persille &ersir; egrime &ersir; meirsi &ersir; prema milbocain &ersir; crimh muice fiadha &ersir; dubhcosach ur &ersir; easbog beoain &ersir; premh buathfaillain liath &ersir; airgead luacra &ersir; barr cailmint &ersir; saitsi &ersir; ros dearg co mor da gach ni &ersir; bearbtar iat ar braitlis maith no ar an digh re n-abur mulsa .i. ocht rainn d'uisce &ersir; an ix rann do mil &ersir; curtar pudur na siltadh so san fiuchadh ndeirinnach .i. pudur sil feineil &ersir; persilli &ersir; egrime &ersir; elistroint &ersir; sil cularain &ersir; gaill eigrimhe &ersir; beirb no go ndeaca an iiii cuit fai &ersir; sitailtear co maith &ersir; glantar le mil &ersir; le siucra &ersir; curtar pudur licoirisi &ersir; curtar gabhail innti &ersir; eabur mocrac &ersir; re laighe &ersir; glanuig an deoch so an maclac &ersir; na hairni &ersir; ullmaigid chum na geneamhna &ersir; glanuigh an breith &ersir; osluigid duinti na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; medaigid an toil &ersir; an sperma &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an dileaghadh. Item, an luibh cetna maille re min eorna no maille re minen muiri da bearbadh ar fin &ersir; foirig stranguria &ersir; disuria &ersir; is imcubaidh hi an aigid na heaslainte re n-abar diabeitis amail adubrumar.

288. Ycor: .i. uisceamlacht na fola &ersir; adeir Galienus braen don fuil da chur ar t'ingin a haitle na cuislinne &ersir; da scaili ar th' ingin ata an fuil sin maille re huisceamlacht &ersir; muna scaili is deagh-comurtha da leit na fola &ersir; is di-mola sin a follamnugadh na slainti oir signidh imdugadh na leannann neimh-dileaghtha sa corp.

289. Ydor: .i. an t-uisce &ersir; adeir Ipocras &ersir; Galienus co fuil se arna comhsuigiughadh o dha chail aenda .i. o fuaraideacht &ersir; o fliuchaideacht &ersir; nac tabair medugadh na oileamhaint don corp acht muna bia arna chomsuigiughadh maille re neitibh eli. Ata fritcathughadh aigi re gach uili ni ata maille re teasaideacht &ersir; re tirmaideacht &ersir; gac ni aga fuil an frithchathughadh so re teasaideacht &ersir; re tirmaideacht ni fedann se oileamhaint da tobairt don corp oir mar mucas an t-uisce an tene no mar mucas an t-soillsi an dorcact as mar sin mucas an t-uisce an teas nadura. Et as amlaidh ata an t-uisce co haenda &ersir; an corp comsuigighthe: ni hoiltear ni acht ona cosmaileas fein. Maseadh o nach fuil cosmhuileas ag an uisce risin corp ni hoiltear an corp uada amail adeir Galienus. Et gach ni comsuigighthe as aigi ata fas &ersir; foirbtiugadh &ersir; a contrara so ata isna neithib aenda, maseadh o ta an t- uisce aenndha ni hoiltear uadha. Da dearbad gurab ni aenda an t-uisce da reir Isac oir gac ni comsuigighthe adeir co fuil blas &ersir; baladh air &ersir; as follus nach fuil bias na baladh aran uisce, maseadh as ni aenda he.

290. Yarapigra GalieniDefined as follows in Green, Trotula, Appendix, p. 196: Hierapigra: Yerapigra Galyeni. It is called yera [i.e. hiera] because it is sacred, picra because it is bitter. It is made for various diseases of the head, or diseases of the ears or distemper of the eyes. It also purges the stomach very well. It relieves disorders of the liver, and it removes and thins out hardness and density of the spleen. It is good for the kidneys and the bladder, and it cleanses distemper of the womb. A tenth part is one pound. Take two scruples each of cinnamon, spikenard, saffron, camel grass, hazelwort, cassia tree bark, balsam wood, balsam fruit, violet, wormwood, agaric, roses, vegetable turpeth, colocynth, and mastic; aloe in the weight of all the spices, i.e. ten drams and to scruples; and honey as needed. Its dose is three drams, to be given with warm water in the morning while fasting. If, however you make pills, give fifteen or seventeen of them with a sufficient amount of scammony. Cf van den Berg, p. 183, no. 143. [BF]: .i. comhsuigiughadh uasal da ordaigh Gailiden &ersir; as inann iara isin Greig &ersir; sacra co Laidianta &ersir; is inann sacra asin Laidin &ersir; ni coisreactha asin Gaeidilc oir as beannaithi coisreaca an leiges so chum easlainti an chinn oir folmaigh linn finn &ersir; linn dubh gurab airi sin as imcubaidh e an aigid eipilensia &ersir; apoplexia &ersir; melangcoilia &ersir; mainia &ersir; emagrainia &ersir; scotomia &ersir; uertigho &ersir; cefaili &ersir; coiscid torman na cluas &ersir; confurtachtaigid an radarc &ersir; osluigidh duinte na n-ae &ersir; na seilge &ersir; na n-arann &ersir; comfurtachtaigid an macloc &ersir; as imcubaidh e an aigid sietica &ersir; artetica &ersir; potagra &ersir; coilica &ersir; ilica &ersir; atait comsuigighthe eli ann re n-abur iara rufini &ersir; iara lagadion iara Constantini. Don tsinnser don tsiucra

291. Zinciber: .i. an sinnser; teasaide sa iii ceim &ersir; fliuch sa ii ceim &ersir; comhfurtachtaigid an gaili &ersir; lacaid na hinne &ersir; as imcubaidh e an aigid urcoidi an cleib &ersir; na scaman. A bearbadh ar fin no ar lind &ersir; comfurtachtaigid teinneas an gaile &ersir; na n-inneadh. Pudur sinseir do crothadh aran timtireacht &ersir; foiridh teneasmon do-nitear o fuaraideacht &ersir; bolga an daer-galair. Pudur sinnseir da cur arn ar biaghaib egin &ersir; furtacthaigid lucht na sinccopisi.

292. Ziucra: teasaide fliuch isan cet ceim co measardha &ersir; ata brigh lactach boctach innfuartach ann &ersir; geraigid se linn ruagh ona millse oir adeir Isacc gac ni aigeidithi coiscidh se geraideacht leanna ruaigh &ersir; gac ni milis meduigid se geraideacht leanna ruaigh. Gaeite beca do mil &ersir; do siucra &ersir; da salann da tobairt isna fiabrusaibh gera &ersir; coiscid a n-ainnteas. Et at ait tri gneithe arin siucra .i. siucra geal &ersir; siucra buighe &ersir; siucra cainndi. An siucra geal ase as imcubaidh chum na siroipeadh &ersir; chum na comsuigiughadh do-nitear an aigid na fiabrus nger. An siucra cainndi coiscig ita &ersir; an ainnteas an gaili &ersir; as imcubaidh e da lucht an tsaethair isna haimseraib teasaide &ersir; da lucht na tisisi &ersir; na heitice &ersir; na cosachtaige &ersir; a tobairt a lictabairib &ersir; a mbiadaib &ersir; a ndeocaib &ersir; gach ni da cnaidead &ersir; da loigdighead don fliuchaideacht coimlinaigh an siucra e. Dentar lictabairi dhe .i. gab siucra geal punt no do &ersir; maethaidtear he le huisce fuar no co leaga co huilighi &ersir; curtar e a crocan prais da bearbadh &ersir; curtar na spisraid comhfurtachta so and mar ata sinnser &ersir; cainel &ersir; galingan &ersir; nutamic &ersir; bearbtur iat mar as du &ersir; ata brigh comfurtachta an craigi &ersir; na mball co huilighe annsa lictabaire so.

 Colophons

Gurab amlaidh fagmait crich chumair tarbach arin leabur so noch do tairrngead a h-ainntetairib &ersir; a herbulairibh catrach Salernetane &ersir; da reir sduideir comaentaigthe doctuireadh Sleibe Pisalani &ersir; adubradar na maigistreacha sin gach ni tinnscaintear a n-ainm Dia gurab dingmala a crichnugadh a n-ainm Dia.

Gurab amhlaigh sin da cricnaigead an leabar o Tadg O Chuinn .i. baistillerach a fisiceacht a mi Octimpir a sollain Lucais suibisceil &ersir; iseadh da bud sian an Tigerna an tan sin .mº. cº cº cº cº. &ersir; .x. u. in summo. Finit, amen.Other versions of the colophon are given in the back matter below, page 275f [BF]:

Aed buidhe ó Leighin da scribh an leabur so &ersir; as doith lium muna beith attuirrse orum g cetera desunt.

 NLIre MS G11:

Gurob amlaid sin fagmaid crich inmolta in leabair so co cumair tarbach noch do tairngead a hainntitairibh &ersir; a herbalairib cathrach Salernitani &ersir; do reir comaontaigthi sduideir dochtuiridhi Sleibe Pisalain &ersir; adubradar na dochtuirigi sin uili cach ni tindscainntear a n-ainm Dia curob dingmala a crichnugad a n-ainm Dia curob amlaid sin crichnaigthear in leabar so o Tadg hua Cuinn .i. baisiler a fisigeacht. Finitt. – NLIre Cat. p. 70.

 NLScot, Mackinnon MS III:

Gurab amlaid sin fágbhamaid crich ínmholta cumair tarbhach ar an leabarsa noch do tairrngedh a h-ainntitairibh &ersir; a h-eisimlairibh catrach Salernitani &ersir; do reir stuider comaontaigh do dhocturibh Shleibhi Pisalain &ersir; adubradar na maighistrecha sin gach ni tinnscainter an ainm Dé gurab dingmala a crichnugud an ainm Dé gurab amlaid sin do crichnuighedh an leabar so o Tadhg hua Cuinn .i. baisiler a bhfisigecht a mi Octimbir a sollamain Lucáis suibhisceoil &ersir; is iad do b'uimir bliadan ó ghein Crista co n-uige sin .i. mile bliadan &ersir; iiii .c. bliadan &ersir; v bliadna dheg ni is mo &ersir; gach neach léghfas an leabarsa tabraid bennacht ar anmain Taidhg i Chuinn &ersir; Ghilla Padraic hi Challanain neach do ghabh h-é an Gaidheilcc. Finit. Amen. Misi Gilla Coluim. – Mackinnon, Cat., p. 21–2.

 NLScot, Mackinnon MS LX:

Gurab amlaidh sin fagmaid crioch inmolta cuimir tarbhach air an leabhar so neoch do tarraingeadh a h-ainntitairibh a herbulairibh cathrach Salernitani &ersir; do reir sduider comhaontaighi dochtuiribh (dative for genitive??) t-Sleibhi Pisulain &ersir; adubhradar na maighisdrecha sin gach ni tinnsgainter an ainm Dia gurab dingbhalla a chriochnudhadh an ainm Dia. – Mackinnon, Cat., p. 70.

 TCD MS 1323, p. 63, line 16ff

gurub amlaid sin do cricnaigedh Matcer do tarrngedh a haindterib 7 a albula[i][...] Catrach Salernitania 7 doreir sduider doctuir tSleibi Pisilain na fisiceacht 7 Tadg O Cuind baisiler a fisigecht a mi Octimper a sollamain Lucais [so]iscel 7 is e dobo slan [dobo tslan otiose] dar tigerna an tan sin .i. mile .4. ced [[...] deg nis mo. Et gach aen legfis an leabur so tobrudh beannacht ar anmain Tha[...] hi Cuind 7 Aenguis hi Callannan do fuair a nGaedilg e 7 ar anmain an te do sgrib an leobur. Maghnus mc Gilla na Naem micc a Leagha o [...]ter 7 ata fi [...] Cf. ISOS Cat, Aoibheann Nic Donnchadha, TCD MS 1323 (H.3.4). [BF]

Pages 277 to 282 contain an extract on Aqua Vitae from TCD 1434 (H 3 22), pp 107–110, transcribed by Mícheál Ó Conchubhair, printed in Studia Hibernica 25, 49–75:55–60, omitted here. [BF]

 An Irish Materia Medica Part III Latin Texts

As to the Latin, the material that is given is confined to that represented in the Irish text, in the order in which it occurs in the Irish, and not in the oder of the original Latin.

The references are: CI: <corr sic="Crca" resp="BF">Circa</corr> Instans. Rufinus: The Herbal of Rufinus. Avicenna: Book 2 of the Canon. MF: Macer Floridus i.e. De viribus herbarum. Ysaac: Liber dietarum particularium of Ysaac Israeli. Er: The Erlangen version of Circa Instans (Wölfel). Modena MS: Modena copy of Tractatus de herbis, 1458. See also Tractatus de herbis dello pseudo Bartolomeo Mini, ed. Iolanda Ventura (Florence/Firenze 2009). [BF]

1. Aron barba, iarus, pes uituli: iarus calidus est et siccus in tertio gradu, alio nomine barba aaron appellatur et etiam pes vituli appellatur. Virtutem habet dissolvendi laxandi et attenuandi. Contra frigidum apostema tota herba cum tuberositate et cum assungia veteri teratur. Postmodum in testa calefacta superponatur. Contra emoroidas vel ficus iarus tapsus barbassus decoquantur in vino vel fiat aqua et encatisma idest sessio. Carnem superfluam corrodit solus pulvis eius. Ad depurandam faciem et cutem subtiliandam ex tuberositatibus desiccatis fiat pulvis subtilis et conficiatur cum aqua rosacea et ponatur ad solem donec tota aqua consumatur. Ita fiat ter vel quater vel amplius et illo pulvere solo confecto cum aqua rosacea illiniatur facies. Plus depurat quam ipsa cerusa. Virtutem habet dissolvendi laxandi et attenuandi. Contra tumores aurium ipsa herba coquatur cum rubeo vino et oleo: addito cimino. Fiat inde emplastrum et auribus superponatur. Contra scrophulas novellas herba ipsa et squilla cum assungia veteri vel ursina teratur et superponatur et liberantur sic si recentes sunt. Ad menstrua provocanda succus iari per pessarium iniiciatur, sive cum benedicta. Reperitur in hieme et estate. Magnam habet efficaciam secundum folia maiorem secundum radicem maximam secundum quasdam tuberositates que circa radicem inveniuntur. Ille tuberositates finduntur et dessiccantur. Per annum servantur. CI

2. Accacia, sucus prunellarum: Acacia frigida est et sicca in 3º gradu. Est autem acacia succus prunellorum immaturorum. CI

Stiptica est contra erisipillam, excoriationem que est in labiis et gingivis, dissenteriam stringit ... Et si anus infantis foris processerit, reprimit ... Item, idem accatia fit ex fructu arboris spinose et sunt prunelli. Rufinus from Dioscorides.

Egritudines capitis. Confert ulceribus oris membrorum. Egritudines membrorum oculi. Confortat visum et subtiliat ipsum: et non est conveniens oculo ex ea nisi albassari: et sedat ophthalmiam et rubedinem que accidunt in eis: et ingreditur in medicinis ungule. Egritudines membrorum expulsionis. Constringit naturam bibita et clisterizata et pro emplastro posita. Et confert dysenteria et solutioni sanguinee et abscindit fluxum matricis et removet eminentiam ani et eminentiam matricis et confert mollificationibus amborum. Avicenna

3. Absinthium, centonica, pointicum: Absinthium calidum est in primo gradu et siccum in secundo. Absinthii duo sunt genera, unum quod dicitur ponticum. CI

Reducit appetitum et est medicina mirabilis ad illud cum bibitur decoctionis eius aut sicci ipsius decem diebus scilicet quacumque die tres analasat et sirupus eius confortat stomachum. Avicenna

Contra lumbricos in inferioribus intestinis existentes detur succus absinthii cum pulvere betonice vel ... CI

Acri cum vino trita se quilibet ungens Non metuat culices, ustaeque fugantur odore. MF

Confert morsui draconis marini et scorpionis et morsus mugali, et hyusquiamo cum vino et suffocationi fungorum. Et vapor decoctionis eius confert dolori auris ... et confert dolori auris et fluxui humiditatum. Avicenna

Succus eius instillatus auribus humiditatem ab eis manantem desiccat. CI

In decoratione. Facit bonum colorem. Avicenna

Nausea non poterit quemquam vexare marina, Antea commixtum vino qui sumpserit illam. Olfactu somnum capiti vel subdita praestat, Hanc sibi supponi si non praesenserit aeger. MF

Cum felle taurino tritum et auribus iniectum confortat eas et sonitum ab eis expellit. CI

Et ex proprietatibus eius est ut prohibeat pannos a tineis et corruptione vermium et prohibet enclaustrum ab alteratione et chartas a corrosione ... et cum infunditur proprie in aqua enclaustri non corrodunt mures librum. Avicenna

Duritiam splenis eius cataplasma resolvit. Coniuncto sibi melle sterae si subditur herba Desiccabit eam, manareque menstrua coget; MF

Febres. Confert antique et proprie eius succus sicut succus eupatorii. De eupatorio Confert febribus chronicis et antiquis proprie succus eius et proprie cum succo absinthii. Avicenna

Contra opilationem epatis et ycteritiam detur succus eius et scariola vel ex his fiat sirupus et detur cum calida. Contra dolorem capitis ex anatumasi stomaci .i. ex fumositate stomaci detur succus eius cum zuccaro et calida. Contra suffocationem ex fungis detur cum aceto et calida. Contra dolorem et livorem membrorum ex percussione ex succo absinthii et pulvere cimini et melle fiat emplastrum. Ad provocandum menstrua ... CI

Solvit choleram et necque per ipsum fit iuvamen in phlegmate nec etiam in illo quod fit in stomacho in intestinis. Avicenna

Absinthium dicitur habere ii contrarias proprietates, scilicet laxativam et constrictivam. Quare non est dandum nisi materia existente digesta ut digestam dissolvet. Dissolutam ponticitate constringente exprimat. Amara enim pontica, quare, si interius recipitur, materia existente compacta, eam grossicie sua compactiorem redderet.Vienna. CI

Mundificat venas ab humore cholerico et aquoso provocat ipsum. Avicenna

4. Abrotanum, camphorata: Abrotanum calidum est in secundo gradu siccum in primo. CI

Unde iuvat nervos et causas pectoris omnes, Illius elixi si sit decoctio sumpta. Sic quoque dysnoicis prodest tussimque repellit Et prodest lumbis, sic vulvarumque querelis. Omnibus his crudum cum vino proderit haustum, Urinam purgat, sic et praecordia mundat, Sic curat sciasim, sic sumptum menstrua purgat. Serpentes nidore fugat, bibitumque venena Illorum extinguit, sedat quoque frigora febris Antea quam veniant si mixto sumitur amne, Aut oleo quo decoquitur si membra perungas. Lumbricos ventris hanc saepe bibendo necabis. Stirpes infixas et spinas abstrahet ipsum Appositum per se vel adeps si iungitur illi. MF

In cuius apozimate mulieribus sedentibus menstrua provocat, secundinam et mortuum fetum elicit. Clausas vulvas aperit, apostemata si habuerint sanantur ... stranguriam soluit ... succus eius ... menstrua provocat, putridos humores vulve desiccat, dolores eius et flegmatica apostemata in ea nascentia sanat. Succus eius vel cinis eius cum vetusto oleo mixtus alopiciam sanat lotus non habentibus pilos occurrit. Abrotane leo epithimatum rigorem febris aufert. Succus eius bibitus et cataplasmatus sanguinem membris allisum ex vulnere vel contusione mundificat vel educit. CI

5. Acalife, urtica: Urtica semen eius sunt calida in principio tertii et sicca in secundo. Avicenna

Dicimus Urticam, quam Graecus Acalyphe dicit. Et tussim veterem curat, si saepe bibatur. Frigus pulmonis pellit ventrisque tumorem. Omnibus his prodest pulvis cum melle iugatus, Aut succus viridis cum vino saepius haustus. Cum sale de foliis eius factum cataplasma Ulceribus prodest et sordida vulnera purgat, Et contra morsus valet hoc cataplasma caninos, Et cancros et parotidas luxataque curat, Hocque reformatur caro, quae discessit ab osse, Et solet humores hoc desiccare nocentes. Acri cum vino radix contrita tumorem Compescit splenis, podagrae sic subvenit illa Omnibus et morbis sic subvenit articulorum, Omnibus his prodest superaddita, vel sibi iuncto Si coquis hanc oleo foveasque hoc unguine membra. Semen, si sumptum fuerit cum melle iugatum, Cum mulsa bibitum lotium producit abundans. Ore diu clausus succus si volvitur eius Uvae non modicum poterit sedare tumorem. Haec solet ictericos cum vino sumpta iuvare, Illius semen colicis cum melle medetur, Cum vino bibitum venerem semen movet eius, Quod si manantem cupias retinere cruorem, Urticae succo frontem line, reprimit illum. Si supponatur cum myrrha menstrua pellit, Si claudit vulvam matrix humore gravata Urticae follis revocabitur illa fricata. Pleureticos, pectus, pulmones adiuvat eius semen. MF

6. Arasca, elleborus albus: Elleborus calidus est et siccus in iii gradu. CI

Elleborum geminas species testantur habere, Album, quod sursum purgat, nigrumque deorsum; Vim siccam calidamque tenent et tertius illis Est in utroque gradus, MF

Non debet dari nisi materia digesta. CI

Hordea, quam dederint, contrito iunge farinam; In succo ptisanae vel mulsa paneve coctum Sumere praecipiunt alii, sic utile dicunt. Elleborumque iubet in pultibus antea coctum Aut in lente dari, sic dicit non nociturum; Educit choleras varias et flegma per alvum; MF

Contra arteticam podagram et ciragram ... CI

Elleborum geminas species testantur habere, Album, quod sursum purgat, nigrumque deorsum; febribus super omnia prodest Quartanis, Purgatur tali vomitu vertigo vetusta, Insanis, melancholicis valet atque caducis, Saepeque curatur sumpto lymphaticus isto. Ellebori nigri praecepit Plinius unam Donari dragmam, Naribus attractus sternutamenta movebit Illius pulvis capitis pellentia morbos; MF

Contra litargiam et epilepsiam provocetur sternutatio: ex pulvere naribus immisso vel in panno posito ad nares percusso ... Contra scabiem fiat pulvis ellebori albi bene triti uncia 1, litargiro bene trito unciae 2, oleum nucis in patella coquatur ... inungatur patiens oleo et valet multum.Er. CI

Albagia, portulaca, pes pulli: Portulaca frigida est et humida. Viridis multe est efficacie, sicca vero non tante. Virtutem habet leniendi et humectandi et infrigidandi. Optimus cibus est febricitantibus comesta cruda vel cocta. Contra constipationem ventris coquatur cum prunis in aqua, comedat patiens pruna et portulacam et bibat aquam. Contra ragadias .i. fixuras labiorum etiam profundissimas fiat pulvis de radice portulace in terreo vase combusto et confice cum melle et inunge. Palliat etiam ragadias leprosorum. Notandum quod competenter ponitur cum diureticis sicca et viridis; quando cum diureticis, exterius apponitur. CI

8. Acedula, oxilapacium, rumei: Acidula, Virtus est illi siccans et frigida valde Tertius a medicis datus est gradus huic in utroque. Hac fugit apposita sacer ignis et herpeta mordax. Ulcera, quae serpunt, cohibet; Et tumor ex oculis tritae cataplasmate cedit. combustaque curat. Et multum calidae dicunt prodesse podagrae, Si fuerit foliis illius operta virentis Aut cataplasmetur mixta contrita polenta. Eius cum roseo succus permixtus [oleo] Dicitur antiquo capitis prodesse dolori, Qui dolor est lingua dictus cephalargia graeca. Omne genus fluxus ventris restringere mire Cum vino potata solet vel mansa frequenter, Hocque modo nimium manantia menstrua sistit, Vel si matrici tritam viridem superaddas; Sic quoque lumbricos pellit potata rotundos, Taliter et cunctis prodest potata venenis. Exhilarat visus succus illius inunctos Cum vino variis obstat potata venenis. Affirmant istam qui secum gesserit herbam Quod non appetat hunc letali scorpius ictu. Auribus expressus si succus funditur eius Adiuvat auditum mire pellitque dolorem. MF

9. Accetum, oxiren, oxiriun: Acetum frigidum est et siccum in secundo gradu. Penetrativam habet virtutem et divisivam ex substantia et constrictivam ex qualitatibus suis. Contra vomitum et fluxum ventris, bulliant in aceto racenum rose, tamarindi, galle et aristologie rotunde, vel aliquod eorum, et in tali aceto calido ponatur lana vel spongia, et ponatur supra stomacum si sit vomitus. Si autem sit fluxus ponatur supra renes et supra umbilicum. Valet omnino sirupus acetosus contra simplicem tertianam, et contra duplicem tertianam et ad quotidianam de flegmate salso et ad omnes acutas febres, si mane detur cum calida aqua. Quia ex aceto et melle fit oximel; quandoque simplex, quandoque compositum. Simplex autem fit ex duabus partibus aceti et tertia mellis si simul coquantur ad spissitudinem mellis. Compositum autem fit hoc modo. Accipe radices feniculi, apii, petrosilini, et contere aliquantulum, per diem et noctem iaceant in aceto; secundo die coque simul ut supra et postea cola et in aceto illo sic colato pone mel ad tertiam partem; et coque ut supra ... Sicut sirupus acetosus datur contra calidam materiam, ita oximel simplex contra frigidam materiam, quia digerit eam. Nota si acetum invenerit stomacum vacuum stringit ipsum, si plenum relaxat eum. Valet etiam contra debilitatos ex egritudine; accipe acetum et pone intus panem assum et ex tali pane bene sic madefacto unge os et labia et nares patientis et venas pulsatiles in brachio et ibi etiam supra venas liga talem panem assum in aceto madefactum. Multum confortat patientem. Valet etiam acetum contra litargiam et frenesim si fiat fricatio circa volas manuum et pedum cum sale et aceto. CI

10. Accride, bancia, pastinaca: Baucia calida est in secundo gradu et humida in medio primi; herba etiam que alio nomine dicitur pastinaca. Plus competit cibo quam medicine. Virtutem habet generandi multum sanguinem et spissum; unde augmentat libidinem. Convalescentibus et melancolicis valet cruda vel cocta comesta, viridis et non sicca. Fit autem inde zinziber conditum ad coitum excitandum. CI

mulsa si decoquis eius Radices, multum decoctio proderit eius, Si potanda datur, splenis iecorisque querelis, Lumborumque levat eadem potata dolorem. Hanc si lacte coquas, decoctio sumpta iuvabit Asthmaticos quamvis veteres ventresque fluentes. Radix illius collo suspensa tumores, Ut quidam dicunt, compescit testiculorum; Qui pastinacam fert aut qui mandidit illam, Dicitur a nullo serpentum posse noceri. Si circumscalpis dentes radicibus eius, Dicunt ingenti persaepe dolore levari. Sic quoque feminei ventris curare tumorem Dicunt, quo mulier quasi praegnans esse videtur. MF

Ad digestionem confortandum. CI

11. Affodillus, centum capita, aillium agreiste:The Irish author has combined in one chapter the material on Affodili and Allium which are in separate chapters in Circa Instans. Affodili centum capita albutium. Radix magis competit medicine quam folia. Viridis melior est quam sicca. Diureticam habet virtutem. Est calidus et siccus in secundo gradu. Contra ydropisim, medium corticem ebuli et sambuci et filipendule ana &dram; iii bulliant in iiii &ounce; succi affodilorum et detur contra leucoflegmantiam precipue. Contra maculam et omnem vitium oculorum accipe .... succi affodilorum .... miro modo prodest si oculi tali collirio illiniantur. Allii silvestris floribus utimur et debent colligi .... per biennium possunt servari in multa efficacia. Virtutem habet dissolvendi. Ad aperiendum vias epatis et urinales meatus fiat salsamentum similiter et distemperetur cum vino et herbarum diureticarum succo et detur. Flores allii silvestris diuretici sunt et in sirupo vel vino vel aliquo alio potu sumpti valent contra stranguriam et dissuriam. Ad provocandum menstrua .... sic coquantur allia in aqua et in tali aqua sedeat mulier usque ad umbilicum. CI

12. Agaricus, fungus: Agaricus calidus est in secundo gradu, siccus in tertio. Agaricus est quasi fungus et crescit circa radicem abietis et maxime in Lombardia. Sunt autem due species, aliud est femininum, aliud masculinum; femininum melius est. Femininum .... frangibile et habet quasdam tuberositates intus et quedam frustula quasi divisa. Masculinus non habet, sed est continuum .... facile pulverizatur. CI

Inquit filius Mesaugue .... Illud quod est melius est album velo cum frangibile .... Avicenna

Principaliter purgat flegma, secundario melancoliam. CI

Solutione educit humores grossos diversos melancolie et phlegmatis cholere rubee .... Avicenna

Contra cotidianam ex flegmate naturali ponatur agaricus in decoccione aliqua que datur febricitanti cum aliis speciebus, ut est cum squinanti. Contra yliacam passionem ...Er. CI

Est .... aperitivum omnium opilationum .... Avicenna

Aliter facta purgationeAliter contra cotidianam facta materie (Wölfel, Vienna). si febris adhuc infestat accipe &ounce; sem. agarici et &ounce; 2 succi feniculi et &ounce; 1 succi fumi terre et commisceantur, et hoc detur patienti ante horam accessionis. Contra dissuriam accipe saxifragam et coque in vino bono et cola et in colaturam pone agarici &ounce; med. confice cum melle et oleo et patienti da.Er. CI

Ossa fracta extrahit, malam carnem corrodit et fistulam sanat. Contra emorroydas accipe subtilissimum pulverem agarici et confice cum succo ciclaminis et oleo et calefac ad ignem et cum bombace intincto superponatur. Contra morpheam accipe pulverem predictum scilicet salis tosti, agarici, tartari, et scarificatione facta superpone pulverem. Decoctio agarici, castorei, squinanti, sene, dolorem sedat capitis factum ex abundantia flegmatis; stomacum etiam confortat; vel fiant pillule de predictis et temperentur cum succo feniculi vel absinthii et idem operantur. CI

13. Agrimonia, argimonia: Agrimonia. Prima cura eius ad dolorem et vitia occulorum, herbam agrimoniam viridem bene tere et superpone occulis — omnem livorem et inflacionem mirabiliter expellit. Contra illuxacionem agrimoniam cum axungia bene contere et fac emplastrum et superpone — omnem inflaccionem et dolorem expellit. Succus radicum pellit nebulas oculorum.Spuria Macri. Ad fetidum cancerumata agrimoniam viridem bene contrictam et superpositam ministrat sanare. Tractatus de herbis, Modena MS. Lat. 993

Verrucasque simul si coniungantur aceto. Spuria Macri.

14. Agnus castus: Agnus castus calidus est et siccus in 4º gradu. Frutex est. Cuius folia usui medicine competunt et non radices; flores etiam magis; eius flores in vere colligantur et per annum non amplius in multa efficacia conservantur. Lectus ex eo factus libidinem reprimit; quia libidinem comprimendo reddit castum hominem ut agnum. Fomententur genitalia ex aqua decoctionis eius. In succo ipsius decoquatur modicum castorei et dentur in potu. Contra gomoream flores et folia decoquantur in aceto et addito castoreo si vis; cataplasmentur genitalia. Nota quod quedam extinguunt libidinem inspissando sperma, ut semen lactuce, psillium, citruli, melo, cucumeris et cucurbite, portulaca, scariola, acetum, agresta, sumac, camphora et similia. Alia inaniendo spiritus et consumendo sperma ut ruta, maiorana, agnus castus, ciminum, calamentum, anetum. Sunt ii ista calida aperitiva, et ventositatem solvunt et extenuant. In succo agni casti, semen feniculi &dram; iii et esule &scruple; iii decoquantur, mane detur cum vino calido, leucoflegmatico colatura. Fomentum ex aqua decoctionis agni casti matricis exiccat superfluitates et ipsius angustat orificium. Ad menstrua provocandum fiat fomentum ex aqua decoctionis ipsius et centrum galli. Contra litargiam, accipe agnum castum et apium et salviam, et fiat decoctio in aqua salsa et fricetur fortitur posterior pars capitis. CI

15. Alacon, politricum, capillus ueniris; Capillus veneris frigidus est et siccus tamen temperate ex substantia subtili. Virtutem habet diureticam. Contra calefactionem epatis detur aqua decoctionis eius. Plagelle etiam intincte in succo ipsius superponantur, vel etiam ipsa herba trita. Recens multe est efficacie, parum tamen servari potest. De aqua decoctionis eius et zuccaro fiat sirupus si sit etiam vitio splenisEr.. Cataplasmatus valet alopicie et scrofulis. Coctus cum aqua ex eo capite loto pustulas et putrefactionem mundificat. Cum vino bibi tus et veneno et humoribus ad stomacum fluentibus resistit. CI

16. Alapin, cepa mairina, scilla: Squilla calida est et sicca in iii gradu et alio nomine cepa marinaAll supplied text in this entry is from Er. dicitur. Virtutem habet incidendi dissolvendi et purgandi per urinam. Illa que sola reperitur nisi sit sola plantata mortifera est. Cum ponitur in medicinis de exteriori cortice et interiori proportionaliter abiici debet quia venenosa est et pars intermedia decoquatur in pasta et postea ponatur in medicinis et in oximelle. Contra quotidianam quartanam yliacam et artheticam valet oximel ex ea factum. Contra duriciem splenis et epatis decoquatur in vino et oleo et superponatur. Contra easdem causas et yliacam passionem et artheticam ponatur squilla per xv dies in vino et oleo postea decoctio fiat et coletur et addita cera fiat unguentum. Exteriores pro nimia caliditate sunt mortifere et pro nimia frigiditate medie temperate sunt. CI

17. Alapsa, galla, pomum quersuus: Galla frigida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Est autem fructus quercus. Quedam reperitur grossaAll supplied text in this entry is from Er. et levis perforata que parum valet. Alie reperiuntur in Africa et Asia et dicuntur Asiane que parve sunt et non perforate, inter quas que grossiores sunt meliores sunt. Virtutem habent constringendi. Contra fluxum ventris fiat emplastrum ex pulvere galle subtili et albumine ovi et aceto et super pectinem et renes ponatur. ... ex aqua pluviali decoctionis gallarum .... Hoc etiam fiat contra dissinteriam ... contra dissuriam. Si vitio inferiorum fiat pulvis eius cum aqua ordei iniiciatur per clistere. Contra vomitum ex vitio virtutis contentive et debilitatione, fiat decoctio pulveris gallarum addito aceto et addita aqua marina et spongia infusa ori stomaci superponatur. Contra fluxum menstruorum fiat decoctio ex aqua pluviali decoctionis gallarum et pulvis etiam ipsarum iniiciatur per pessarium cum succo solo plantaginis, vel fiat inde aliquid solidum et supponatur ei. Contra fluxum sanguinis de naribus pulvis eius cum succo sanguinarie conficiatur stuellus inde factus naribus intromittatur. Emplastrum inde factum ex pulvere gallarum et albumine ovi timporibus superponatur. Gallarum etiam pulvis superpositus vulneribus ea consolidat. Ad capillos albos denigrandos vel canos talis fit usus. Accipe gallas non ponderosas nec perforatas et decoque in oleo quousque tumescant; postea cola et exprime inter duos pannos lineos quousque desiccentur; postea dimitte desiccari, deinde bene exiccatas tere et fac pulverem subtilem et accipe corticem nucum et tere peroptime et confice cum aqua pluviale et decoque addito pulvere illo gallarum et ex tali confectione unge capillos et barbam cum aqua calida; cave tamen ne cutis remaneat infecta et sic abluantur sepe et desiccentur. CI

18. Albedarug, colubrina, basilicon: Herba, Dragonteam Graecorum quam vocat usus, Haec eadem vulgi lingua Colubrina vocatur, Ex quibus antiquis expertum credimus esse, Quod queat a simili colubrina venena fugare. Quisquis se trita radice perunxerit eius, Tutus ab incursu serpentum dicitur esse; Morsibus illarum cum vino sumpta medetur. Sic etiam cancris magnum solet esse iuvamen. fagedaenica vulnera purgat, Si sit ei tritae cum melle bryonia iuncta; Vulneris haec mundat sordes, syringia curat; Succo radicis eius caligo fugatur Et varii morbi, quos lumina perpetiuntur. Si marcescentis illius floris odorem Nare trahat praegnans, deponere fertur abortum. Vel si sit radix matrici subdita trita. Pulvis radicis eius cum melle iugatus Tussim compescit sumptus, sedatque catarrhum Et confert haemoptoicis; Vulneris haec mundat sordes. Sola sibi iuncto maculas depellit aceto. Esse pedum vitium dicunt, cui pernio nomen Est a pernicie membri patientis ad ipsum, Plebs dicit mulam, solet hoc de frigore nasci, Amne Dragonteae radices decoque tali, Pernio deletur, si saepius amne fovetur. MF

19. Alagsandrum, masedonica, petrusidinum: Petrosilinum. Calidum et siccum in fine tertii gradus. Ysaac

Est autem duplex, domesticum – et agreste quod sinonum dicitur. Competens etiam fit salsamentum ex petrosilino domestico.Er. Virtutem habet diureticam, Semina precipue competunt usui medicine. CI

Apostemata eorum curat, maxime que sunt in renibus. Menstrua provocat. Fit hydropicis iuvativum. Epar et vulvam mundificat, eorum oppilationem aperit. Cataplasmatum super pustulas scabiem et morpheam mire mundificat. Pistatum et in vulvam missum secundinam et fetum mortuum expellit. Iuvativum et periodicam febrem patientibus. Corporis poros aperit et vias rarificat et humores extenuando cum urina et sudore proiicit. Ventositatem colice passionis dissolvit. Ysaac

Albeston, calx uiua: Calx. CI

Calx viva est illa que recens est et non aqua infusa. Mundat sicca vulnera. Rufinus from Dioscorides.

Mixta cum sevo et oleo pustulas et putrida apostemata habentes iuvat. Vulnera et omnem incisionem bene solidat. CI

21. Altea, malbua, bismalua: Malva ... secundum quosdam frigida est in primo gradu humida in secundo. Apostemata maturat, duritiem relaxat et mollificat.Er. CI

Mollificat apostemata ... maturat vulnera. Avicenna

Althaea: Elixata prius radix adipique terendo Addita porcino terebinthinaeque tumores Matricis curat, reliquosque iuvare dolores Dicitur illius; nervos sic ipsa relaxat. A dysentericis radicum coctio sumpta Cum vino fluxum stringens compescit eorum; MF

Decoctio radicis eius quum datur in potu cum vino confert difficultati urine et lapidi. Avicenna

Et pellit tardas haec coctio sumpta secundas. Acri cum vino contritum semen olivo Iungito, deformes maculas hoc unguine pelles. MF

Quando linitur cum aceto et oleo prohibet nocumentum venenosorum vermium. Avicenna

Terantur cum assungia porci recenti; et super tegulam calidam ponantur. Hoc autem valet contra duritiem splenis et epatis. Aqua decoctionis seminis ipsius herbe ... confert ethicis. CI

22. Aloe, epaticum, cicotrinum: Aloes calide et sicce complexionis est in ii gradu. Aloes ex succo herbe fit que herba suo nomine aloen appellatur. Aloes tria sunt genera, cicotrinum, epaticum, caballinum. Epaticum colori epatis assimilatur. Habet autem colorem epatis sed subnigrum. Optimum autem aloes est cicotrinum ... quod leviter frangitur ... non est fetidum, nec valde amarum ... quandoque frangibile. Aloen vero habet purgare coleram et flegma et mundificat melancoliam. Valet contra superfluitatem frigidorum humorum in stomacho contentorum. Caput a dolore relevat qui ex anathamiasi fit .i. ex fumositate stomachi. Habet etiam virtutem confortandi membra nervosa. Aloe si sepe sumatur excoriat intestina, unde opus ut cum eo misceatur mastix aut dragagantum aut bdellium. In oculis iniectus pruriginem oculorum omnino aufert. Pulvis aloe vulnera prepucii que fiunt de lavaro sanat. CI

23. Alphur, flos fraxini: Fraxinus calida est et sicca in ii gradu. Contra fluxum ventris ex lienteria dissuria lenitum precedents purgatione fiat fomentum ex aqua pluviali decoctionis corticis vel fungi quemadmodum fungi supra eam nascens. Pulvis etiam ipsius datus cum aqua pluviali valet:.Rufinus. Contra vomitum ex debilitate virtutis retentive vel humorum acumine cortex vel fungi in aceto bulliat et spongia intincta super stomacum ponatur. Valet etiam decoctio eius contra vitium splenis potata. CI

24. Allusal, cepa: Non modicum sanas Asclepius asserit illas Praesertim stomacho, Et dicunt illas mollire salubriter alvum; Oris foetori prosunt, fastidia tollunt; Appositas perhibent morsus curare caninos, Si tritae cum melle prius fuerint vel aceto; Apponunt alii cum vino melleque coctas, Transactisque tribus solvunt cataplasma diebus. Femineo lacti commixtus succus earum Pellit saepe graves infusus ab aure dolores; His succus commixtus aquae bibitusque iuvabit Illos, quos subitus facit obmutescere morbus. Naribus attractus harum tantummodo succus Humores nocuos capitis deponere cogit; Triturasque pedum, soleae quas vel caligarum Durlciae faciunt, succo sanabis eodem, Cum gallinarum pingui si saepe perungas. maculas quoque iunctus aceto Emundare solet, si sint hoc saepe fricatae. Mansae vel potae tardantia menstrua purgant. Illarum succus caligine lumina purgat, Admixtus melli; MF

25. Alumen, stipteria, sucarium: Alumen calidum est et siccum in 4 gradu. Virtutem habet desiccandi et vehementer consumendi. Balneum aque aluminose confert ydropicis ... Sal et alumen bulliant in aqua ...patiens in medio cuffe sedens. Contra cancrum: pulvis aluminis ... confectus cum vermibus inventis in pingui terra, et impositus valet. Superfluam carnem palpebrarum vel alicuius membri rodit. Pessima vulnera sicut farcinum inhibet ne corpus perambulent. Cum aceto et melle mixtum dentes infirmos confortat. Inflationes gingivarum sanat, collutum os ex aceto prius. CI

Species aluminis sunt plurime, sed ille que ex eis in curam medicine ingrediuntur sunt tres: scissum, humidum et rotundum. Avicenna

Licinium etiam ex tali confectione inunctum orificio fistule immissum confert. Contra scabiem, sulfur vivum et ... alumen bulliant in aceto ... CI

26. Ambra, spearma ceti: Ambra dicitur esse sperma ceti. Multum valet. Contra epilepsiam, ambram pone et os de corde cervi et cornu cervinum in vase vitreo super carbones:Rufinus. et patiens recipiat fumum per nares et os. Virtutem habet confortandi. Contra sincopim fiant pillule ex &scruple; i ambre et i &scruple; ligni aloes et ii &scruple; de osse de corde cervi; que trita resolvantur in aqua rosacea et fiant inde pillule. CI

27. Ambrosiana, eupatorium,Eupatorium can refer to various plants, such as mugwort (Beifuß) or Agrimonia eupatorium (Odermennig). lilifagus: Eupatorium calidum est in primo gradu, siccum in ii; idem est quod saluia agrestis. Viride maioris est efficacie quam siccum. Valet contra universalem paralisim contra particularem. Contra ydropisim et icteritiam si fiat ex opilatione splenis et epatis, talis fit usus, &dram; ii saluie agrestis in dimidia &ounce; succi apii coquatur et detur talis decoctio. Contra lumbricos, nuclei persiccorum triti cum succo saluie agrestis valet. CI

28. Anabulla, titimaillus: Titimallus calidus est et siccus in iii gradu. ... modo dicendum est de illa specie que anabulla vocatur. s.v. Euforbium quod in diebus canicularibus colligitur usui reservatur. CI

29. Amedum, amillum: Amidum vel amilum temperate calidum est et humidum. CI

Amidum siccum est et frigidum. Ysaac

Quod fit hoc modo: frumentum in aqua frigida ponatur et ibi per diem et noctem moretur et de die in diem renovetur aqua quousque videatur frumentum omnino esse putrefactum. Postmodum remota aqua optime conteritur et sic addita aqua ipsa conficitur et exprimitur per pannum. Soli exponitur usque ad aque consumptionem. Ex ordeo mundato similiter potest fieri. CI

Asperitatem lenit pectoris et pulmonis et solidativum est vulneris eorum. Et si cum aqua coquatur et zuccara et amigdaleo, multum valet ad tussim siccam et ad humores qui tenues sunt et a capite in pulmonem pectusque descendunt. Ysaac

Valet contra apostemata spiritualium et tussim coctum cum aqua ordei, conditum cum lacte amlgdalarum additis penidiis. CI

Sepe tamen acceptum, lapidem in renibus et vesica creat. Valet autem ad reprimendos humores in oculos descendentes et ad vulnera in eis nascentia. Ysaac

30. Ancula alba, scabiosa: Scabiosa calida est et sicca in ii gradu. Contra scabiem valet. Contra scabiem succus ipsius cum aceto conficiatur et oleo nucis et aliquantulum decoquatur et fiat unguentum. Contra lepram que dicitur allopicia propina succi eius &dram; iiii vel v et balneetur in aqua decoctionis eius. Contra emorroidas scabiosa et flos mustardiPrinted in the 1497 edition as flos mus. decoquatur in aqua et vino et fiat encatisma. Contra condilomata que fiunt quasi glandule idem fiat. Et nota quod ficus sunt interius in ano cum inflatione venarum et raro sine cirurgia curari possunt. Condilomata sunt quedam superflue interius carnes apparentes in ano quasi parve glandule. CI

Nam purgat pectus quod comprimit egra senectus. Emplastrata foris necat anthracem tribus horis. Rufinus from Urbanus.

Ad auris surditatem ex sanie facta immitatur succus cum oleo in modica quantitate. CI

Servat pulmonem, servat lateris regionem. Intus potatur et sic virus evacuatur. Rumpit apostemata, lenit virtute probata. Rufinus from Urbanus.

31. Aillium:

Allium est calidum et siccum in medio quarti gradus. CI

Sanat et appositum morsus cum melle caninos; Pulmonis varias coctum cum lacte querelas Potatumque iuvat vel crudum saepe comestum; Cum centaurea Diocies dare praecipit illud Hydropicis; Idem nefreticis elixum sumere iussit. Cumque faba coctum capitis sedare dolorem Dicitur, attrito si tempora perlinis illo. Anseris huic adipem iungas tepidumque dolenti Infundas auri, praeclare subvenit illi. Elixum tussim iuvat et suspiria sedat; Adiuvat incoctum pulti sumptumque tenesmon Porcino iungens adipi si conteris ipsum Non modicos reprimes superaddens saepe tumores. MF

In dentibus allium contritum et superpositum dolorem minuit. Rufinus from Magister Salernus.

Visui obest oculorum, quia desiccat ... toti etiam nocet corpori si ultra modum sumatur quia generat lepram et multa alia ut apoplexiam, maniam, etc. Allium colericis nihil nocet, et coleram rubeam cito generat, flegmaticis prodest et paraliticis. Virtutem habet dissolvendi, consumendi et expellendi venenum. Unde tyriaca rusticorum dicitur. Contra morsum venenatorum animalium accipe allia et tere et cataplasmetur. Succus etiam receptus intus discutit venenum.Rufinus. Locus ubi fuerit morphea scarificetur et post cum allio trito fricetur et cataplasmetur. CI

Clarificat raucam crudum coctum quoque vocem, Sed magis elixum iuvat illam saepe comestum. MF

Contra lumbricos, accipe allia, piper, piretrum, petrosilinum et succum mente et acetum et facto inde salsamento intingat paciensEr. cibum et comedat. Ad aperiendum vias epatis et urinales meatus fiat salsamentum similiter. Contra stranguriam, dissuriam et dolorem yliorum ... Ad provocandum menstrua, depiletur dens allii et bene mundatus ponatur in orificio matricis. Menstrua provocat, sicut dicit Constantinus. Uel sic. Coquantur allia in aqua et in tali aqua sedeat mulier usque ad umbilicum. CI

Hunc ignotarum potus non laedit aquarum Nec diversorum mutatio facta locorum, Allia qui mane ieiuno sumpserit ore. Praxagoras illo fuit usus cum coriandro Et vino, causas sic curans ictericorum. Et sic potatum dicit quod molliat alvum. MF

32. Acantum, semen urtice: Urtica. Sudorem movet ex oleo decocta perunctis; Defluvium capitis, si succo seminis huius Ungas saepe caput, reprimi dicit Galienus. Si quadrupes quaecunque marem perferre recusat, Urticae foliis illius vulva fricetur, Sic naturalem calor excitat ille calorem. MF

33. Anetam: Anetum calidum est et siccum in secundo gradu. CI

Quod si uratur fir calidum et siccum in tertio gradu. Ysaac

Provocat urinas, obstantia quaeque repellens. MF

Servari autem potest per triennium in multa efficacia, melius tamen si singulis annis renovetur. Herba vero diuretica est. Menstrua educit. Contra vitium pectoris ex frigiditate ponantur v ficus sicce vel quatuor per noctem in succo aneti adiiciatur mane modicum vini et bulliat bene et detur colatura. Contra emorroydas ... anetum et acantum .i. semen urtice, sicca et pulveriza et facto emplastro impone. Ventris dolore prodest. Somnum provocat et mollia maturat apostemata. Singultum ex plenitudine amputat coctum in oleo et epithimatum. Anetum tortionem et inflationem mitigat. CI

Rodit crescentes cinis hic in vulnere carnes, Ulcera quae serpunt et sordida vulnera curat. MF

34. Antera, flos rose: Rosa frigida est in primo gradu sicca in secundo. Antera dicitur scilicet flos rosarum scilicet quiddam quod interius reperitur. CI

Compescit sacrum, si trita apponitur, ignem, Sic quoque, si stomachus calet aut praecordia, sedat; Illius succum collyria plurima quaerunt. MF

Contra ruborem oculorum si fiat punctura aliqua, valent rose cataplasmate, sed prius in aqua cocte. CI

Fluxum matricis cum vino stringit et alvi, Omnes fervores superaddita trita coercet. MF

Nota quod sirupus factus de rosis recentibus prius aliquantulum laxat, postea constringit. Sirupus factus de rosis siccis in principio et in fine constringit. Mel rosaceum, aqua rosata, zuccarum rosatum, sirupus rosatus, oleum rosaceum. Oleum rosaceum: Contra calefactionem epatis inungatur epar; contra etiam dolorem capitis ex caliditate et frigiditate frons et timpora inungantur. Contra sincopim detur cum aqua frigida. Valet contra fluxum ventris et vomitum. Pulvis eius superpositus uve humiditatem eius consumit. CI

Expurgat sordens vulnus repletque profundum Et combusturis praeclare convenit ignis. MF

35. Anisum, ciminum dulse: Anisum, calidum et siccum in quarto gradu, alio nomine dicitur ciminum dulce. Virtutem habet dissolvendi et consumendi. Contra ventosam indigestionem et acidam eructuationem ... Valet contra indigestionem et dolorem intestinorum ex frigiditate. Contra dolorem aurium et maxime si ex humiditate fiat decoctio eius in succo pori et oleo in cortice cepulle, auribus instilletur. Ad augmentationem lactis et spermatis valet pulvis anisi sumptus in cibis vel potu. Contra livorem ex percussione et precipue si sit in facie et circa oculum, conteratur anisum cum cimino et superponatur cura cera liquefacta. Decoctio anisi cum aliis herbis diureticis solvit opilationem splenis et epatis. CI

36. Apum domisdicum: Apium communeEr. calidum est in principio 3 gradus et siccum in medio eiusdem gradus. Cuius semen est maioris efficacie. CI

Illius succo si candida mica terendo Panis iungatur, oculi sedare tumorem Dicitur emplastri noctu superaddita more, Sicque ferunt mammis prodesse tumentibus illam. MF

Contra frenesim et litargiam succus apii ... inungatur caput pacientis rasum tamen prius.Er. CI

Ventrem constringit, vomitum potata coercet, Lymphae commixtum sibi si lungatur acetum; Aegris amissum fertur reparare colorem, Cruda a ieiunis fuerit si saepe comesta. Unaquaque die vexantem corpora febrem Cum lympha potata iuvat febris ante tremorem. Hydropicos et splen tumidum iuvat ilia, iecurque Si cum feniculi succo contrita bibatur. Illius succus farris cum polline mixtus Atque ovi lacrymo vulnus bene purgat et ulcus, Si superaddatur emplastri more frequenter. MF

Sunt et alie maneries apii, scilicet apium ranarumEr. vel reninum et apium risus et apium emorroydarum. Spleneticis valde confert unde apium risus dicitur; quia melancolicum purgat humorem abundantem ex cuius abundantia fit tristitia. Ex ipsius .. sequitur scilicet letitia et inde risus. Apium emorroydarum ... emorroydas exiccat. Nota quod apium nocet pregnantibus quia virtute sua dissolvit retinacula fetus ... pregnantibus assuetantibus apio: necessario in corpore infantis putrida apostemata et putrida vulnera nascuntur. Item, lactantes abstineant ab apio ne puer fiat vel insipiens vel epilenticus ... Nocet vero pueris; illa enim etas propter humiditatis multitudinem et virtutum debilitationem et artuum constrictionem parata est ad epilepsiam. CI

37. Auripimentum, arsenicum: Auripigmentum calidum et siccum est in quarto gradu. Dissolvit, attrahit et mundificat. Pueris autem detur &scruple; i auripigmenti cum ovo sorbili vel cum vino vel cum lacte mulieris. Contra antiquum asma et tussim ... ponatur auripigmentum super prunas et ... recipiat patiens fumum per embotum. Contra impetiginem et serpiginem morpheam albam, accipe libras iii saponis spatarensis et tertiam auripigmenti et distempera et fac unguentum et inunge. Ad ungues reparandos, accipe serapinum, et misce cum eo auripigmenti pulverem et oleum et ceram et inde fac emplastrum et pone super unguem. Editor does not supply source of Latin text. [BF]

38. Arracia, attriplex: Atriplex frigida est in primo gradu, humida in secundo. Ysaac

Attriplicem tritam cum nitro, melle et aceto, Dicunt appositam calidam sedare podagram. MF

39. Arigentum uium: Argentum vivum calidum et humidum est in 4º gradu. Dissolvit et incidit et penetrat. Diutissime servatur, in vase autem solido conservatur in loco frigido. Farina lupinorum amarorum decoquatur in aceto fortissimo usque ad spissitudinem et addita &ounce; semis argenti vivi extincti fiat immixtio et caput patientis ex abundantia pediculorum inungatur per discriminalia. Fumus autem argenti vivi astantibus obest quia remolliendo nervos paralisim operatur. Ore autem receptum vel auribus immissum occidit dissipando membra. Si autem fuerit ore receptum detur lac caprinum in multa quantitate et patiens fit in motu vel detur vinum decoctionis ysopi et absinthii, haec autem sunt ad salutem remedia. Ad pannos faciei post partum cum assungia gallinacea argentum vivum et cerusa conficiatur, ex hoc facies inuncta clarificatur et dealbatur. Virtutem habet dissolvendi penetrandi et consumendi et mundificandi. Extinguitur autem cum saliva et fricatur cum cinere et saliva. Contra scabiem et pruritumEr. oleo nucis parum calefacto admisce acetum, deinde vero litargirium et cerusam pulverizatam si habeas in eadem quantitate bullias ad spissitudinem mellis et illis refrigeratis impone argentum vivum et commisce et usui reserva. CI

40. Asufetida: Assa fetida calida est et sicca in 4 gradu. Gummi arboris est. Quanto fetidior tanto melior. Virtutem habet dissolvendi attrahendi consumendi. Asmaticis ex humida causa laborantibus maxime prosunt, vel cum sirupo violaceo. Patientibus in pectore ... Contra ... quartanam febrem ... Splenem mollificat. Contra paralisim et podagram artheticam et epilepsiam et contra omne vitium ex frigida causa ... epilepsia vitio capitis ... CI

41. Aroistoloia longa, aroistolola rotunda: Aristolochia MF, Aristologia CI, diverse sunt species, longa et rotunda. CI

Omnes vim calidam siccamque leguntur habere, In primo vis sicca gradu fervensque secundo. Pestiferos morsus cum vino sumpta rotunda Curat et assumptis prodest sic hausta venenis; Hocque modo tardas educit sumpta secundas; frigora sumpta repellit; Quodlibet infixum superaddita trita repellit, Vulnera cum mellis purgatque repletque liquore; Sic etiam spasmis super omnia subvenit hausta; Et ventris nimium sic mitigat illa dolorem; Et sedat diram sic saepius hausta podagram; Si mixta potatur aqua; febresque malignas Hoc potata modo fertur compescere mire. Daemonium fumus depellere dicitur eius; Fistula curatur huius radicibus herbae, Si bene purgatis eius loca concava farcis; Singultus sumpta sedari dicitur illa. Omnia longa potest quae dixi posse rotundam. MF

Rotunda magis competit medicine. Radix in autumno collecta et exiccata per biennium servatur in multa efficacia. Et nota quod omnes herbe quarum radices competunt medicine tunc debent colligi quando adsunt flores ... folia vero in tempore productionis florum ... Virtutem habent consumendi et expellendi venenum. Ad expellendum fetum mortuum et pecus mortuumEr. coquatur radix in vino et oleo et fiat fomentum iuxta femur. Pulvis eius mortuam carnem leviter corrodit seu in vulnere seu in fistula. Potata cum pipere et mira, sordiciem parturientium mundificat. Rigorem febrium ... amputat si cum aqua bibatur. CI

42. Artamesia, mater herbarum: Arthemisia que mater herbarum dicitur calida est et sicca in quarto gradu. CI

Praecipue morbis muliebribus ista medetur: Menstrua deducit eius decoctio sumpta, Hocque facit, matrix si saepe fovetur eadem, Vel si cruda mero sociata terendo bibatur, Aut si trita virens super alvum nocte ligetur. Affirmant quidam, quisquis gustaverit illam, Quod nullo valeat nocuo medicamine laedi, Et quod eum morsu non appetat ulla ferarum. Succus ad hoc eius cum vino proderit haustus. MF

Contra tenasmon ex frigiditate recipiat patiens fumum colofonie per anum, posite super carbones, deinde calefaciat arthemisiam supra testam et calefacta ponatur super lapidem molarem et desuper sedeat infirmus. Folia eius magis competunt usui medicine quam radices, viridia magis quam exiccata. Per annum possunt servari.Rufinus. Valet contra sterilitatem factam ex humiditate, nam si ex siccitate esset, obesset. Prodest tamen magis si balneetur in aqua ubi cocta sit arthemisia et folia lauri. Contra glandulas que nascuntur iuxta anum ... ponatur pulvis arthemisie et marubii. Contra emigraneam et cephaleam detur ... cum vino decoctionis arthemisie. CI

43. Athanasia, tanesetum: Fluxum constringit ventris, muliebria sistit, Sanguinei sputi causas abstergit et undas, Fortiter exsiccat athanasia sanguine nares. Otho Cremonensis

44. Athasar, polem regale: Pulegium calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu. CI

Sicquei.e. cum vino. venenatis serpentum morsibus obstat; Obstat serpentum cum vino sumpta venenis. Aut aliquo casu subito defecerit aeger, Quod solet a doctis medicis malefactio dici, Pulegium valido tritum iungatur aceto, Naribus aegroti sic apponatur, odore Solo confestim dicunt relevare iacentem. Cum vino nigram choleram potata repellit. MF

Gargarismus factus ex aceto decoctionis pulegii et ficuum siccarum humiditatem uve et gingivarum desiccat. CI

cum vino sumpta tepenti, Et sic urinam compellit reddere largam; Menstrua deducit cum vino sumpta tepenti. MF

Vinum decoctionis eius contra dolorem stomachi et intestinorum ex frigiditate vel ventositate. CI

Gingivas sicci pulvis confirmat et usti. MF

Crispelle etiam facte ex pulvere eius et subtili farina et aqua ad eadem(i.e. stomach) valent.Er. CI

45. Auansia, gairiofilata: Gariofilata herba est que multa habet nomina. Dicitur enim pes leporis, sana munda, avancia et herba benedicta. Rufinus himself.

Gariofilata vel gariofilatum calida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Efficaciam habet maiorem secundum folia quam secundum radices. Virtutem habet dissolvendi, consumendi, et aperiendi. Ad menstrua provocanda fiat fomentum ex vino decoctionis eius. Contra colicamEr. passionem ... Ad confortandum digestionem et dolorem stomaci et intestinorum ex frigiditate et ventositate detur vinum decoctionis eius. Dicitur autem gariofilata quia habet odorem simile gariofilis ... vel effectum. CI

46. Auellana, nux parba: Avellane ... plus nucibus sunt nutritive. Inflationem in ventre generant, maxime si cum interiori cortice comedantur. Que interiori cortice ablato fiunt ... utiles antiquam habenti bus tussim, precipue si pistate vescantur cum melle. Cum veteri adipe ursi vel suis allopitiosis sunt iuvative, locisque denudatis capillos revocant. Quod si ex eo cataplasma feceris cum cepe et sale et melle morsui rabidi canis proficiet. Ysaac

47. Auena: Auena vires habet leniter relaxantes. Et ad omnem tumorem facientes, mollit duricies. Ideo ad egilapas farina eius cataplasmatis coniuncta congrue facit. CI

48. Auricula muris: Auricula muris, illa quam nominavit Diascorides extrahit spinos et furculos. Eius sternutatio mundificat cerebrum. Confert epilepsie bibita. Avicenna

49. Aurum: Aurum temperatius est quolibet metallo. Aurum de vena terre fit per excoctionemAll supplied text in this entry is from Er. et in decoctione quod superfluum ab auro separatur cathimia dicitur seu spuma auri. Valet etiam contra elefantiam et cardiacam passionem et sincopim splenem et infrigidatorem stomachi. Potest etiam dari ... semel vel bis in septimana, in cibo vel potu. Valet ad preservationem timentium lepram. Pulvis vero cathimie more collirii vel simpliciter oculis impositus maculas oculorum corrodit. Eorum que confortant, alia confortant membra reparando tantum spiritus ut aromatica, alia restaurando membra, ut cibus et potus, alia relaxando, ut medicine laxative, ... alia confortant depurgando superfluitatem que opprimendo membra debilitabat. Depurando valet superfluitatem humorum et abstergendo. CI

50. Balanon, glans: Glandes frigide sunt in primo gradu, sicce in secundo. Ysaac

Glans frigida stiptica est et sicca et siccitas ipsius est in secundo gradu. Folio preterea glandis coherere faciunt plagas cum teruntur et pulverizantur desuper. Avicenna

Valet ad fluxum sanguinis. Ysaac

Constringit et confert dysenterie et ulceribus intestinorum et fluxui sanguinis et multiplicat urinam. Prohibet ... quum aduritur et administratur. Avicenna

Capitis dolorem faciunt propter earum fumum in stomacho atque diafragmate clausum. Ysaac

51. Balsamum: Balsamus arbor est ... Circa Babiloniam reperitur. Opobalsamum succus balsami est ... est calidus et siccus in secundo gradu. Sed si parum opobalsamum ponatur in palato, cerebrum ita calefacit. Est ergo eligendum sic, purum opobalsamum est citrinum et multum clarum. Est autem alia probatio: pone aquam in aliquo vase et pone opobalsamum in illa aqua, postea move cum aliquo ligno, si sit sophisticatum, vel terbintine additum, turbatur. Si sit purum opobalsamum, non turbatur. CI

52. Barba filicana, plantago maigheor: Plantago MF, Arnoglosa CI.

Frigida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Utilis est ad desiccandum vulnera et mundificandum putredinem eorum. CI

nimis humida vulnera siccat, Si superaddatur cum melle, et sordida purgat, Cum sale sicut olus si iuncta coquatur aceto, Ventrem restringit nimium sic mansa fluentem. Fert haemoptoicis hic opem, si saepe bibatur Per se, fortior est si sit coniunctus aceto; Sicque iuvat phthisicos. Stringit manantem superaddita trita cruorem. Ovi cum lacrymo mire medicatur adustos. Sola canis morsum curat. ferturque iuvare caducos. Sordida purgabit bene vulnera quaelibet oris, Ore diu tentus si succus volvitur eius, ... succus Et ... sedabitur et sacer ignis. Saepius hanc ipsam si dentibus atteris herbam, Gingivas reprimet tumidas et sanguine plenas, Sicque solet dentis compescere saepe dolorem. Succus cum lana matrici subditus eius Stringit manantem nimium siccando cruorem. Vesicae renumque iuvat potata dolorem. Dicunt non nasci scrophas gestantibus eius Radicem collo suspensam, vis sibi tanta est. Radices eius tres contere, iungito tritis Vini tres cyathos et aquae fac sit modus idem, Haec nondum tremulo potanda dabis febrienti, Sic pelles febrem, cui dat lux tertia nomen, Bis binae quoque quartanis prodesse putantur Cum totidem vini cyathis si dentur et amnis. Si porcina vetus axungia iungitur illi, Sedabit duros istud cataplasma tumores. Eius potatum depellit sperma secundas. Si via longa pedum movet, ut fit saepe, dolorem, Acri cum vino superaddita trita iuvabit. MF

53. Barba sina: Barba hyrcina. Immo frigiditas eius est in fine primi et siccitas eius est vehemens perveniens ad tertium. Est stiptica usque ad terminum. Folia eius cum exsiccantur consolidant et conferunt ulceribus antiquis. Eius flos in omnibus illis est fortior. Flos et folia et radix eius quodcumque fuerit cum bibitur cum aqua ordei ulceribus pulmonis confert. Confortat stomachum et prohibet effusiones materierum ad ipsum. Est fortior medicina ad ulcera intestinorum quum bibitur; flos eius proprie aut succus eius cum vino ad fluxum sanguinis ex matrice in modum emplastri superpositus aut bibitus. Avicenna

54. Barba siluana: Buglossa. Lingua bovis graeco sermone Buglossa vocatur, Haec choleram rubeam nimio fervore perustam MenstruPurgat, cum vino fuerit si sumpta frequenter. Cardiacum, cholerae quem fecit copia nigrae, Consimili potata modo curare valebit. Vim memorem cerebri dicunt servare periti Vinum potatum, quo sit macerata Buglossa. The Irish chapter 178 on Linga bovina is based on the same Latin text. MF

55. Barba Iouis, semperuiua: Semperviva dicitur barba Iovis ... frigida est in iii gradu, sicca in primo. CI

(s.v. Acidula): Dicimus Acidulam, quam Graecus dicit Aizon; Sic dici credunt, sapor illi quod sit aceti. Crescit arenosis in pratis et secus amnes, Hanc avide quidam comedunt in tempore veris Expertumque ferunt, sibi quod fastidia tollat, Altera vero minor species est istius herbae, Quam Sempervivam dicunt, quoniam viret omni Tempore, Barba Iovis vulgari more vocatur; Esse refert similem praedictae Plinius istam, Nec minus hanc cunctis praedictis posse iuvare, Virtus est illi siccans et frigida valde Tertius a medicis datus est gradus huic in utroque. Hac fugit apposita sacer ignis et herpeta mordax, Et tumor ex oculis tritae cataplasmate cedit. Ulcera, quae serpunt, cohibet combustaque curat. MF Contra usturam ignis vel aque ... CI Et multum calidae dicunt prodesse podagrae, Si fuerit foliis illius operta virentis Aut cataplasmetur mixta contrita polenta. Omne genus fluxus ventris restringere mire Cum vino potata solet vel mansa frequenter, Hocque modo nimium manantia menstrua sistit, Vel si matrici tritam viridem superaddas. MF

56. Bardana no lapa: Bardana ... alio nomine dicitur lapa inversa alii lappa maior. Prima cura eius est contra morsum chanis rabidi. Radicis ipsius et modico salis bene contere et superpone, mirabiliter sanat. Contra omnes fetidas aqua decoctionis foliorum eius sepe adiunge fetidis. Item, hec herba decocta addito modico salis nigri et axungiaet piculaet aceto omnia simul fac unguentum et superpone et sanabitur cito. CI (Modena)

57. Branca ursina: Calida est et humida in primo gradu. Contra frigida apostemata utilis est usus eius hoc modo: folia conterantur cum assungia porcina veteri et superponantur. Contra ... ariditatem nervorum fiat unguentum ex branca ursina contrita et macerata diu in oleo, colature addatur cera et fiat unguentum contra predicta. CI

58. Beta &ersir; pleta, cicula: Sicla, quam vulgus blitam appellat. Calida et sicca in primo gradu. Ysaac

Sicla. Ex aqua eius cum felle gruis fit caputpurgium et delet torturam et valet ad ulcera narium; et eius aqua tepida distillatur in aurem et sedat dolorem. Succus eius et decoctio foliorum eius ... confert alopitie ... et interficit pediculos. Folia eius bona sunt decocta adustioni ignis et conferunt impetigini lenita cum melle. Avicenna

Que tamen si in aqua coquatur et condiatur cum aceto et obsomagaro carui vel oleo omphacino vel amygdaleo fit digestioni facilis ... maxime si fit de grossis humoribus et viscosis. Ysaac

59. Bilonia, molena: Tapsus barbassus. Etiam emorroidas sanat. Frigida est et sicca. Viridis valet, sicca minime. Virtutem habet constringendi et consolidandi. Contra emorroidas ... ex vino decoctionis eius et vinum etiam ano infundatur et herba cataplasmetur ... multotiens. CI

60. Bolus Armenicus: Bolus frigidus est et siccus in secundo gradu ... dicitur bolus Armenicus. Virtutem habet constringendi. Confice pulverem boli cum succo plantaginis ... Est autem eligendus qui rubeus est ... aliquantulum frangibilis. Per os detur vel iniice per clistere ... si fuerit ex inferiori intestino per anum, si ex superiori per os. CI

61. Borax: Borax calida est et sicca in quarto gradu. Est autem gumi cuiusdam arboris. Virtutem habet mundificandi, abstergendi et attrahendi. Borax est eligenda que alba est et lucida et dura. Ad faciem clarificandam et pannum removendum ... pulvis eius conficiatur cum aqua rosacea et facies illiniatur ... conficiunt mulieres cum melle ... conficiunt ... unguentum ex gallinacea assungia cum pulvere boracis ... in ii &ounce; aque rosacee possunt poni iii &scruple; boracis, in i libra mellis ponatur &ounce; i boracis. CI

62. Bursa pastoris: Bursa pastoris. Quia fluxum sanguinis e naribus sistit. Valet contra fluxum sanguinis e naribus. CI (Modena)

See BM Cat 227. This is on the entry Shepherd's purse in Add 15,403 (16th cent.) which contains the same advice about sheeps' necks hang it and the wolf shall not see them.

63. Bitonica: Betonica calida est et sicca in tertio gradu. CI

Urinas potata ciet, lapidesque repellit; Hydropicos siccat cum vino melleque sumpta. Betonicae pulvis cocto cum melle iugatus Empicos, tussimque iuvat, suspiria sedat, Et stomachi varios sumptus iuvat ille dolores, Si febrit ex calida, cum vino si febris absit. Cum mulsa bibitus idem pulvis movet alvum. Cum sale contritis foliis cataplasmate facto Vulnera curabis, fuerint quae facta recenter; De foliis eius elixis fit cataplasma Utile non modicum variis vitiis oculorum; Restringit lacrymas oculorum mansa vel hausta, Hac etiam caligo solet metuenda repelli, Aequo cum ruta fuerit si pondere iuncta Et sic cum lympha sumatur trita tepenti, Sic oculis nocuus sanguis per subtiliora Dicitur expelli, sic lumina libera reddi. Uncia Betonicae socianda quaterna vetusti Cum vini cyathis tribus, his sint addita grana Viginti septem piperis, simul haec bene trita Haustaque purgabunt renes, pellentque dolores. Splen iuvat illius decoctio sumpta iecurque. Unaquaque die febre si vexabitur aeger Uncia iungatur plantaginis una duabus Betonicae, sic cum tepida contrita bibantur, Antea quam febris praenuncia frigora fiant. Cum mulsa bibltus prodest pulvis foliorum Ruptis atque steras potus levat iste cadentes, Uncia Betonicae cum vino sumpta tepenti Ictericos curat, cum mulsa menstrua solvit. MF

64. Balsamita: Sisimbrium calidum est et siccum in iii gradu. Contra reuma capitis ex frigiditate fiat sacellatio super caput ex ipsa herba calefacta in olla rudi sine aliquo liquore. Idem valet semen contra dolorem ex ventositate in superficie alicuius partis corporis. Contra ... yliacam passionem ... Virtutem habet diureticam. CI

65. Burneta: Sorbastrella calida est et sicca. CI (Modena)

66. Bibolica vel biliria: No Latin.

67. Butirum: Butyrum. Calidum est et humidum in primo. Est maturativum resolutivum mollificativum. Est sedativum dolorum interiorum. Linitur ex eo corpus ... et nutrit et impinguat. Confert vulneribusRufinus. nervorum et implet ulcera et purgat ea. Linitur ex eo caro gingivarum infantium et fit facilis ortus dentium. Confert tussi sicce et frigide. Et similiter in pleuresi et peripneumonia et sputum facit facile et maturat. Prohibet sputum sanguinis. Avicenna

68. Calamentum (vel calamentum maighis): Nepeta. Herbam, quam Nepetam vulgari more vocamus, Hanc medici graeco Calamenti nomine dicunt, Sicca calensque sibi vis est et tertius illi Est in utroque gradus. Cum mulsa sicca tepenti Sumpta solet totum sudore resolvere corpus; Ex oleo, quo sit decocta, perunge fricando Illum, venturae metuit qui frigora febris, Non frigus tantum sed febrem saepe repellit; Illi, qui sciasim patitur, coxae superadde Contritam viridem, fertur comburere pellem Et sic humores siccando fugare dolores; Appositu potuque suo cito menstrua purgat. Serpentum morsus superaddita trita nocere Non sinit, et pellit cum vino sumpta venena. Potus et iniectus lumbricos enecat eius Succus et in membris vermes necat omnibus ipse, Si mel iungatur huic cum sale plus operatur. MF

Sucus eius auribus distilatus vermes occidit. Rufinus from Copho.

Si bibit hanc praegnans aut tritam subdit, abortit. cum vino curat anhelos, Asthmaticos medici quos graeco nomine dicunt, Et iecoris morbos cum vino mitigat hausta; Compescit stomachi cum vino sumpta dolorem. Tollere singultum cum vino dicitur hausta. MF

69. Ciclamin, malum terre: Ciclamen calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu, quod et cassamus et panis porcinus dicitur et malum terre alio nomine appellatur, Habet virtutem dissolvendi consumendi et attrahendi. Contra apostema ex frigida causa, quod non possit rumpi spissitudine cutis, pomum ipsum conteratur et in oleo bulliat et calidum superponatur aut per exteriora aut interiora purgabitur. Contra fistulam, tenta de radice facta imponatur ... Pulvis eius carnem superfluam corrodit. Debet autem circa finem autumni colligi ... potest per triennium in magna efficacia servari. CI

70. Cameactis, ebulus: Ebulus calida est et sicca. Alio nomine dicitur cameactus.Modena. Habet virtutem consumendi dissolvendi et purgandi principaliter fiegma. Balneum factum ex aqua salsa decoctionis ipsius herbe valet arthetice et leucoflegmantie. Succus turionum.This and the following supplied text in this entry is from Rufinus. Contra ... arteticam, podagram et ciragram, detur succus radicis eius cum pulvere esule addito zuccaro. Vel pulvis radicum eius cum suco feniculi. Contra tumorem extremitatum fiat fomentum ex aqua salsa sed in decoctione radicum eius et turionum et totius herbe. CI

71. Cinoglosa: Lingua canis herba est que alio nomine dicitur cynoglossa. Modena

72. Cinis omnis: Cinis. Omnis est abstersivus exsiccativus. Cinis lignorum stipticorum ... retinet sanguinem. Avicenna

73. Citonalens: No Latin.

74. Conconidum: Laureola calida est et sicca in tertio gradu. Frutex est cuius semen vel fructus usui competit medicine, cuius semen coconidium dicitur. Virtutem habet principaliter purgandi flegma et coleram. CI

Virtutem habet dissolvendi et purgandi crossos humores, precipue flegmaticos. Principaliter purgat flegma et coleram innaturalem, citrinam et vitellinam ... unde cottidianarie et tertianarie nothe valet. Rufinus from Alexander & Maurus.

Acuatur inde benedicta vel ieralogodion ad flegma purgandum, oximel vel trifera saracenica; ad purgandum coleram ad plus in quantitate &scruple; 5 addito mastice vel gumi arabico vel bdellio ad repressionem acuminis medicine. Movet per superiora et inferiora. Pulvis coconidii diu buliat in oleo et ex tali oleo inunge pectinem et renes contra stranguriam dissuriam et propter tenasmon ex frigido et glutinoso humore adherente intestinis. Auribus immittatur propter surditatem. Fiat suppositum ex bombace in eodem intincto.The material on conconidum is also used on lauriola, Chapter 167. CI

75. Codion: Papaver. Ex huius teneris opium faciunt capitellis; Sunt, qui contundunt cum lacte suo capitella, De quibus expressum siccant in sole liquorem. MF

Cuius duplex est maneries, album scilicet et nigrum. CI

Tres illi tribuunt species: flos unius albus, Alterius roseus, rubeus pallensque minoris Flos est, hanc vulgo dicunt agreste Papaver. De specie vero, roseos quam gignere flores Dixi, conficiunt oleum de semine tunso Non modicum gustu iocundum somniferumque. Tertia, cui flos est rubeus semenque nigellum, Praestat, si bibitur, reliquarum more soporem. Elixatura tepida cuiusque harum Aeger si foveat faciem, vel si bibat illam, Optatum capiet, nisi sit mors proxima, somnum. Sperma nigri bibitum cum vino stringere ventrem Dicitur, hocque modo fluxus inhibet muliebres. Pondere denarii debent haec semina sumi, Nam plus letargum vel mortem saepius infert. De foliis eius tritis factum cataplasma Eximie fauces dicunt curare tumentes, Quosque vocant sacros extinguere dicitur ignes. Frigore vel cantu, potuve, clbove, vel aestu Aspera si fuerit vocalis reddita vena, Apposito tali fiet medicamine lenis. Hoc quoque femineo cum lacte crocoque subacto Ungendo calidam poteris sedare podagram. MF

Ad somnum provocandum fit emplastrum de semine utriusque papaveris, vel alterius cum lacte mulieris, vel albumine ovi circa timpora. Contra calefactionem epatis et calida apostemata in principio semen papaveris vel ipsa herba trita conficiatur cum oleo rosaceoRufinus. et superponatur. Contra siccitatem membrorum ut est in ethica febre et in aliis, oleum violarum calefiat aliquantulum et pulvis seminis papaveris albi conficiatur cum eo et fiat inunctio spine per totum. Contra siccitatem pectoris et consumptionem membrorum diapapaver quod ex eo fit principaliter valet vel fiat electuarium de succo liquiritie gumi arabico dragaganto ana et de semine papaveris albi in quantitate aliorum predictorum et conficiatur cum sirupo. CI

76. Cornu serui: Sed prius exuri sic ignibus illud oportet: Partes ad minimas Cornu frangendo redactum. Si dentifriciis mixtum sit, plus operantur. Quisquis habet dentes morbo graviore dolentes. Collyriis etiam miscetur pulvere facto, Rheumata quae sistunt, ulcusque iuvant oculorum. Quod simul est ustum, veluti quoque cadmia lotum, Utile subscriptis potu et medicamine notum est: ... haemoptoicisque ... Spuria Macri

77. Cauda purcina: Paucedanum calidum est et siccum. Herba est que alio nomine feniculus porcinus dicitur. Per annum servatur. Habet virtutem diureticam. Contra opilationem epatis et splenis stranguriam dissuriam. Cataplasmata renibus et pectini. CI

78. Caulis ortentis: Caulis frigidus et siccus in primo gradu. Qui duplex est, est quidam similis blitis, et est qui vocatur canabit. Ysaac

Caulis romana, Graecorum Brassica lingua Dicitur; hic quamvis passim nascatur in hortis, Est tamen illius ad multa salutifer usus. Vulnera non tantum curare recentia Caulem Ipsemeti.e. Cato affirmat, sed quamvis inveterata, Et cancros etiam; loca sed prius amne lavari Praecipit, aut vino tepido, sic denique crudum Unaquaque die bis tritum apponere Caulem. Hordea quam dederint Cauli miscere farinam Idem praecipit, rutam quoque cura coriandro Et sale permodico, sic omnia mixta terendo Apponi dirae docuit cataplasma podagrae. Illius urinam, fuerit qui Caulibus usus, Causis nervorum calefactam censuit aptam; Omnes confirmant caligine lumina tergi, Eius, qui viridi vescetur Caule frequenter. Acri non scissum si iungis alumen aceto Et Caules, sic ut corpus redigantur in unum. Cuncta terendo diu potes his compescere lepras, Et plures alias maculas his saepe perungens. His etiam crines poteris retinere fluentes. Dicitur et testes istud curare tumentes Et varios morbos, genitalia quos patiuntur, Et melius si praedictis faba cocta iugatur. Cum fenugraeco si tundas hunc et aceto, Et super artet icos apponas ista dolores, Multum subvenies illis, vitiisque podagrae Non modicum poterit istud cataplasma mederi. Fit cinis ex siccis Caulis radicibus ustis, Subditus hic uvam relevat siccando iacentem. Assumptus crudus, sic ut tingatur aceto, Splen reprimit tumidum; semen depellit abortum, menstrua purgat; Si multum coquitur, restringere dicitur alvum. Uncto cum veteri Caulis cineres bene triti Prosunt ad veteres lateris coxaeque dolores. MF

79. Celedonia: Celidonia calida est et sicca in quarto gradu. CI

Florentis succus cum melle coquatur in aere Igne levi, spumam donec proiecerit omnem ... Utilius nullum dicunt oculis medicamen, Quos caligo nocet, si sint hoc saepe peruncti. Dentis, ut affirmant, prohibet contrita dolorem. MF

Contra dolorem dentium ex frigida causa radix aliquantulum trita inter dentem dolentem et alium dentem supposita vel superposita teneatur. CI

Centaurea calida est et sicca in 4º gradu. Habet autem virtutem diureticam attractivam et consumptivam. Est autem centaurea maior que maioris est efficiacie et est minor que minoris est efficacie. Centaurea maiorem habet efficaciam secundum folia et flores. Cum incipit flores producere debet colligi ... per annum in magna efficacia servatur. CI

Fomento nervis eadem medicabitur aegris, Illius succus deducit menstrua sumptus, Pellit abortivum. MF

Contra splenis et epatis opilationem renum et vesice stranguriam et dissuriam valet vinum decoctionis eius. Unguentum etiam confectum ex pulvere eius vel ex succo vel oleo addita cera contra splenem valet. Contra vermes aurium iniiciatur succus eius cum succo pororum mixtus in aurium concavitate. Ad maculam fiat colirium de pulvere eius et aqua rosacea, hoc multum valet. Succus eius cum melle mixtus oculorum clarificat obscuritatem. Ad splenis et epatis duriciem fiat sirupus hoc modo, in succo centauree coque radices feniculi apii et petrosilini et cola et addito zuccaro fiat sirupus. CI

81. Cerefolium: Est cerefolio vis acris et ignea valde. Appositum cancris tritum cum melle medetur. Cum vino ciet urinas et menstrua purgat. Virgine cum cera vetus huic axungia mixta Non modo parotidas verum quoscunque tumores Curat vel reprimit, si saepius hoc superaddas. Intinctum valido si manducetur aceto Saepe solet vomitum ventremque tenere solutum; Illius elixatura vertigo fugatur, Si caput hac tepida patientis saepe lavetur, Herbaque temporibus et fronti cocta ligetur. MF

82. Cerusa: Cerusa frigida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Cerusa flos plumbi ... appellatur. Habet autem cerusa virtutem mundificandi et abstergendi superfluitates. Fit autem sic: accipe laminas plumbeas ... et imple vasa terrea ... vasis tamen prius impletis aceto fortissimo ... super orificium vasis ... suspende laminas plumbeas ... et invenies quasdam tuberositates et mucillagines circa plumbum ... illas vero cum cultello abrade ... Notandum quod illi qui faciunt cerusam sepius incurrunt paralisim apoplexiam et epilepsiam et artheticam propter frigiditatem aceti dissolventem et mortificantem. CI

Valet ad sananda vulnera et bonam carnem creandam et superfluam carnem rodendam. Rufinus from Copho.

83. Cotilodion (vel cimbulairia, umbilicius ueniris): Contilidon herba est que alio nomine dicitur fasem alii cimbalaria alii umbelici veneris. Modena

84. Citragha: Mellissa que herba citraria dicitur alio nomine dicitur herba cytria et urtica citrina sive cedrariaRufinus. calida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Viridis et sicca est multa efficacie ... per annum servatur. Habet autem virtutem dissolvendi confortandi et consumendi et extenuandi. Similem habet efficaciam maiorane et contra easdem causas similis fit usus. Mellissa in vino et oleo decocta et cataplasmata duriciem splenis et epatis relaxat et solvit. From chapter re maiorana Naribus appositus cerebrum confortat. Folia et flores in testa calefacta et in sacello posita loco dolenti stomachi ex ventositate solvit quia eventationem operatur. Superposita capiti valet contra reuma factum ex frigida causa. Re Mellissa Decoctio ipsius magis provocat menstrua.This material is also used again for Chapter 188. CI

85. Cinamomum: Cinamomum id est canellaAll supplied text in this entry is from Rufinus. calidum est in tertio gradu, siccum in secundo. Bonum per x annos potest servari. Contra debilitatem stomaci et digestionem debilitatam ex frigiditate detur pulvis subtilis cinamomi cum pulvere carui in cibis. Ad oris aromaticitatem commasticetur. Contra corruptionem gingivarum fiat lotura earum ex aqua salsa et fricentur bene et scarificentur bene ut sanguis exeat et humiditates putride inde fluant. Postea pulvis valet. Contra cardiacam passionem detur pulvis eius. Ex aromaticitate habet virtutem confortandi cerebrum ex glutinositate consolidandi. Est autem conglutinativum et consumptivum. Duo sunt genera cinamomi, grossum et spissum, et subtile et non spissum. Quod grossum est in medicinis ponendum est vomicis. Quod subtile est in aliis medicinis. Competenter etiam in salsamentis ponitur ad appetitum provocandum ex superfluitatibus impeditum hoc modo: cum petrosilino salvia et modico aceto et pulveribus predictis fiat salsamentum. Cinamomum tussim ex grossa humiditate et catarrum curat. Ydropysim timpanitem ac morsum reptilium curat. Coliriis mixtum superfluitatem oculorum siccat. CI

Stringit, aqua gelida bene si contrita bibatur. MF

86. Ciba pirum: Sulphur calidum est et siccum in ii gradu. Contra asma ... et aquis mollificativis et digestivis ... detur pulveris eius &scruple; iii cum ovo sorbili. Aliter accipiat patiens fumum eius ... Si fiat asma ex siccitate nullo modo fiat. Contra paralisim podagram arteticam epilepsiam fiat unguentum ex ... et pulvere sulphuris et ellebori albi in fine et de eo ungatur ... Contra scabiem ... mane addito sulphure trito et oleo nucis fiat unguentum. CI

87. Colafonium: Colofonia calida est in ii gradu sicca in primo. Est autem gummi cuiusdam arboris quae in multa quantitate in Grecia reperitur, unde pix greca dicitur. Eligenda est nigra et que interius est lucida. Virtutem habet calefaciendi et a gummositate conglutinandi. Contra dissinteriam fiat subfumigium ex pulvere eius super carbones posito. Contra tenasmon ... ex colofonia etiam fiat suffumigium inferius. Contra asma ... accipiat patiens fumum per os et inclinet caput; facit proiicere flegma in magna quantitate. Ad pilos de facie removendos ... accipe obolosAll supplied text in this entry is from Er. iiii colofonie, obolum i masticis ... et resolve in vase terreo ... et cola super aquam frigidam. Collige deinde et malaxa manibus ... cum autem volueris pilos tollere resolve ad ignem parum et cum aliquantulum infrigidabitur pone super faciem per i horam vel ii, postea remove pilos ipsos ... et cum ponis super locum parum cum digito madefacto preme ut melius adhereat et pilos extrahat. Tale emplastrum durat per duos annos. CI

88. Colocindida: Coloquintida calida est in tertio gradu sicca in secundo. Coloquintida pomum est cuiusdam arboris vel fruticis nascentis in transmarinis partibus circa regionem Jerusalem que et cucurbita alexandrina alio nomine nuncupatur. Habet medullam semen et corticem. Purgat autem principaliter flegma, secundario melancoliam. Contra splenis et epatis duriciem detur succus feniculi decoctionis interiorum coloquintide. Que autem sola reperitur mortifera est. Medulla vero potissima est usui medicine, semen secundario, cortex autem nullam habet efficaciam, vel modicam. Potest autem servari per vi annos. Virtutem habet dissolvendi et consumendi ex amaritudine, virtutem etiam diureticam. Valet eodem modo ad scabiem vetustissimam. Contra dolorem dentium fiat gargarisma ex aceto decoctionis interiorum coloquintide. Contra lumbricos pulvis eius cum melle confectus patienti offeratur. Pueris emplastrum ex pulvere eius et succo absinthii circa umbilicum fiat. Ad vermes aurium iniiciatur pulvis eius cum succo persicarie. Ad emorroydas coquatur oleum nucis in pomo coloquintide et inungatur bombix et supponat sibi patiens frequenter. CI

89. Consolida madior: Consolida maior ... alio nomine simphitum maius ... virtutem habet conglutinandi et consolidandi vulnera. Modena

90. Consolida media: Consolida media. Modena

91. Consolida minur: Consolida minor. Modena

92. Conium: Cicuta. Frigida letiferae vis est natura Cicutae. Hac sumpta si quis morti sit proximus herba Forte merum tepidum bibat evadetque periclum. Lac contrita virens mammis superaddita siccat. Hac quoque pellentur sacer ignis et herpeta cura. Tradit Anaxilaus, si succo saepius eius Virgo linat mammas, sibi cum turgescere primum Incipient, modicas semper stantesque manere. Extinguit venerem, fluxum quoque seminis omnem Si pecten trita cataplasmes saepius illa. Argenti spumae commiscens hanc adipique Apponas calidae cataplasma salubre podagrae Et per se tali multum prodesse probavi. MF

Contra arteticam et podagram coquantur radices cicute in pasta, postea radices ipse fisse per medium ponantur super artheticam citissimum remedium est. Contra yliacam passionem ... facta decoctione in vino forti et oleo loca dolentia cataplasmentur. Contra scrofulas siccasEr. facto usu diureticarum herbarum fiat cataplasma ex duabus partibus cicute et tertia scabiosa. Virtutem habet potentissimam secundum radices, secundario secundum folia, minorem secundum semen. CI

Hac sumpta magnus Socrates fuit exanimatus. MF

93. Corallus rubius: Corallus frigidus est et siccus in secundo gradu. Est autem quedam substantia terrea ... in substantiam lapideam transmutatur. Rubeus ... albus ... Est ergo eligendus rubeus qui grossus est et planus et clarus et quanto plus accedit ad ruborem tanto melior. Potest autem servari utrumque per 40 annosAll supplied text in this entry is from Er. per infinitos annos. Virtutem habet confortandi constringendi et depurandi. Occultam etiam habet virtutem contra epilepsiam. Dicunt autem quidam quod rubeus servat domum a fulmine. Contra emoptoycas passiones .i. vomitum sputum sanguineum si fiat vitio spiritualium, ex duabus partibus coralli subtilissime pulverizati conficiatur ... Galienus: corallus ... sanguinis fluxum arcet. CI

94. Corona regia: Mellilotus calidus est et siccus in primo gradu ... corona regia etiam dicitur, Virtutem habet confortandi ... et est diureticum. Unum vinum decoctionis eius digestionem confortat, ventositatem excludit. Opillationem renum et vesice aperit. Per duos annos servatur. Semen eius in brodio in cibis positum eos boni saporis et optime redolentes reddit. CIThe same material is used again for Chapter 180.

95. Coriandrum: Coriandrum calidum est et siccum in ii gradu. Cuius semen in receptionibus poni debet, quando invenitur eius receptio in aliqua medicina. CI

Succus cum solo prodest commixtus aceto. MF

Ad digestionem confortandam et dolorem stomaci ex ventositate datur semen eius in cibis et vinum decoctionis eius. Semen per ii annos potest servari in magna efficacia. CI

Et quod ex eo humidum est et quod siccum frangit virtutem coitus et erectionem virge desiccando sperma ... Cum ex succo bibitur circiter &ounce; iiii interficit quum facit hominem possidere tristiciam et sincopim et non est utiliter ut de eo multum sumatur. Avicenna

Pulvis seminis eius super carnes aspersus eas saporatas reddit. CI, Er

96. Centinodia: Polligonia. Modena

97. Crocus: calidus est et siccus in primo gradu. CI

Confortat cor. Avicenna

In sacculo stricto de corio serventur; per v annos possunt servari. CI

Ipse facit nauseam et deiicit appetitum propterea quod oppositus est acetositati que est in stomacho ex qua est appetitus; sed ipse confortat stomachum propter illud quod in ipso est ex caliditate et preparatione et stipticitate. Avicenna

Ad ruborem oculorum ex sanguine et maculas fiat pulvis de croco orientali siccato ut diximus et conficiatur cum vitellis ovorum et bombix intinctus oculis superponatur. Croci due sunt species, ortensis ab orto dictus in quo nascitur et orientalis quia in oriente nascitur sic appellatur. Eligendi sunt qui omnino ruffi vel subrufi sunt, qui habent aliquid subcitrinitatis abiciendi sunt.Er. Et nota quod si fiat multus eius usus abominationem facit. Colerico etiam non debet dari quia vomitum provocat. Contra yliacam passionem stranguriam dissuriam facta decoctione eius mediocriter in oleo locis dolentibus cataplasmetur. CI

98. Cubebis: Cubebe calida est et sicca tamen temperate. Est autem fructus cuiusdam arboris in transmarinis partibus nascentis, per x annos potest servari. Eligenda est que mediocriter habet acutum saporem cum multa aromaticitate. Unde contra sincopim valet hoc modo: pulvis eius in quantitate &scruple; iiii detur cum succo boraginis ... multum confert. Contra frigidum reuma capitis et ad cerebrum confortandum odoretur et frequenter naribus apponatur. Contra frigiditatem stomaci et discolorationem pigmentum fiat ex vino et melle et aliis speciebus posita cubebe in maiori quantitate. CI

99. Catapusia: Cataputia calida est in iii gradu, humida in primo. Habet virtutem principaliter purgandi flegma ... per inferiora. Contra quotidianam; contra yliacam passionem; Contra artheticam. Eligenda est cataputia que ... nec livida sed alba et viridis. CI

100. Cucurbita: Cucurbita et citroli frigide et humide complexionis sunt, et in qualitatibus suis temperati. In calidis regionibus precipue reperiuntur. Contra opilationem epatis et renum et vesice et contra apostemata pectoris valent. Cucurbita cocta cum carnibus maxime in estate valet colericis sanis.Er. Nota si in aliis terris ista semina haberi non possunt, accipiamus semina malorum dulcium ... et secundario operantur. CI

101. Cuscuta: Cuscute calida est in primo gradu et sicca in secundo. Habet autem virtutem purgandi melancoliam secundario flegma. CI

Aperit opilationes epatis et stomachi et confortat ea et eius aqua est mirabilis ad ictericiam. Confert valde febribus antiquis semen eius aqua ipsius. Avicenna

Est autem cuscute podagra lini quod adheret circa linum. Cum floribus debet colligi, per ii annos potest servari. CI

102. Dactulus: Dactilis. Modena

103. Daucus asininus: Daucus creticus calidus est et siccus in iii gradu. Habet autem maiorem efficaciam secundum semen,Er. herbam, et flores, nullam autem vel modicam secundum radices. Cuius duplex est maneries scilicet daucus creticus qui maioris est efficacie et dicitur creticus quia precipue in Creta reperitur et daucus asininus quia asinorum precipue est cibus. Virtutem habet dissolvendi et consumendi attenuandi ex qualitatibus suis et ex subtili substantia. Contra frigidum asma et frigidam et humidam tussim detur vinum decoctionis eius et ficuum siccarum. Contra opilationem splenis et epatis ex frigida causa et ydropicis fiat sirupus ex succo feniculi et decoctione eius. Contra frigidum reuma sacelletur caput ex pulvere facto ex ipsa herba et calefacto bene. Contra dolorem stomaci ex ventositate ... Contra stranguriam et dissuriam et colicam et yliacam pasionem detur vinum decoctionis eius. Herba etiam ipsa in magna quantitate in vino et oleo cocta super locum ponatur. ... ex frigida causa et ydropicis fiat sirupus ex succo feniculi et decoctione eius. Contra opilationem splenis et epatis ponatur herba in magna quantitate in vino et oleo et maceretur ibi per x dies, in decimo die decoquatur usque dum reducatur ad oleum. Deinde exprimatur herba et colatura ponatur ad ignem et imponatur cera et fiat cerotum contra duriciem et talia; satis competens est et ad calida apostemata. CI

104. Dragantum: Dragagantum frigidum est in ii gradu et humidum in primo. Est autem gumi cuiusdam arboris in ultramarinis partibus nascentis. Eius est triplex maneries scilicet dragagantum album quod melius est .. Est etiam et subruffum et citrinum. Et nota quod album in frigidis medicinis, subruffum et citrinum in calidis debet poni. Per sexaginta annos servatur. Virtutem habet ex frigiditate infrigidandi et mundificandi ex humore hemectandi ex gumositate conglutinandi. Contra siccitatem pectoris talis sit usus: aqua ordei decoctionis dragaganti et gumi arabi detur patienti. Contra calidam et siccam tussim aqua decoctionis ordei succi liquiricie in qua sit dissolutum dragagantum per i noctem. Contra sitim detur aqua ordei in qua dissolutum fuerit dragagantum per noctem. Contra fixuras oris et labiorum et palati ulcerationem vel excoriationem in aqua rosata dissolvatur dragagantum per pannum exprimatur et cum glutinositate conficiatur pulvis amidi, intingatur penna et illiniatur lingua vel labia sepius cito curat. Ad faciem dealbandum et pannum superfluum removendum ponunt mulieres per noctem dragagantum in aqua rosata et mane addunt boracem vel camphoram in parva quantitate et faciem frequenter illiniunt. Contra calida apostemata in principio exprimatur succus vermicularis et in eo dissolvatur dragagantum per unam noctem in quo pannus intinctus super calida apostemata in principio ponatur. Contra dissenteriam in aqua pluviali dissolvatur dragagantum et in illa aqua coquatur pullus qui detur patienti.Er. Dragagantum mixtum cum albumine ovi optimum est contra ignis ustionem. CI

105. Diegreidium: Diagridium est autem succus cuiusdam herbe ... que est species titimalli. In canicularibus diebus rumpuntur summitates illius herbe. Quod soli exponitur et desiccatur et in substantiam diagridii transmutatur. Est autem illud diagridium eligendum quod subnigrum est vel subalbidum.Er. Nota quod in dosi sufficiunt &scruple; ii vel ad plus iii in libra i et semis. Et nota quod diagridio principaliter admiscetur mastix secundario bdellium, tertio gumi arabicum. Et nota quod cum diagridium principaliter purget coleram, secundario flegma et melancoliam, cum diversis medicinis positum diversos humores purgat principaliter. Nota quod nunquam debet medicina scamoneata dari cum aqua frigida. Si enim ponatur cum oxi laxativo vel electuario frigida vel trifera saracenica principaliter purgat coleram. Sicut cum blanca vel benedicta flegma, cum theodoricon anacardinum vel diasene melancoliam. Et nota quod diutius conservatur quando ponitur cum electuario confecto cum melle quia per ii annos vel iii ad plus quam si ponatur cum electuario confecto cum sirupo. Licet quoddam electuarium frigidum detur in estate cum aqua frigida. CI

106. Dens leonis: No Latin.

107. Diureticam: No Latin.

108. Diptannus, pulegium martis: Diptamus calidus est et siccus complexionis in iii gradu. Virtutem habet dissolvendi consumendi et attrahendi venenum. Contra morsum venenatorum animalium et propter venenum ipsa herba trita superponatur et succus in vino detur. Contra stranguriam et dissuriam detur vinum decoctionis eius pulveris. Contra frigidum asma decoctio ... fiat in vino ... Ad menstrua provocanda et fetum mortuum et secundinam educendam fiat iniectio pulveris eius cum succo ipsius herbe vel de arthemisia vel fiat suppositorium ex pulvere eius confecto cum succo arthemisie.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Contra epilepsiam pulvis eius cum pulvere castorei cum succo rute per os detur. Radix in medicinis ponitur cum in receptionibus invenitur, radix collecta per ii annos in magna efficacia servatur. Pulvis eius conficiatur cum succo mente et superponatur et in potu detur. Contra dolorem stomachi et suffocationem ex fungis factam pulvis eius cum succo absinthii sumptus valet. Colatura per nares iniiciatur. Paralitici ex eadem confectione calefacta ungantur et fricentur. CI

109. Dragantum: Dragantum .i. vitreolum, calidum est et siccum in iiii gradu. Sunt autem quatuor maneries, indicum quod in India reperitur et est album; et arabicum quod in Arabia invenitur et est citrinum; et ciprinum quod in Cipro insula reperitur et est viridis coloris; et est terra francigena, sive atramentum, quod in Gallia reperitur. Illud est eligendum quod est viridis coloris et clarum est ... et nota quod vena terre est, per 10 annos servatur. Habet virtutem dissolvendi, consumendi, et corrodendi.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Contra fistulas sit usus. Fiat pulvis ipsius cum duabus partibus farine fabe fracte cum capitello vel sapone Gallico conficiatur ex quo licinium intinctum fistule imponatur, os fistule elargat quod etiam ossa si fracta sint possint extrahi competenter, carnem superfluam bene corrodit et vulnera emendat. Contra polipum stuellum ex apostolicon vel bombace in aqua salsa madefactum et pulvere eius aspersum naribus immittatur. Contra fluxum sanguinis sive per emorroidas sive per nares sive per menstrua valet. CI

Occulos et extremitates palpebrarum mundificant. Rufinus from Copho.

Ad hoc dicimus quod artificio constringit scilicet ustum debet autem tam diu aduri donec in nigrum vertatur colorem ... Sic uritur dragantum in sicca testa sine liquore super carbones ponatur et sic fit donec in nigrum vertatur colorem.Er. CI

110. Ebulus, cameactis: Ebulus calidus est et siccus. Cuius radices, cortices et turiones precipue competunt usui medicine. Habet autem virtutem dissolvendi consumendi purgandi principaliter flegma.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Contra quotidianam de flegmate naturali, arteticam, podagram, ciragram detur succus radicis eius cum pulvere esule addito zuccaro. Valet contra leucoflegmatiam. Cortices et radices in vere colliguntur, soli exiccantur, et per annum servantur. Balneum factum ex aqua salsa decoctionis ipsius herbe valet arthetice et leucoflegmantie. This material was used before in the Irish text for Chapter 70. CI

111. Edera arborea: Edera nigra. Contra dolorem splenis ... succus eius vel vinum decoccionis radicis edere potui dato mirabiliter prodest. Contra dolorem aurium et contra surditatem succus edere cum modico vino per hirtheum expresso tepidus auribus stillatus mirabiliter proficit. Modena

112. Edera terrestris: No Latin.

113. Eleborus nider: Elleborus calidus est et siccus in iii gradu, cuius duplex est maneries, scilicet albus et niger. CI

Album quod sursum purgat, nigrumque deorsum. MF

Etiam cum in medicina ponitur eius receptio radix debet poni. Valet oximel factum de radice ellebori. Oximel factum de radicibus preparatis predicto modo ... valet ad melancoliam purgandam ... CI

Dicunt per vomitum varios educere sumptum Humores, veteresque ferunt sic pellere morbos, Purgatur tali vomitu vertigo vetusta, Insanis, melancholicis valet atque caducis. MF

Nota quod debile habenti pectus et strictum et macilento non debet dari. Contra litargiam ... provocetur sternutatio ex pulvere naribus immisso ... Contra scabiem fiat pulvis ex elleboro albo bene trito ... oleum commune vel nucis, in patella coquatur ... inungatur patiens in balneo. CI

114. Endiuia: Endivia frigida est et sicca in primo gradu, que alio nomine scariola dicitur. Semina et folia competunt usui medicine. Unde diuretica sunt. Unde valet contra opilationem splenis et epatis ex calida causa. Item, contra apostema stomaci et intestinorum si fit ex calida materia. Contra febres factas ex colera. Succus eius ... cum calida detur contra opilationes predictas. CI

115. Elena campana: Enula campana calida est in fine tertii gradus, humida in primo. CI

Illius decoctio menstrua purgat Si bibitur, movet urinam, depellit abortum. Ex eius foliis cum vini nectare coctis Mire nefreticis renes involvere prodest. Eius radicum pulvis cum melle voratus Tussim compescit, orthopnoicisque medetur. MF

Contra frigidam tussim, idem vinum valet. Habet autem virtutem leniendi et mundificandi unde valet contra nervos ex frigiditate indignatos. Contra dolorem stomaci ex frigida causa vel ventositate detur vinum decoctionis eius. Colligitur autem radix in principio estatis ... per biennium vel etiam per triennium potest servari. Contra dolorem spiritualium ... detur vinum ipsum. Contra frigidum asma coquatur optime ordeum ut fiat aqua spissa sicut ptisana et cum aqua ipsa coquatur optime pulvis radicis eius et detur patienti. Pulvis eius cum pulvere cinamomi delicatis confert. Herba quoque ipsa cum foliis, si haberi potest, decocta in vino et oleo et cataplasmata yliacam et colicam dolorem et stranguriam solvit.Er. CI

116. Epatica: Epatica frigida est et sicca in tertio gradu. Quanto autem habet maiora folia tanto melior est. Virtutem habet infrigidandi et diureticam; unde valet contra opilationem epatis et splenis ex calida materia. Contra epatis calorem et ictericiam, sirupus factus ex decoctione eius addito reubarbaro in fine decoctionis optimus est contra predictam icteritiam. Nota quod in omnibus aquis in quibus fit sirupus contra opilationem epatis et calefactionem debet epatica poni. Contra calida apostemata trita superponatur in principio, operatur enim repercussione materie influentis. CI

117. Epetimen: Epithimum calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu. Virtutem habet principaliter purgandi coleram secundario melancoliam ... contra quartanam ... Sed non per se ponitur sed precipue ponitur in medicinis purgantibus melancoliam. Contra melancolicam passionem detur vinum decoctionis eius. Contra sincopim ex fumositate melancolica fiat sirupus ex aqua decoctionis sene et epithimi. Folia eius ut dicit Constantinus spleni cataplasmata splenem extenuant. Contra quartanam fiat decoctio .i. &ounce; et semis epithimi in aqua ... et digesta materia detur patienti, multi taliter liberantur. CI

118. Esula: Esula calida est et sicca in iii gradu. Cuius radix tantum usui competit medicine. Virtutem habet purgandi flegmaticos humores principaliter. Contra quotidianam de flegmate naturali, arteticam, podagram, ciragram, paralisim, yliacam passionem et leucoflegmantiam ... contra passionem colicam ... Contra predictas passiones valet cum vino calido vel calida vel cum ovo sorbili.Er. Theodoricum anacardinum vel ieralogodion competenter acuuntur exesula predicta. Cortex scilicet radicis eius in vere colligitur per biennium in magna efficacia servatur. CI

119. Euforbium: Euforbium calidum est et siccum in quarto gradu. Gumi est cuiusdam arboris. Virtutem habet ... laxandi. Eligendum est quod ... est ... in colore citrinum vel ruffum. Principaliter purgat flegma ... et a remotis partibus. CI

Solvendo educit phlegma viscosum retentum in utrisque anchis et dorso et intestinis secundum quod dixerunt. Avicenna

Contra ... artheticam ... ex frigida causa et yliacam passionem acuatur benedicta ex tribus scrupulis euforbii et tribus scrupulis bdellii vel masticis, Contra cefaleam epilepsiam appoplexiam ... eodem modo acuatur ieralogodion vel benedicta ... detur, . . cum aqua decoctionis feniculi seminis vel radicum eius ... Per quatuor annos servatur communiter. Contra litargiam ... fiat unguentum de pulvere euforbii. Ad memoriam recuperandam fiat electuarium ... Contra litargiam epilepsiam ... epilenticus a posteriori parte capitis radatur occipitium et inungatur bene v fricetur fortiter manibus. Contra inveteratam icteritiam ex opilatione epatis splenis factam &ounce; et semis detur in ovo sorbili de euforbio, probatum est. Contra fistulam euforbium et mastix pulverizentur et conficiantur cum sapone Gallico et stuellum inde formatum ori fistule imponatur consumit humositatem.Er. CI

120. Es ustum: Es ustum calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu. Virtutem habet dissolvendi consumendi et purgandi melancolicos humores et extenuandi. Unde communiter ponitur in emplastris attenuativis ut in apostolicon. Carnem superfluam corrodit. Contra fistulam conficiatur pulvis eius cum melle et sapone spatarensi et gallico, intincta tenta ponatur ori fistule, elargat etiam et curat.Er. Pulvis eris usti ... detur ... cum oximelle cum aqua calida, melancoliam purgat per superiora et inferiora. CI

121. Ematites: Ematites frigidus est et siccus. Lapis est quod in occidentali plaga et orientali reperitur. Virtutem habet constringendi sanguinem unde dicitur ematites ab ema quod est sanguis et ites quod est sistens. Contra fluxum sanguinis de naribus fricetur ematites cum succo sanguinarie ... et bombix intinctus naribus imponatur. Contra emoptoicam passionem ... fricetur cum aqua rosacea ... detur ... Contra fluxum menstruorum fricetur cum succo plantaginis et ... superponatur. CI

122. Emblici: Emblici fructus sunt crescentes ultra mare. Purgant flegma et melancoliam. Unde valent contra egritudines ex talibus humoribus pervenientes ut in quartanis. Item, contra casum capillorum pulvis emblici cum pulvere aloe distemperetur in oleo et inungatur caput. Valent etiam contra emoroidas. Si pulvis distemperetur cum succo tapsi barbassi supponantur. CI

123. Eruca: Eruca calida est et sicca in iii gradu. CI

Et valet urinas haec mansa vel hausta movere. Manditur utiliter pueris, tussimque repellit, ... cum melle iugatam. Elixata prius radix valideque subacta Ossibus et fractis superaddita detrahit illa. Non modice mansam venerem stimulare vel haustam Confirmant pariter medici pluresque poetae. Est cum lactucis haec herba comesta salubris, MF

124. Ferrum, ferrugo &ersir; sgama ferri: Ferrum et ferrugo et squama ferri. Ferrugo ... habet virtutem desiccandi et attenuandi. Ad extenuationem splenis valet vinum in quo candens ferrum extinctum fuerit. Contra emorroidas pulvis factus vel squama ferri subtilis conficiatur cum succo tapsi barbassi et bombicem intinctam supponat sibi patiens quia optimum est. Contra tenasmon ex calida causa et dissenteriam ferrugo optime calefiat ut candens sit, postea aspergatur aceto et recipiat patiens fumum per inferiora. Contra opilationem splenis et epatis ex longo tempore detur pulvis ferruginis subtilissimus &scruple; v cum vino calido. CI

125. Ferrarium: No Latin.

126. Flamula: Flammula calida est et sicca in iiii gradu. Ad cauterium sine igne vel sine ferro faciendum. Ad apostema rumpendum ... conteratur cum oleo et superponatur. Contra quartanam et arteticam quidam operantur.Er. ... datur ... in cibis ... Scio vero quod hoc oleum valet exterius inunctum contra ... stranguriam et dissuriam. CI

127. Fenugrecum: Fenugrecum calidum est et siccum. Virtutem habet maturandi et relaxandi. Substantiam habet glutinosam. Ad apostemata exterius maturanda farina fenugreci cum vitello ovi conficiatur et superponatur. Ad maturandum et rumpendum conficiatur cum terebentina et superponatur; herba etiam ipsa in vino et oleo decocta superposita maturat. Ad splenis duriciem herba ipsa in vino et oleo macerata per xv dies ... et fiat unguentum optimum ... Ad apostema stomaci et intestinorum ex farina fenugreci et aqua predicta fiant pultes superponatur. CI

128. Fragaria: Fragia sive fragula. Modena

129. Fraximus: Fraxinus calida est et sicca in ii gradu. Contra fluxum ventris ex lienteria dissenteria lenitum precedente purgatione fiat fomentum ex aqua pluviali decoctionis corticis. Valet contra vomitum ... cortex ... in aceto bulliat et spongia intincta super stomacum ponatur. Valet etiam decoctio eius contra vitium splenis potata.This material was used before, for Chapter 23, Alphur, flos fraxini. CI

130. Farina ordi: Ordeum frigidum est et siccum. Contra calida apostemata in principio ad repercussionem materiei fiat emplastrum eius ex farina et aceto et est repercussivum et diaforeticum.CI-1497. Ex ordeo multa fiunt que competunt usui medicine scilicet ptisana, farina et polenta et far. Farina diu decocta in aqua optimus cibus est infirmis sive febricitantibus et precipue laborantibus apostemate spiritualium ... Farina ordei polenta eius dicitur et fit competens cibus laborantibus apostemata spiritualium ... In aqua decoquatur farina et fiant inde pultes. Precipue predicts apostemata maturant, maturata relaxant, et optimum nutrimentum est. Contra calida apostemata ... ad repercussionem fiat emplastrum ex farina ordei et aceto ... Ad maturitatem conficiatur cum melle vel vitello ovi. Ad frigida apostemata maturanda fiat emplastrum ex farina eius et pice liquida vel farina et terebintina vel melle, optimum est.This material is used again for Chapter 216, Ordium. CI, Er

131. Feniculus: calidus est et siccus in ii gradu. CI

Cum vino cunctis obstat haec herba venenis. Renibus in ptisana radix decocta medetur. MF

Cum in receptione invenitur receptio maratri, debet poni semen eius in colliriis succus radicis vel foliorum. CI

Indeque compertum est humanis posse mederi Illam luminibus, atque experiendo probatum, Sicque venenatis obstabit morsibus illa. Cum vino vel aqua radicum coctio sumpta Urinas purgat et menstrua sumpta resolvit. Nausea cum vino sumpta sedabitur illa, Fervorem stomachi cum lympha mitigat hausta. Ictu vel factos subito quoscumque tumores Appositum tantum iuncto sedabit aceto. MF

Semen in principio autumni colligitur et in magna efficacia per iii annos servatur. Cortices, radices colliguntur in principio veris, servantur per medium annum. Contra opilationem splenis et epatis ... detur aqua decoctionis corticis radicis feniculi.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Eadem aqua vel vinum datum solum dolori stomaci ... ex ventositate, digestionem etiam confortat. Contra leucoflegmatiam fiat decoctio in succo radicis feniculi esule hermodactili ana &scruple; iii. Contra pannum oculorum et pruritum succus radicis feniculi in vase eneo per 15 dies ad solem ponatur et more collirii in oculis ponatur. CI

132. Feniculus porsinas: Cotula fetida habet similitudinem cum amarissa et camomilla et sunt tres herbe que habent similitudunem in stipitibus floribus et foliis. Sed in hoc differunt, quia cotula fetida habet stipitem maiorem et folia maiora et flores multo maiores albos circumcirca in medio vero croceos et fetet multum. Amarissa vero et camomilla habent folia subtiliora et florem satis parvum, folia vero subtilia sunt sicut abrotani vel feniculi. Differentia inter amarissam et camomillam, unde versus: Fetet amarissa; redolens olet camomilla, Amarissa et cotula sunt eiusdem fetoris. Camomilla vero habet maximum odorem. Rufinus

133. Fenementum: Fermentum ... subtilem habet virtutem humores corporis ex interioribus extrahendi et si cum sale et oleo temperatum carbunculis id est apostematibus omnibusRufinus apponatur, maturat et aperit. Ysaac

134. Fel: Omnia calida sunt et sicca in quarto. Fel vaccinum; fel taurinum. Fel vaccinum ponitur in emplastris conferentibus vulneribus que sunt ad herisipilam. Fel hyrcinum eradicat carnem malam et necessitas quidem ulcerum ut eis adhibeatur ... et in tempore frigoris prohibet spasmum. Fel hyrcinum super elephantiam et varices confert. Omne fel confert obscuritati visus. Et fel quidem rapatium proprie siccum confert initio aque et dilatatione pupille ... Et fel magis conferens oculo ex quadrupedibus ... et avium quidem fel alcubugi. Fit ex eo linimentum ad dolorem matricis et testiculorum. Avicenna

135. Filipindula: Filipendula calida est et sicca in iii gradu. Radix eius precipue usui medicine competit. In montuosis locis reperitur. In fine autumni colligitur, per x annos in magna efficacia servatur, virtutem habet diureticam. Contra lapidis vitium stranguriam dissuriam et yliacam passionem precipue valet ... ad idem valet vinum decoctionis eius pulveris ... Contra yliacam passionem fiat clistere ex pulvere eius ... Contra dolorem stomaci ... detur pulvis eius cum pulvere feniculi. Contra epilepsiam valet pulvis eius in cibis teste Diascoride.Er. Contra dolorem stomaci ... ponatur pulvis eius in magna quantitate in sacello et fiat decoctio in vino et oleo et ponatur supra locum dolorosum. Contra frigidum asma detur pulvis eius ... in cibis et potibus. Ad idem valet pulvis eius ... positus super carbones ut patiens fumum recipiat per embotum, optimum est remedium. CI

136. Fumus terra: Fumus terre calidus est in primo gradu, siccus in ii. Principaliter purgat melancoliam secundario flegma scilicet salsum, tertio purgat coleram adustam. Contra scabiem &ounce; ii succi eius addito zuccaro ... detur. CI

Sucus eius crudus potui datus corpus a scabie prudore pustulis mundificat. Rufinus from Copho.

Contra idropisim ... succus eius addito pulvere esule dragmae ii ... vel fiat sirupus ex succo fumi terre apii feniculi decoctione pulveris esule addito zuccaro optimum est etiam contra artheticam. Semper detur cum alio reprimente ventositatem. Succus eius ... ter detur in septimana. Quanto autem viridior est tanto melior; exsiccata nullius est efficacia. Dicitur autem fumus terre quia generatur a quadam fumositate ... circa superficiem terre adherente. CI

137. Fu ualerian: Fu calida est et sicca in ii gradu, que alio nomine valeriana dicitur. In estate colligitur ... per triennium in magna efficacia servatur. Contra stranguriam et dissuriam detur vinum decoctionis eius. Ad digestionem confortandam et dolorem stomaci vel ventris detur vinum decoctionis eius ... cum semine feniculi vel masticis ... Contra opilationem splenis et epatis ex frigida causa detur aqua decoctionis eius. Ad superfluitatem matricis desiccandam fiat fomentum ex aqua decoctionis eius vel fiat suppositoriumEr. ex bombace intincta in confectione facta ex pulvere et oleo muscelino vel communi. CI

138. Fugo demonum: Ypericon calida et sicca in tertio gradu. Epar et venas mundificat. Est contra venenum, urinam et menstrua provocat. Cathaplasmatus vulneribus ea celeriter curat. Femorum dolorem auffert. Rufinus from Copho.

139. Fructus iuniperi: Iuniperus calida est et sicca in tertio gradu ... fructus poni debet. In vere colligitur fructus, per duos annos servatur. Contra fluxum ventris ex scamonea ... fiat decoctio fructus in aqua pluviali et intret patiens usque ad umbilicum ... Contra stranguriam dissuriam et yliacam passionem detur vinum decoctionis fructus eius. Ex iunipero fit oleum hoc modo ... Contra quartanam detur oleum illud in quantitate &scruple; in cibis vel alio modo. CI

140. Ficus: Ficus. Natura eius calida et sicca est. Ficus ceteris fructibus laudabilior est ac nutribilior. Si superfluos humores in stomacho inveniat ... ad corruptionem mutatur. Si autem homores mundificatos inveniat, bene digeritur ac sanguinem laudabilem facit ... pectusque purificat et pulmonem, renes atque vesicam humoribus grossis. Post illam calamentum manducet aut ameos sive isopum vel piper sive zinziber et similia ... nuces simul aut amygdalas manducet. Si cum isopo coquatur, pectus pulmonemque mundifiat. Rursus cocta cum ordeo et fenugreco cataplasmate facto apostema dissolvit. Pistata ac synapi commixta apozima ad tinnitum aurium valet. Ysaac

141. Fex: Fex aceti fortior est aliis fecibus. Melior fex et sanior est fex vini veteris, deinde quod similis est ei, et fex quidem aceti est vehementis virtutis. Cum exterius apponitur matrici emplastrum ex fece non adusto confert fluxui sanguinis menstrui. Avicenna

142. Galbanum: Galbanum, dicunt quidam quod sit gumi cuiusdam arboris, Dioscorides dicit quod est lacrima cuiusdam fruticis similis ferule. Virtutem habet dissolvendi attrahendi consumendi leniendi maturandi et relaxandi. Contra frigidum asma dentur &scruple; iiii galbani cum ovo sorbili, vel cum aqua ordei. Contra litargiam ponatur super carbones et patiens recipiat fumum. Contra suffocationem matricis idem fiat per embotum per inferioraAll supplied text in this entry is from Er.. Ad dolorem dentium fiat casula ex eo et denti superponatur. et lumbricos occidendos dentur pillule ex galbano inuncte ex melle. CI

143. Galanga: Galanga calida est et sicca in tertio gradu. Potest autem servari in magna efficacia per v annos ... Est ergo eligenda que subrufa est et in sui manerie ponderosa et nodosa et que acutum habet saporem. Virtutem habet confortandi ... dissolvendi consumendi. Contra cardiacam passionem et sincopim detur pulvis eius cum succo boraginis. Nota quod gariofili et folia gariofilorum et ligna gariofilorum et galanga ligna postremo, pro gariofilis possunt poni folia et pro galanga gariofili.Er. Ad digestionem confortandam et dolorem stomachi ex ventositate vel ex frigida causa detur vinum decoctionis eius. CI

144. Galitricum: Gallitricum calidum est et siccum. Alio nomine centrum galli dicitur. Fomentum factum ex aqua decoctionis eius matricem optime mundificat, menstrua provocat. Semen eius tritum et confectum cum succo feniculi oculis valet. CI (Erlangen)

145. Gladiolus: Acorus radix est gladioli. CI

146. Gariofilus: Gariofili calidi sunt et sicci in iii gradu. Sunt autem fructus cuiusdam arboris in India nascentis. In estive tempore colliguntur ... per v annos servantur in magna efficacia ... et qui acuti sunt saporis meliores sunt. Habent autem virtutem confortandi ... dissolvendi, consumendi.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Ad digestionem confortandam detur vinum decoctionis gariofilorum masticis et mirre quia mirum est. Ad dolorem stomachi ex ... ventositate detur vinum decoctionis eorum et seminis feniculi. Contra ... sincopim detur pulvis gariofilorum cum succo boraginis, Contra vomitum colericum ... Ad cerebrum confortandum applicentur naribus. Contra precipitationem matricis odoretur decoctionis eorum vinum et detur patienti mulieri. Contra fluxum ventris ... in ampulla vitrea aqua rosacea plena buliant vii vel ix gariofili cum mastice et mediocriter tepidum detur patienti. CI

147. Genciana: Gentiana calida est et sicca in tertio gradu. Radix autem eius precipue competit usui medicine. Virtutem habet dissolvendi, consumendi, attrahendi et aperiendi.Er. Contra antiquum asma detur pulvis eius cum vino addita aqua ordei. Ad idem fiat precedentibus inunctionibus circa spiritualia digesta materia detur pulvis confectus cum dialtea in vino ... si poterit liberari aliquo modo sic liberabitur, vel detur in cibis. Epilenticis detur pulvis eius cum succo rute. Contra morsum reptilium animalium ... et pulvis eius detur cum succo mente in potu. Ad fetum mortuum et ad secundinam educendam confice pulverem eius cum succo arthemisie. CI

148. Gumi: Gumi arabicum calidum est et humidum in primo gradu. Cum invenitur simpliciter in medicinis, gummi Arabicum debet poni. Gummi arboris est, cuius triplex est differentia, album quod melius est ... Est autem citrinum et subrufum.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Habet autem virtutem relaxandi humectandi et leniendi. Gummi Arabicum idem est quod gummi Sarracenicum. Contra vomitum ... detur pulvis eius cum pulvere cinamomi. Contra dissenteriam decoctio pulveris eius detur cum aqua rosacea, Contra fluxum menstruorum detur pulvis eius cum sanguine draconis in aqua rosacea. Eodem modo naribus iniectus sistit fluxum sanguinis, vel fiat inde sinapisma circa timpora. CI

149. Gitt: Git calidus est et siccus in secundo gradu. Herba est quae inter frumenta oritur et semen habet nigrum. Cum in medicinis recipitur semen nannan? herba ponendum est. Diuretica ... virtutem habet dissolvendi et consumendi. Contra opilationem splenis et epatis et renum stranguriam dissuriam yliacam passionem dolorem stomaci et ventositatem detur vinum decoctionis git et pulveris eius in cibo. Contra emorroydas inflatas fiat decoctio pulveris eius et succo tapsi barbassi, et bombix intinctus supponatur. Contra lumbricos detur pulvis eius cum melle, fiat etiam emplastrum ex pulvere eius et succo absinthii circa umbilicum. Contra vermes aurium conficiatur cum succo persicarie. CI

150. Genestula: Genestula frigida est et sicca. Virtutem habet constringendi. Ad menstruorum profluvium valet fomentum ex aqua decoctionis eius suppositum; vel pessarium ex pulvere eius cum succo plantaginis factum ad idem valet. Contra dissuriam predictum fomentum fiat. CI

151. Hermodactuli: Hermodactili calidi et sicci sunt in quarto gradu. Radices ... in estate colliguntur et desiccantur, in magna efficacia per annum servari possunt. Virtutem habent dissolvendi consumendi et attrahendi, purgant flegma principaliter. Contra artheticam podagram stranguriam ciragramEr. et yliacam passionem et contra morbos ex flegmate ... valet benedicta acuta ex hermodactilis yera theodoricon anacardinum. Contra artheticam podagram ciragram succus feniculi cum melle coquatur et cum tali melle &dram; ii hermodactilorum dentur. Pulverem hermodactilorum confice cum sapone gallico et licinium intinctum ori fistule superponatur. CI

152. Herba Sangti Petri: Herba paralisis. Valet precipue paraliticis. Modena

153. Hipia madorNote the writing of 'd' here. No Latin.

154. Hipia minor: No Latin.

155. Isopus: Est ysopum siccum calidum quoque, tertius illi Est in utroque gradus. Subvenit et voci raucae versata palato. In pectus capitis si destillatio fiat, Quod persaepe solet tussim phthisimque creare, Prodest haec eadem decoctio sumpta frequenter. Eius decoctio facta Sic ut cocta simul sint mel, ficus quoque sicca, Et prodest cunctis pulmonum sumpta querelis. Contrito viridi si iungitur oxymel illi, Sicque datur bibitum, stipatum molliet alvum, Cum vento nocuo viscosum flegma repellens, Cardama si iungas his, solves fortius alvum. In quo decoquitur si dens foveatur aceto, Fertur ab immodico cito saepe dolore levari. Accensi fumo sonitus compescitur auris. Elixum appositum livores limpidat omnes. MF

Virtutem habet diureticam dissolvendi attrahendi et consumendi. Virtutem habet secundum folia et flores, et non secundum radicem ... abiectis stipitibus. CI

156. Ipoquisdidos: Ipoquistidos frigidus est et siccus in secundo gradu. In vere colligitur ... ad solem siccatur ... per duos annos servatur in magna efficacia. Virtutem habet constringendi. Contra fluxum ventris ex colera vel debilitate virtutis contentive conficiatur cum aqua rosacea. Fiat etiam emplastrum ex eo et succo plantaginis et albumine ovi et super renes et pectinem ponatur. Contra vomitum fiat idem super furculam pectoris. Contra profluvium matricis fiat suppositorium ex ypoquistidos et succo plantaginis et per pessarium iniiciatur. CI

157. Iouis barba: Semperviva dicitur barba Iovis. Frigida est in iii gradu, sicca in primo. CI

Re Acidula: Altera vero minor species est istius herbae, Quam Sempervivam dicunt, quoniam viret omni Tempore, Barba Iovis vulgari more vocatur; Esse refert similem praedictae Plinius istam, Nec minus hanc cunctis praedictis posse iuvare. Auribus expressus si succus funditur eius Adiuvat auditum mire pellitque dolorem. There is another Chapter, 55, on the same plant. MF

158. Iris: Iris calide et sicce complexionis est in secundo gradu, similiter yreos, similes sunt in foliis et in effectibus, sed yris purpureum florem gerit, yreos album. Herba est quam alii vocant gladiolus.Modena. Radice utimur, in fine veris colligitur ... per duos annos servatur. Virtutem habet diureticam unde dissolvit et aperit. Contra vitium spiritualium et opilationem splenis et epatis, renum et vesice et dolorem stomaci ex ventositate valet vinum decoctionis yreos. Pulvis etiam eius leniter carnem superfluam corrodit. Ad pannum oculorum fiat colirium ut ex pulvere eius et aqua rosacea. CI

Rigorem febrium et dolorem vulve mittigat et auffert. Rufinus from Copho, de ireos.

Cum mulsa bibitus choleram depellit iniquam. Commixtus melli desiccat vulnera pulvis. Non modicum sciasis dicunt prodesse dolori. MF

159. Ipofilia: No Latin.No Latin text has been identified and the term here used points clearly to a Grecolatin source.

160. Lacc: Caprarum vero lac est temperatum et lac ovium est grossum valde. Et lac vaccinum est pinguius et grossius. Lac melius est quod ex ubere suggendo bibitur, aut sicut mulgetur. Confert habentibus complexionem calidam et siccam cum in ipsorum stomachis non est cholera. Lac preterea non est bonum ulceribus. Et lac quidem nocivum est habentibus apostemata intrinseca. Non est conveniens habentibus sodam. Aliquod nocet phlegmaticis. Lac facit evenire tenebrositatem visus ... Verumtamen cum mulgetur in oculo confert opthalmie. Decoctum vero et in quo extincti sunt carbones et calefactum cum lapidibus ignitis et laminis ferri procul dubio ventrem constringit. Et illud de quo extractum est butirum est bonum solutioni cholerice. Avicenna

161. Lactuca: Lactuca temperate frigida et humida est. CI

Unde potest nimius haec mansa levare calores, Et praestabit idem superaddas si bene tritum. MF

Ad somnum provocandum semen eius conficiatur cum lacte mulieris et albumine ovi et fiat emplastrum circa timpora. Semen eius frigidius est ipsa herba; herba usui ciborum competit, semen vero medicine. Iudicatur tamen ab auctoribus omnium herbarum esse temperatissima quia bonum sanguinem generat et copiam lactis. Cibis colericis competens cocta vel cruda comesta. In febribus multum valet elixa vel cruda. Cocta in æceto addito croco solum valet contra opilationem splenis et epatis. Ad somnum provocandum semen eius conficiatur cum lacte mulieris et albumine ovi et fiat emplastrum circa timpora. Pulvis etiam seminis cum lacte datus somnum provocat. CI

Utilis est stomacho, somnum dat, mollit et alvum. Cum vino bibi tum fluxum quoque reprimit alvi, Ut quidam dicunt oculis caligo creatur His, quibus assiduo fuerit cibus eius in usu. MF

Somnum provocat. Idem facit febricitantibus datum cum aqua. Contra calida apostemata in principio conficiatur pulvis eius cum oleo rosaceo et superponatur. CI

162. Laudanum: Laudanum calidum est et humidum in primo gradu. Unde manifestum est quod purum est valde, est aromaticum. Virtutem habet constringendi et calefaciendi et confortandiAll supplied text in this entry is from Er.. Dicunt quidam quod sit gumi arboris, quod falsum est, sed in quadam parte Grecie ros in quibusdam herbis descendit. Contra catarrum ex frigida causa stuellum ex eo informatum naribus imponatur. Contra relaxationem dentium laudanum et mastix conficiantur et inter dentes et gingivas intus et extra ponatur, quia confirmant eos. Ad matricem infrigidatam et suffocationem recipiat mulier fumum per inferiora. Suppositorium ad eadem factum valet, matricem mundificat et confortat. Contra precipitationem matricis recipiat mulier fumum per inferiora. Contra dolorem stomaci ex frigida causa et ad digestionem confortandum dentur v pillule ex laudano in sero. CI

163. Lapasium acutum: Lapacium calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu. Est autem triplex scilicet, lapacium acutum ... et herba efficax est. CI

Unde quidem stomachum confortat sumpta, soletque in stomacho clausum per ructus pellere ventum, Sumptaque sicut olus fertur restringere ventrem. Pruritus mordax scabiesque cutis laceratrix Illius tepido cedunt apozimate fota. Eius saepe tepens si coctio gargarizetur Uvas sedabit tumidas dentisque dolorem. Haec dysentericos potu iuvat et ciliacos. Cum vino vel aqua radicum coctio facta, Menstrua restringit potu, lapidesque repellit. MF

Contra scrophulas novellas fiat emplastrum ex lapacio acuto et assungia simul tritis. Contra scabiem succus lapatii acuti oleum nucis et pix liquida ... competens scabiei. Ad apostemata maturanda lapacium rotundum tritum et in oleo decoctum vel assungia superponatur. Ad rumpendum superponitur lapacium acutum predicto modo. Contra splenis duriciem succus lapacii acuti ... et addita cera et oleo fiat unguentum. Contra leucoflegmantiam fiat confectio ex succo lapacii acuti &ounce; ii et &dram; ii esule addito melle fiat aliquanta decoctio et detur patienti. Contra lumbricos valet succus eius datus cum melle. Contra flegma abundans in cerebro succus eius cum succo rute in modica quantitate naribus iniiciatur. Crispelle lacte ex lapacio valent asmaticis. CI

164. Lapis lasuili: Lapis lazuli, frigidus est et siccus. Purgat principaliter melancoliam. Contra cardiacam passionem. Vena terre est de qua fit lazulum. Contra splenis vitium et emorroydarum detur cum decoctione sene vel seminis feniculi. CI

165. Lapis magnetis: Lapis magnetes calidus est et siccus in tertio gradu. Conficiatur cum apostolicon et fiat stuellum et vulneri imponatur. Habet virtutem attrahendi ... ut dicit auctor.Er. Dicit Aristotiles quod invenitur in littore Indie et Oceani. Naves infixas clavis ferreis attrahunt et dissolvunt. Pulvis etiam eius subtilissimus ... cum succo feniculi valet contra ydropisim. CI

166. Lansiolata: Arnoglosa frigida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Utilis est ad desiccandum vulnera et mundificandam putredinem eorum. Repugnat etiam sacro igni. Abstergit calida. Succus eius datus quartanariis ante duas horas accessionis valet. CI

Herbam, quae nostra lingua Plantago vocatur, Hanc Arnoglossam Graecus vocat, est quia linguae Aguinae similis foliis. Plantaginis huius Sunt geminae species, et maior prima vocatur, Altera vero minor, quam vulgo lanceolatam Dicunt, quod foliis (ut lancea) surgit acutis. Eius potatum depellit sperma secundas. Si via longa pedum movet, ut fit saepe, dolorem, Acri cum vino superaddita trita iuvabit. Cum passo succus bibitur si saepius eius Vesicae variis fertur succurrere morbis. MF

Omnem calorem qui est ex ignis ustione refrigerat. CI

167. Lauriola: Laureola calida est et sicca in tertio gradu. Frutex est. CI

Alipiados, id est, laureola. Rufinus

Est satis laxativum. Rufinus from Magister Maurus.

Cuius semen coconidium dicitur. Cuius semen vel fructus usui competit medicine. Virtutem habet principaliter purgandi flegma et coleram. CI

Principaliter purgat flegma et coleram innaturalem, citrinam et vitellinam. Rufinus from Magister Maurus.

Acuatur inde benedicta vel ieralogodion ad flegma purgandum, oximel vel trifera saracenica ad purgandum coleram ad plus in quantitate &scruple; 5 addito mastice vel gumi arabico vel bdellio ad repressionem acuminis medicine. CI

Habet autem naturam excoriandi stomacum et intestina. Rufinus from Magister Maurus.

Movet per superiora et inferiora. The same material is used re Conconidum, Chapter 74. CI

168. Lenticula acatica: Lenticula aquatica. Virtutem habet contra cancrum. Succus eius con tota herba bene pistata et cum axungia porci bene admixta et super cancrum posita eum occidit. Modena

169. Leuisticus: Levisticus ... calidus est et siccus in secundo gradu. Virtutem habet diureticam aperiendi et extenuandi. CI

Ligusticum. Maior radicis vis est et seminis eius Et par est illis vis in medicamine quovis. Inflato stomacho cum vino sumpta medetur Et tali potu vis digestiva iuvatur. Omnibus et morbis sic prodest interiorum, Urinas sic sumpta movet et menstrua purgat Tota venenatis medicatur morsi bus herba, Si bibitur bene trita prius vinoque soluta, Et pars contritae ponatur desuper herbae. MF

Per quattuor annos potest servari. Unde decoctio eius valet contra opilationem splenis et epatis. Valet etiam aqua decoctionis eius contra dolorem stomaci et intestinorum factum ex ventositate; pulvis etiam eius cum pulvere cinamomi datus in cibis valet ad predicta. CI

170. Lepus: No Latin. --- But see BM Cat. 229.

171. Lapis agapidis: Lapis agapis, id est, Iudaicus lapis. Rufinus from Synonima.

Lapis agapis vel lapis Iudacus. Modena

Lapis iudaicus. Avicenna

172. Lisium: Licium calidum est in primo gradu siccum in secundo. Quidam dicunt esse gumi quod falsum est sed est succus herbe. In principio estat is colligitur ... et desiccatur ... per v annos potest servari. Appellatur licium alio nomine oculus lucens lucidusAll supplied text in this entry is from Er. quia reddit oculos lucidos. Contra maculam oculi licium pulverizetur subtiliter et conficiatur cum aqua rosacea et ... pulvis solus vel confectus cum aqua rosacea oculis imponatur. Contra fixuras lingue et labiorum et oris ulcera pulvis licii ... cum aqua rosacea conficiatur et ulcera illiniantur. Probatum est satis a multis Salernitanis. Ex licio valet suppositorium in acuta febre quia multum desiccata stercora dissolvit. Contra vitium matricis informetur suppositorium ex trifera magna et superaspergatur pulvis licii et quando superflui humores abundant in matrice valet quia purgat et desiccat et manat. Contra lentigines fiat inunctio ex licio et cerusa in eadem quantitate simul pulverizatis. CI

173. Lilium: Lilium calidum est et humidum in primo gradu. CI

Eius radicis bulbus, quae lilia profert, Sub prunis tectus iuncto quoque tritus olivo Prodest usturis mire superadditus ignis, Et melius roseum sibi si iungatur olivum; combustaque membra iuvantur. Pingui porcino decoctus idem vel olivo Reddere posse pilos membris narratur adustis. Cum vino potum nocuum purgare cruorem Per ventrem dicunt et sic prodesse lieni. Praecisis nervis tritus cum melle medetur Expressus succus foliorum, mixtus aceto Et melli coquitur sic, mellis sint et aceti Ut geminae partes, praedicti quinque liquoris; Ad desiccandas nihil est magis utile plagas, Inque cicatricem ducit licet inveteratas Elixus bulbus et cerotis bene mixtus. Illitus asseritur sudorem posse movere, MF

Contra splenis duritiem radix lilii in multa quantitate cum branca ursina et radice enule vel evisci ponatur in vino et oleo per 15 dies postea decoct. coletur, et in colatura addita cera et oleo fiat unguentum. CI (Er. )

174. Linga auis, pigla: Lingua avis calida est et sicca in primo gradu. Viridis multe est efficacie, sicca nullius. Virtutem habet incitandi libidinem et humectandi. Herba ipsa ... libidinem incitat. Ad idem valet electuarium confectum ex ... et succo lingue avis. Herba ipsa cocta in aqua ordei prodest ethicis et consumptis. Valet decoctio lingue avis succi addito zuccaro contra siccitatem pectoris; detur aqua decoctionis ipsius et addito dragaganto magis valet. CI

175. Litairgirum: Litargirum temperatum est in frigiditate et siccitate. Litargiri multiplex est differentia; est quoddam quod est spuma argenti quod fit per excoctionem cum in igne separatur non purum a puro ... Est autem aliud quod spuma auri dicitur ... et cathimia proprie dicitur. Est autem aliud quo comuniter nos utimur scilicet fex stanni quod similiter fit ex decoctione cum sit stannum de vena terre. Virtutem habet constringendi consolidandi depurandi ex diverso modo conficiendi. Pulvis litargiri vulneribus impositus consumit saniem et ulcera consolidat. Contra scabiem et precipue contra scabiem factam de flegmate salso vel colera fiat decoctio aliquantulum olei nucis et pulveris litargiri ... Contra ulcerationem virge distemperatum cum oleo rosaceo si inungatur virga putredinem consumit et ulcera consolidat. Contra dissinteriam ... litargirum integrum ... aspergatur sepe cum aceto, postea fiat subtilissimus pulvis ... cum aqua ordei, multum valet. Litargirum ... pulverizetur subtiliter et abluatur cum aqua rosacea quinquies vel decies ... ille pulvis in modum collirii vel solus cum aqua rosacea oculis imponatur. CI

176. Licrisi: .i. Liquiricia temperate calida est et humida. Dicunt quidam quod sit radix, quidam quod frutex. Eligenda est que non multum grossa est nec multum gracilis que tota interius crocea est ... et cum frangitur que levis est et interius subalbida ... abiicienda est. Valet contra vitium pectoris decoctio eius in aqua et maxime pleureticis et peripleumonicis. Vinum decoctionis eius valet contra tussim. Ad idem valet electuarium confectum ex succo liquiricie et melle. Liquiricia commasticata et sub lingua retenta sitim et asperitatem stomaci et gutturis mitigat. CI

177. Lapasium: Lapacium calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu. Est autem triplex, scilicet lapacium acutum ... lapacium rotundum ... lapacium domesticum. Virtutem habet disolvendi relaxandi aperiendi et extenuandi. Contra scabiem succus lapatii acuti, oleum nucis et pix liquida simul buliant et postea coletur et in colatura ponatur pulvis tartari et fuliginis et fiat unguentum satis competens scabiei impetigini et serpigini. Contra lumbricos valet succus eius datus cum melle. Contra flegma abundans in cerebro, succus eius cum succo rute in modica quantitate naribus iniiciatur in aere calido ut in balneo. CI

178. Linga bouina: Buglossa. Lingua bovis Graeco sermone Buglossa vocatur. MF

Proxima est equalitati in calore ad caliditatem enim declinat parvam et est in fine primi in humiditate. Avicenna

Haec choleram rubeam nimio fervore perustam Purgat, cum vino fuerit si sumpta frequenter. Vim memorem cerebri dicunt servare periti Vinum potatum, quo sit macerata Buglossa. Cardiacum, cholerae quem fecit copia nigrae, Consimili potata modo curare valebit. Mixtus aquae tepidae si succus sumitur eius, Illi, qui patitur sciasim, mire medicatur. Chapter 54, on Barba siluana, is based on the same Latin text. MF

179. Mas: Macis calidus est et siccus in secundo gradu. Dicunt autem quidam quod macis est cortex qui reperitur circa nucem muscatam in quo continetur nux ut in sua capsula. Habet autem virtutem confortandi ... dissolvendi, consumendi. Est autem eligendus macis qui est subrufus ... et habens acutum saporem .... per x annos servatur. Contra indigestionem ex frigiditate stomachi multum valet vinum decoctionis eius. Ad cerebrum depurgandum a superfluis humoribus macis masticetur et in ore teneatur. Contra debilitatem stomachi et epatis ex frigiditate et leucoflegmantiam et iliacam passionem et contra vitium spiritualium et asma ex viscoso flegmate fit optimum remedium: fiat decoctio macis in succo feniculi et in fine decoctionis addatur modicum vini, coletur et colatura patienti detur. Fiat etiam hoc emplastrum quod optimum est contra debilitatem stomachi ex frigiditate ... ex pulvere macis et masticis, ana, et oleo rosaceo, cera. Contra cardiacam passionem pulvis macis in cibis et potibus valet. CI

180. Maccula trifolium: Melilotus spp. calidum est et siccum in primo gradu ... corona regia etiam dicitur. Virtutem habet confortandi ... et est diureticum. Unde vinum decoctionis eius digestionem confortat, ventositatem excludit. Opillationem renum et vesice aperit. Per duos annos servatur. Semen eius in brodio in cibis positum eos boni saporis et optime redolentes reddit. CI

181. Manna: Manna calida est et humida temperate. Dicunt quod sit succus herbe quod falsum est. Est autem ros qui super herbas diureticas cadit in quadam parte Grecie et Indie. Habet virtutem depurandi et mundificandi sanguinem. Unde valet contra acutas febres ex colera. Alii sophisticant sine melle ex zuccaro et liquiricie pulverizate et melle et quoddam durum efficiunt quod [manne] assimilatur.All supplied text in this entry is from Modena Si ex succo liquiricie sophisticate fuerit ... valet contra acutas febres factas ex colera. Nihil autem dulcius manna pura. Debet eodem modo parari quo cassia fistula. CI

182. Mala granata: Malorum granatorum ... alia acetosa et illa sunt frigida et sicca. Virtutem habent constringendi. Contra vomitum colericum et dissinteriam. CI

Ex quattuor partibus composita sunt [cortex, caro, liquor, grana], que tamen omnes sunt stiptice. Habet etiam proprium quod in oculis ictericorum stillatus citrinum abiicit ab eis colorem, propterea ablato cortice maligranati omnia acetosa pistentur; et succus extractus cum melle coquatur, et quandam unguenti similitudinem habeat; valet ad unguium oculorum expulsionem, purificatque aciem a grossis viscosisque humoribus. Ysaac

Succus eorum ... potest dari ... febricitantibus ex colera ... fit enim ex succo et zuccaro sirupus ad modum sirupi acetosi ... quidam dicunt talem sirupum oxizacaram ... oxizacara fit ex aceto et succo. Contra fluxum menstruorum supponatur pulvis confectionis cum succo sanguinarie vel plantaginis. Contra fluxum sanguinis de naribus imponatur pulvis solus cum succo sanguinarie. CI

183. Marubium: Marrubium calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu. CI (Er.)

decoctio totius herbae Seminis aut eius phthisicos mire iuvat hausta, Pectoris haec varios compescit potio morbos, Et melius prodest, illi si iungitur iris; Asthmaticos sic sumpta iuvat tussimque repellit. Accelerat partus eadem pellitque secundas; Si mel Marrubio iungatur, vulnera purgat, Hocque modo curat, quae rodunt ulcera carnem. Dicitur hoc bibitum lateris sedare dolorem. Illius succus cum vino melleve mixtus Prodest luminibus caligine debilitatis. MF

Contra vermes aurium iniiciatur succus auribus. CI

Usum Marrubii dicunt non esse salubrem His, qui vesicae morbo renumque laborant. MF

Detur vinum decoctionis eius ... Idem fiat contra colicam passionem ex frigida causa. CI

Accelerat partus eadem pellitque secundas. MF

184. Medulla: Convenientior est medulla vitulorum et cerui, deinde tauri et post esta caprarum, deinde ovium. Est calefactiva, lenitiva, abstersiva multi nutrimenti si digeratur. Conturbat stomachum et delet appetitum et oportet ut comedatur cum piperibus et seminibus. Avicenna

185. Masdix: Mastix, gumi est cuiusdam fruticis similis lentisco. Calide est et sicce complexionis in secundo gradu. In partibus Grecie invenitur. Contra humiditates fluentes a capite ad oculos et dentes et dolorem timporum factum ex ventositate ascendente a stomacho ad caput, pulvis masticis cum vino albo odorifero et albumine ovi conficiatur addito pulvere olibani si bene vobis placet et timporibus superponatur. Emplastrum facturo ex mastice ... super furculam pectoris ponatur vomitum colericum constringit. Aqua decoctionis masticis tepida data digestionem confortat stomachum relaxatum corroborat et addito semine feniculi ventositatem excludit. Nota mastix parum debet decoqui ... et dari tepida, unde cum aqua cocta parum fervida plus valet quam aqua ferventissima. Aqua dico plus valet tepida quam multum calida. CI

186. Mel: Mel calidum est in primo gradu, siccum in secundo. Mel aliud domesticum, aliud silvestre. Est autem mel domesticum quod fit a rusticis qui quedam ligna componunt in quibus apes colligunt, et tale mel album et subrufum est .... Est autem et aliud mel silvestre quod aticum dicitur; illud in silvis reperitur. Album in frigidis, rubeum ponendum est in calidis medicinis. Mel conservat et mundificat. Per c annos servatur. Unde in medicinis ponitur ut semper amaritudo reprimatur mellis dulcedine et ut vis ipsius medicine ad profundum membrorum attrahatur cum pulveribus etiam miscetur ut in sua efficacia conserventur. Contra frigidos humores in stomaco detur mulsa, scilicet confectio ex melle et aqua, et cum aqua abstergit et dissolvit. Contra pannum faciei et etiam post partum, &dram; ii camphore et iiii &dram; nitri cum melle conficiantur et sint ita per iii dies; post vero inungetur facies; valet etiam ad idem et ad faciem clarificandam lotura facta ex aqua et melle. Suppositorium factum in febribus mel supra testam uratur, ut aliquantulum denigretur et tunc appone pulverem salis et commisca et pone super lapidem et informa ad modum digiti et suppone. CI

187. Margarite: Margarita frigida est et sicca. CI

In ultramarinis partibus reperiuntur inferiori parte Indie in ventre cuiusdam piscis, qui similis est marine coclee. Rufinus from Alexander.

Margarite alie sunt perforate artificio, alie natura, et ille quia meliores sunt ponuntur in medicinis. Sunt itaque eligende albe et clare. Virtutem habent confortandi. Contra debilitatem et sincopim ex medicina ... et contra cardiacam passionem in febribus detur pulvis margaritarum cum zuccaro rosaceo. CI

Quando abstrahuntur obscure sunt et tunc dantur columbis devorandum in quorum gutture depurantur. Post tertias horas scinduntur columbe et magis depurate extrahuntur. Rufinus from Alexander.

188. Mellago: Mellissa ... calida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Viridis et sicca est multe efficacie; exsiccata ad solem post in umbra suspensa, per annum servatur. Habet autem virtutem dissolvendi confortandi et consumendi et extenuandi. Similem habet efficaciam maiorane. Mellissa in vino et oleo decocta et cataplasmata duriciem splenis et epatis relaxat et solvit. Naribus appositus cerebrum confortat < de maiorana. Folia et flores in testa calefacta ... quia eventationem operatur, superposita capiti valet contra reuma factum ex frigida causa < de maiorana. Fomentum ex aqua decoctionis maiorane circa vulvam matricem mundificat et superflua consumit. CIThis material was used before, in Chapter 84, Citragha.

189. Mellicratum: No Latin.

190. Menta: Vim calidam siccamque gradu fert Mentha secundo. Illius potu vis digestiva iuvatur, Confortat stomachum. Lumbricosque modo depellere fertur eodem. Diversis morbis occurrit testiculorum, Si foveantur aqua, qua Menthae cocta sit herba; Concretum solvit lac mammis addita trita. Trita canis morsum superaddita cum sale curat. Matrici succus si subditur illius, ante Quam fiat coitus, mulier non concipit inde. Caseolos succus putrescere non sinit eius Admixtus vel si viridis superadditur herba. MF

Exsiccata ... per annum servatur. Contra fetorem oris et putredinem gingivarum abluatur os et gingive ex aceto decoctionis mente ortulane, postea fricentur ex pulvere mente sicce vel cum menta sicca. Ad appetitum provocandum ... fiat salsamentum ex menta aceto et modico et cinamomo vel pipere. Contra vomitum ... fiat decoctio mente in aqua salmacina= salinatina, cf DMLBS sv salinatinus. [BF] et aceto. Ad matricem mundificandam ... Contra colicam passionem fasciculi mente coquatur in vino et renibus et pectini cataplasmentur. CI

191. Mercurialis: Linochites .i. mercurialis. Calida est et humida. Competenter cum carnibus pinguibus cocta detur ad solutionem faciendam. Competenter etiam ex succo vel ex aqua decoctionis eius et oleo sale et melle fit clistere educens humores et solvens. Modena

192. Mellifolium: Millefolium. Rufinus

193. Mirtuis: Mirtus vel mirta frigidus est in primo gradu, siccus in secundo. Quanto recentiores flores et folia tanto meliores. Post maturitatem fructus collecti in magna efficacia per biennium servantur ad solem desiccati, folia autem diutius. Virtutem habet constringendi ex ponticitate, confortandi ex aromaticitate. Contra vomitum et fluxum ventris et profluvium mulieris ex debilitate virtutis contentive vel ex humorum acumine. Ex fructibus vero contritis vel ex pulvere eorumet albiumine ovi fiat emplastrum circa os stomaci contra vomitum; propter profluvium circa pectinem et renes.Wölfel from Breslau. Fiat fomentum circa inferiora ex aqua pluviali decoctionis foliorum eius propter fluxum et ad dissinteriam et profluvium. Dentur fructus ipsi ad comedendum, vel succus expressus detur, vel fiat succus ex succo eorum addito zuccaro optimus est contra predicta. Sed si non habes zuccarum appone mel. CI

194. Mirra: Mirra calida est etsicca in secundo gradu. Gumi est cuiusdam arboris in India nascentis, que in estivo tempore quandam gumositatem a se producit que circa arborem inviscata actione caloris in substantia mirre transmutatur, Est autem eligenda que citrina est, vel subrufa, interius aliquantulum lucida. Servatur autem per c annos. Contra fetorem oris. Contra vitium gingivarum tricentur gingive ex pulvere mirre, putredinem autem consumit et eas consolidat. Contra catarrum et fluxum humorum a capite pillule ex mirra et storace calamita dentur patienti. Eedem valent ad digestionem confortandam. Fumigium mirre ... receptum per embotum in vulvam matricem mundificatEr. calefacit et confortat et consumit et ita conceptum adiuvat; per anum valet contra tenasmon. CI

195. Morella: Solatrum, morella, idem est et est frigida et sicca in secundo gradu. CI

Herbam, quam Graeci Strignum dixere, Latini Maurellam dicunt, vis eius frigida valde est. Dicitur auriculae mire sedare dolorem Illius succus, si sensim funditur intus, Egilopis Strigni dicunt cataplasma mederi, Istud idem dicunt capitis prodesse dolori, Parotidas reprimit cataplasmatis addita more; Strigni prurigo depellitur illita succo. Contritis eius foliis coni unge polentam, His superappositis sacer ignis et herpeta mordax Dicitur expelli. MF

Contra apostema in epate et intestinis et in stomaco, cum aqua ordei detur succus eius. Contra caliditatem epatis peciaRufinus. intincta in succo eius sepe superponatur. Idem contra calidam podagram, herba ipsa trita superponatur. CI

196. Morsus demonis: No Latin.

197. Muscus: Muscus calidus est et siccus in ii gradu. Muscus est quedam humiditas que in apostematibus quorundam animalium reperitur. Sunt autem in India ... et capriolis sunt similia, in quorum inguinibus sunt quedam concavitates in quibus colliguntur humiditates ad ipsa apostemata. Triplex est eius maneries, est autem muscus qui omnino niger est ... et est niger ad subnigrum colorem accedens ... et est subruffum ... qui laudabilissimus est. Contra sincopim et totius corporis debilitatem ... detur simpliciter cum vino. Virtutem habet confortandi ex aromaticitate, dissolvendi consumendi ex qualitatibus suis. Contra debititatemEr. cerebri et matricis precipitationem naribus applicetur. Ad conceptum impeditum ex frigiditate adiuvandum supponatur cum trifera magna. Ad idem muscus resolvatur in oleo muscelino et bombix intincta supponatur. Contra fetorem oris masticetur parum et predictum fetorem palliat. Contra fetorem subassellarum qui hircus dicitur illiniantur subasselle et bene fricentur et bene palliat. CI

198. Mumia: Mumia calida est et sicca in quarto gradu. Adhuc fit apud paganos circa Babilonlam. Est autem mumia quedam species que in sepulcris mortuorum reperitur. Solebant antiquitus corpora mortuorum balsamo vel mirra condiri. Sanguis ad cerebrum calore balsami trahitur et excoquitur, aduritur et desiccatur et in mumiam transmutatur.Er. Virtutem habet constrictivam. Fluxum sanguinis ex naribus sistit ... vomentes sanguinem ... Contra fluxum menstruorum. CI

199. Mandragora: Mandragora frigida est et sicca. Excessus eius non determinatur ab auctoribus; cuius due sunt species, masculus scilicet et femina. Quidam dicunt feminam formatam esse ad formam mulieris, masculum ad formam viri, quod falsum est. Cortex radicum colligitur, per quattuor annos servatur in multa efficacia. Virtutem habet constringendi infrigidandi aliquantulum mortificandi; virtutem ymotoicam habet .i. soporiferam. Ad somnum provocandum ... pulvis eius conficiatur cum lacte mulieris et albumine ovi, cataplasmetur fronti et timporibus. Contra dolorem capitis folia eius trita supra timpora patientis ponantur. Contra calida apostemata fiat inunctio in principio, repercutit materiam ... vel saltem eius pulvis cum succo alicuius herbe frigide. CI

200. Mirbulani: Mirobolani fructus sunt arboris in India nascentis. Mirabolanorum species sunt v bonorum. Omnes frigidi sunt et sicci generaliter. Alii mirobolani ... secundum hoc in laxativis ponuntur.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Citrinus eligendus est qui ponderosus est. Mirobolani citrini principaliter purgant coleram, secundario flegma. Datur in acutis febribus. Habentibus frigidum stomachum debet dari. Debet dari in potu sirupus actualiter frigidus. Ille qui bonus est cum frangitur ... et cum gustatur parvam habet ponticitatem ... sophisticatus autem cum frangitur ... multum habet ponticitatem. Kebuli principaliter flegma, secundario coleram [purgant]. Compositis medicinis. Valent etiam sincopizantibus et patientibus emorroidas. Ad pannum oculorum removendum: isti mirobolani conditi multum clarificat visum debilitatum ex fumositate melancolica vel flegmatica. Indi principaliter melancoliam, secundario coleram [purgant]. Emblici et bellirici flegma et coleram purgant. CIEr.

201. Mala masiana: Mala matiana .i. mala silvestria frigida sunt et sicca. Virtutem habent constringendi. Unde valent contra vomitum et fluxum ventris. Idem est usus qui dictus est de citoniis et contra eadem. Mala citonia, decoquantur optime in aqua pluviali postea bene trita ponantur supra renes et pectinem. Poma dulcia, que pure dulcia sunt, ventosa sunt. Debent autem dari post cibum febricitantibus et cruda et cocta sed magis competunt cocta. Competunt autem convalescentibus ab egritudine et laborantibus ex indigestione ex frigiditate stomaci. Hoc modo preparentur. Findantur et interioribus nucleis abiectisEr. fiat quedam concavitas in medio. Et imponatur pulvis nucis muscata, macis, manne, foliorum gariofilorum, aliquando ponitur pulvis solus cinamomi vel piperis et assantur et dantur post prandium. CI

202. Mora selsi: Mora domestica frigida et sicca sunt que dicuntur fructus siccomori. Silvestria frigida sunt et sicca, fructus sunt rubi ... virtutem habent dissolvendi. Contra squinantiam et uvam relaxatam et brancos et vitium faucis. Valet electuarium quod diamoron dicitur ... in diamoron potest poni. Valet etiam electuarium quod fit ex succo eius tantum et melle ... similiter decoctis ... per x annos servatur. Succus eius ... ventrem si fuerit constipatus ... solvit. Succus ... cum melle datus lumbricos necat ... intestina mundificat. CI

203. Melli: Meu calidum est et siccum in secundo gradu. Herba est cuius radix simili nomine appellatur. Virtutem habet diureticam ex subtili substancia, attrahendi et consumendi ex qualitatibus suisEr. Vinum vel aqua decoctionis eius valet contra opilationem splenis et epatis. Aqua vero competentius datur in estate et iuveni, vinum vero in hieme et seni. Pulvis meu cum semine feniculi in cibo vel potu datus ventositatem stomaci et intestinorum excludit et digestionem confortat. Contra tenasmon ex frigida causa herba ipsa in vino coquatur et fiat encatisma, postea pulvis eius cum melle confectus superpositus est satis competens. CI

204. Mesbili: Mespila frigida et sicca in primo gradu. Proprietatem habent stomachum confortandi; cholericam egestionem ac vomitum auferunt; urinam provocant. Magis pertinent ad medicinam quam ad cibum. Parum enim nutriunt et grossos faciunt chimos. Meliora sunt ante cibum quam post cibum sumpta stomacho, quia sunt confortativa eiusque nervis non nocentia. Ysaac

205. Nastursium: Nasturcium calidum estet siccum in quarto gradu. Ipsa herba cruda et cum carnibus cocta valet contra humiditatem cerebri superfluam. Contra stranguriam herba ipsa decocta in vino et oleo superponatur. Contra iliacam passionem et colicamEr. ... semen eius in sacello et in vino decoctum superponatur. Contra tenasmon ... cum anus exterius est pulvis ano superponatur, renes etiam inungantur melleet superponatur pulvis seminis eius. CI

206. Napeum, sinapium: Sinapi Quartus ei gradus est in vi sicca calidaque. Maior vis eius in semine dicitur esse. Extrahit humores viscosos extenuatque. urinam et menstrua purgat. Illo nam capitis strictura resolvitur omnis. Utile tot causis quoniam cataplasma Sinapis Saepius a medicis variatur conficiendo, Dicam qualiter hoc fieri iubeat Menemachus: In mortariolo tritum bene pone Sinapis Semen, iungatur huic panis candida mica, Sic ut tertia sit panis pars iuncta Sinapi, His ficus siccas et mel iungas et acetum, Aetatis quantum vel morbi causa requirit, Nam quo plus ficus siccae vel mellis habebit, Ille sinapismus tanto solet acrior esse, Debilior, quo plus panis mittes et aceti. Infuso faciunt oleum de semine quidam, Utile lumborum vitiis, stupidis quoque nervis. Exprimitur succus tenero de caule Sinapis, Quem siccum mandens dentis tormenta fugabis, adips tundendo vetusto Commixtum scrophas disperget, si superaddas. Cum ficu tritum capiti superaddere raso His qui letargum patiuntur, magna medela est. Semen contritum melli coniunge vel uncto Istud alopeciis iuvat unguen saepe fricando. Hoc quoque curatur manso periodica febris, Antea quam diri veniat commotio morbi. MF

207. Nenufar: Nenufar frigidus est et humidus in secundo gradu. CI Nenufar, id est, flos ungule cabaline. Rufinus from Rogerius. In septembri collectus per duos annos in multa efficacia servatur. Contra calefactionem epatis et calidas distemperantias. Et nota quod melior flos est ille qui in calidis regionibus reperitur quam ille qui in frigidis. Cum floribus precipue conficitur sirupus contra acutas febres. Flores decoquantur in aqua et ex tali aqua addito zuccaro fiat sirupus. Contra dolorem capitis ex calore imponunt Sarraceni flores in aqua per noctem et mane bibunt talem aquam et flores et naribus applicant contra idem. CI Facit somnum et sedat sodam calidam cholericam, sed tamen debilitat. Avicenna

208. Nepta: Herbam, quam Nepetam vulgari more vocamus, Hanc medici Graeco Calamenti nomine dicunt, Sicca calensque sibi vis est et tertius illi Est in utroque gradus. Cum mulsa sicca tepenti Sumpta solet tantum sudore resolvere corpus; Ex oleo, quo sit decocta, perunge fricando Illum, venturae metuit qui frigora febris, Non frigus tantum sed febrem saepe repellit; Illi, qui sciasim patitur, coxae superadde Contritam viridem, fertur comburere pellem Et sic humores siccando fugare dolores; Appositu potuque suo cito menstrua purgat. Est leprae species elephantiasisque vocatur, Hunc in principio morbum potus Calamenti Cum vino curat humores extenuando; Serpentum morsus superaddita trita nocere Non sinit, et pellit cum vino sumpta venena. Potus et iniectus lumbricos enecat eius Succus et in membris vermes necat omnibus ipse. Si bibit hanc praegnans aut tritam subdit, abortit, cum vino curat anhelos, Asthmaticos medici quos Graeco nomine dicunt, Et iecoris morbos cum vino mitigat hausta, Hocque modo veterem lateris iuvat illa dolorem. Compescit stomachi cum vino sumpta dolorem. Tollere singultum cum vino dicitur hausta; Atque cicatrices nigras superaddita trita Haec naturali reddit purgando colori. MF

209. Nux magna: Calida est in tertio sicca in principio secundi. In ipsa est stipticitas plurima et folia et cortex ipsius omnia sunt stringentia fluxum sanguinis, Cum melle et ruta confert torsioni nervorum. Eius oleum confert herpeti estiomeno et herisipile et fistulis in partibus oculi. Ex omnibus quidem speciebus nucis dixit Alcanzi fieri emplastrum mammille apostemose et proprie ex regali magna. Avicenna Corticum vero sive frondium sive arboris unum exagium cum vino esui datum strangurie optime subvenit. Si cum aceto potetur repugnat febribus rigorem habentibus. Ysaac Est cum ficubus et ruta medicina omnibus venenis. Avicenna Que tunc manducate cito in humorem convertuntur cholericum. Calidum vero habentibus stomachum prestant ustionem, in cholericumque mutantur humorem. Ysaac Masticata medulla eius ponitur super apostema melancholicum ulcerosum et confert. Avicenna

210. Nux muscata: Nux muscata calida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Fructus arboris est in India nascentis. Per vii annos servatur. Eligenda est illa que in suo genere plana est et gravis et cum frangitur interius non pulverizatur. Virtutem habet confortandi ex aromaticitate sua et ex qualitatibus suis. Contra stomachi frigiditatem et indigestionem et discolorationem ex frigiditate in mane detur nux dimidia. Convalescentibus ab egritudinibus quibus debilis est calor naturalis ad confortationem spiritualium detur vinum decoctionis eius et masticis. Contra indigestionem stomachi epatis et intestinorum detur vinum decoctionis eius et anisi vel cimini et masticis. Nux muscata naribus applicata cerebrum confortat et spiritualia. CI Odorem oris bonum efficit. Avicenna

211. Nux longa: Amygdale dulces sunt calide et humide in medio primi gradus. Amygdale amare calide sunt et sicce in fine secundi gradus. Unde Galienus, habent, inquit, amygdale amaritudinem sensui occultam propter sui saporitatem. Earum actio velut nuces corporum nutritiva; sunt dure tamen ac grosse substantie; digestioni inobedientes propter sue unctuositatis egestate; neque stomacho ecu (?) nuces sunt nocive. Pectoris renumque sordes mundificant; urinam provocant; epatis oppilationem reserant. Ideoque amare dantur per medicinam, dulces vero pro cibo dantur. Quarum quippe oleum melius est quod ab eis extrahitur, quia earum corpus durum est. Sed si superficietenus excorticentur esuique dentur digestibiliores fiunt, maxime si cum melle aut zuccara accipiantur. Amygdale autem virides sunt tenuiores et laudabiliores propter earum aquositatem. Porro si virides priusquam cortices habeant elixentur et edantur, gingivas confortabunt, stomachique calorem refrigerabunt. Amygdale amare ... extenuant perforant et sunt diuretice, grossorum et viscosorum humorum dissolutive, unde pectus mundificant et pulmonem ex humore phlegmatico, oppilationem splenis et epatis aperiunt, grossam ventositatem habitam in colon intestino dissolvunt, urinam provocant, renum ac matricum sordes mundificant, et etiam constipationem aperiunt. Que quidem interiore cortice ablato si pistate in vulvam mittantur, menstrua potenter educunt. Rursus a corporibus putridos expellunt humores, ventris dolorem mitigant, somnum inducunt. Quibus etiam cum amido et menta potui datis omni cum celeritate sanguinis fluxum coarctant. Si cum sapa potentur urine difficultatem dissolvunt, lapidem omnino frangunt, et si cum aceto temperentur faciei lentigines abstergunt, potate etiam cum vino diuturne febri mitigationem prestant. Ysaac

212. Olibanum: Olibanum calidum est et siccum in secundo gradu. Est autem olibanum idem quod thus, scilicet gumi cuiusdam arboris iuxta Alexandriam nascentis ... nascitur etiam iuxta Damascum. Eligendum est illud quod album est et clarum. Virtutem habet confortandi ... et etiam consolidandi et constringendi. Diu servatur. Contra fluxum lacrimarum et dolorem dentium ex fluxu humorum a capite ... fiat emplastrum circa timpora ex pulvere eius et vino albo et albumine ovi. Contra relaxationem uve masticetur olibanum, talis masticatio prohibet fluxum humorum a capite ad spiritualia. Inveniuntur etiam quasi pillule inter olibanum et ex his dentur iii vel v ad digestionem et contra acidam eructuationem valent eedem pillule. Ad confortandum matricem et mundificandum ipsam et conceptum adiuvandum fiat fumigium ex eo. Pulvis olibani confectus cum vino aliquantulum calefiat et panni intincti ... Vel superius ad mamillas gracilandas cum aceto conficiatur pulvis olibani et panni intincti sepe mamillis superponantur. CI S. v. Thus Lumina clarificat. MF

213. Opoponax: Oppoponacum: Opos enim Grece succus Latine. Ponac herba est. Succus ponac: in tempore estivo finditur radix et terra remota. Calidum est et siccum in tertio gradu. Pillule facte ex gutta eius valent contra asma frigidum simpliciter date vel cum ovo sorbili. Ad idem aliud optimum in succo marubii ponatur per noctem, in mane resolvatur in eodem succo, post coletur et addatur mel et fiat quasi emplastrum. Contra ydropisim ex flegmati et frigora periodicarum febrium in succo sambuci corticum iaceat per noctem, addito zuccaro detur patienti. Fumigium factum ex eo valet contra litargiam. Ad menstrua et ad fetum mortuum educendum et secundinam fiat suppositum ex eo pessarium etiam inde factum dissolutum tamen in oleo muscelino addito succo arthemisie plus valet. Oppoponacum cum melle et absinthio datum lumbricos occidit. CI

214. Ouua: Ova sunt ad equalitatem tendentia sed eorum albumen ad frigiditatem et vitellus ad caliditatem et ambo sunt humida precipue albumen. In ipsis est stipticitas et proprie in vitello eorum assato. Meliora ex eis (ova) sunt ova galline recentia. Ova vero anatis et similium sunt mali humoris. Eorum autem albumen sedat dolores mordicativos. Meliora eorum sunt sorbilia cocta in aqua. Sunt tardioris digestionis et plurimi nutrimenti. Conferunt asperitati pectoris et gutturis sorbilia ex eis et tussi et pleuresi et ethice et raucedi vocis ex caliditate et stricture anhelitus et sputo sanguinis proprie cura sorbetur vitellus eorum tepidus. Cocta sicut sunt in aceto prohibent fluxum ventris et dysenteriam. Avicenna

215. Os de corde serui: Os de corde cervi frigidum et siccum est. In corde autem cervi reperitur quodam os in sinistra parte cordis. Que sua siccitatis et cordis substantia convertitur in osseam substantiam. Discernitur a cartillagine quadam que reperitur in pectore caprarum. Est subrufum de sanguine cordis. Caprarum est albior et mollior. Os de corde cervi per xx annos servatur. Debet autem primo aliquantulum desiccari. Virtutem habet purgandi fumum melancolicum et purgandi melancolicum sanguinem. Contra cardiacam passionem et sincopim detur pulvis eius cum succo boraginis. Contra ... fluxum sanguinis melancolici humoris per emoroidas detur pulvis eius cum vino. CI

216. Ordium: Ordeum frigidum est et siccum. Ordeum mundatum decoquatur in aqua donec accedat ad aliquantulum spissitudinem et talis aqua optima est. Ex ordeo multa fiunt que competunt usui medicine scilicet ptisana, farina et polenta et far.Er. Farina optimus cibus est febricitantibus. Contra calida apostemata in principio ad repercussionem materiei fiat emplastrum eius ex farina et aceto et est repercussivum. Ad maturationem eorum conficiatur cum vitello ovi. Ad frigida apostemata maturanda fiat emplastrum ex farina eius et pice liquida et farina et terbentina vel melle, optimum est. CI Galienus ordeum ceteris granis nutribilius est. Rufus vero triticum inquit et ordeum sunt nutribiliora ceteris et laudabiliora; nutribilius tamen est triticum. Nec arbitreris horum disputationes sibi esse contrarias, Galienus dixit accidentaliter, Rufus vero intellexit substantialiter ac naturaliter. Ysaac Pultes que ex farina ordei et aqua fiunt fiant sic. Ordeum bene mundatum in mola ponitur et teritur. Mola aliquantulum sublevata ut quasi grossam operetur substantiam. Farina diu cocta in aqua optimus cibus est ... laborantibus spiritualium apostemate. CIThe same material was used for Chapter 130, Farina ordi. Hoc valet ad ... corpusque humectandum; sperma auget. Ysaac

217. Pampinus: No Latin.

218. Petrosilium: Petrosilinum calidum et siccum est in secundo gradu. Est autem duplex, domesticum et agreste, quod sinonum dicitur. Semina precipue competunt usui medicine. Semina collecta in magna efficacia per v annos servantur. Virtutem habet diureticam. Herba etiam ipsa in cibis posita digestionem confortat. Ventositatem excludit, quia eam consumit et attenuat. Contra easdem causas ... valet contra quas paucedanum i.e. Contra opilationem epatis et splenis stranguriam dissuriam detur vinum vel aqua decoctionis eius.The editor has not indicated the source of supplied text. [BF] CI

219. Pulegium muntanum: Pulegium calidum est et siccum in iiiº gradu. In tempore florum colligitur et in umbra siccatur. Per annum servatur. Modena Pectoris humores viscosos extenuare Et per sputa potest illos educere mire. MF Valet contra dolorem stomachi et intestinorum ex frigiditate vel ventositate. Modena Sic quoque pulmonis prodest iecorisque querelis. Tussim compescit cum vino sumpta tepenti, Et sic urinam compellit reddere largam, Et magis ex vino si sit decoctio facta. Appositam viridem dicunt sedare podagram MF Fomentum factum ex aqua decoctionis eius humiditatem matricis desiccat, vulvam coartat. Modena Material from the same contexts is used re Athasar, polem regale, Chapter 44.

Piper nigrum: Piper aliud album aliud longum, aliud nigrum et rotundum. Nigrum et rotundum calidum est in medio quarti gradus, siccum in fine eius. Piper nigrum per xl annos servatur. Piper nigrum virtutem habet dissolvendi consumendi. Pulvis eius carnem mortuam et superfluam corrodit. CI In ipso est attractio et resolutio et abstersio. Avicenna Pulvis eius naribus impositus sternutationem provocat et cerebrum a flegmatica superfluitate mundificat. Vinum etiam decoctionis eius et ficuum siccarum spiritualia mundat a glutinoso humore. In cibis datus digestionem confortat. Pulvis subtilis factus ex interiori substantia abiecto cortice et sepius aspersus aqua rosacea et desiccatus, aut simpliciter aut aqua rosacea more collirii oculis impositus maculam et pannum tollit. Salsamentum ex eo appetitum incitat si commisceatur cum salvia et menta et petroselino et mica panis usti et cum vino et aceto distemperetur. Sanguineis et colericis non est utilis usus piperis, dissolvit etiam quenquam ad lepram inducit. Piper longum amplius aliis confortat. Quidam dicunt quod omne piper fructus est eiusdem fruticis qui similis est iunipero. Alii non eiusdem sed diversi. Dioscorides et Constantinus dicunt quod sint fructus eiusdem arboris in India nascentis. Dicunt etiam quidam quod piper fiat nigrum per adustionem quia cum debet colligi propter copiam serpentum ibi existentium ignis inter arbores ponitur ut serpentes conburantur vel fugiant, sed eadem ratione destruerentur arbores ipse. CI

221. Pulicaria: Policaria calida est in tercio gradu sicca in secundo. Cuius duplex est maneries scilicet maior et minor. Virtutem habet dissolvendi et consumendi. Vinum decoctionis policarie et ficuum siccarum valet asmaticis et contra frigidos humores in spiritualibus. Fomentum factum ex aqua decoctionis eius valet ad mundificationem matricis, vulvam cohartat, pulvis etiam eius subtilis suppositus valet contra thenasmon ex frigida causa. Fasciculi facti ex foliis eius et in vino decocti et loco dolenti superpositi dolorem ex ventositate tollunt. Calefacti in testa sine liquore et capiti superpositi valent contra reuma frigidum. CI (Er.)

222. Paritaria: Paritaria calida est et sicca in tertio gradu. Herba est que alio nomine dicitur vitreola, quia optime vasa vitrea purgat. Viridis magne est efficacie, sicca modice vel nullius. Viridis virtutem habet dissolvendi diaforeticam extenuandi. Contra frigiditatem stomaci et intestinorum et dolorem eorum stranguriam dissuriam decoque in aqua salsa et in oleo et pectini cataplasmetur. Paritaria cocta et comesta valet contra dolorem stomaci et intestinorum factum ex frigiditate vel ventositate. Vel eciam decocta cum furfure in vino albo accido aliquantulum facta et superposita melius erit. CIModena.

223. Polipodium: Polipodium calidum est in tertio gradu, siccum in secundo. Herba est similis filici que supra quercus crescit, et super muros et lapides. Melior vero est que crescit super quercus. Virtutem habet ... purgandi flegma principaliter, secundario melancoliam. Contra quotidianam et iliacam passionem. Illius pulvis conteratur et fiat decoctio eius ... et in tali aqua fiat iuscellum. Competenter ponitur in medicinis et decoctionibus flegmaticis et melancolicis. Sanis vero datur ad preservationem. Et nota quod in decoctione polipodii debet poni aliquod exclusivum ventositatum, ut est anisum et semen feniculi cimini, quia polipodium solum humidum est cum multa ventositate. Contra ... dolorem artheticum et ad conservationem sanitatis talis sit usus eius: conteratur &ounce; semis vel i ad plus utAll supplied text in this entry is from Er . sit multum laxativum et fiat decoctio eius aque cum prunis et violis ... addito semine feniculi vel anisi in multa quantitate et addito zuccaro et tunc colatura ipsa mane vel sero detur patienti. CI

224. Pibinella: Pimpinella. Modena Sorbastrella. Modena

225. Pulitricum: Pollitricum. Modena

226. Porrum: Porrus est calidus in medio tertii gradus, siccus in fine eiusdem. Ysaac Ippocras Istius succum solum dedit ille bibendum Aegrotis, qui reiiciunt sputantve cruorem, Quos haemoptoicos soliti sunt dicere Graeci. Ulcera cum melle tritum iuvat appositumque. Pulmones pectusque nocens vocemque canoram, Indeque consurgat tussis praecordia laedens, Cum ptisana succum Porri sorbere iuvabit. Cum vino Porrum datur his quos laeserit anguis Quodlibet aut animal fundens letale venenum. Commixtus Porri succus lacti muliebri Et bibitus tussim fertur sanare vetustam. Eius iungatur succo pars tertia mellis, Et sic per nares tepidum fundendo vel aures Immensum poteris capitis sedare dolorem. Si crudum fuerit sumptum levat ebrietatem sic duram mollit et alvum. Reddit fecundas mansum persaepe puellas. Manantemque potes naris retinere cruorem, Intus si nares ungas medicamine tali. MF Caput eius coctum et cum sisameleo vel amygdaleo conditum venerem suscitat. Silvestris porrusRufinus from Ysaac. vero calidus est in iiii gradu et siccus in iii proinde grossos dissolvit humores ... urinam et menstrua provocat. Succus eius in modum pessarii vulve impositus menstrua educit. Secundum cibum inutilis est: nocet enim stomacho faciens inflationem ac ventositatem et cum sui acumine nervos eius mordet; habet etiam proprietatem faciendi fumum nigrum melancholie pertinentem qui ad caput saliens, visui tenebrositatem facit atque somnia terribilia ac timorosa inducit. Ysaac

227. Pingedo: Adeps anatis est calidior et siccior. Deinde adeps castrati et adeps castrati decrepiti est levior; ... adeps decrepiti est melior. Adeps galli et adeps cervi sunt vehementis calefactionis. Adeps ursi et adeps anseris conferunt alopitie. Adeps anseris valet ad fissuras faciei et labii. Adeps piscis confert aque oculi et acuit visum cum melle. Adeps cervi confert spasmo. Adeps capria confert mordicationi intestinorum quando administratur et confert ulceribus eorum. Calefactionis ... et adeps vacce est media inter adipem leoninam et caprinam ... et adeps masculi in omnibus eis est fortior. Avicenna Adeps ... pinguedine ... ambo ... habent proprietatem ... cibum viscosum grossum digestionique inobedientem faciendi et falsam saturitatem generandi ... oppilationem generat. Ysaac

228. Pira: Pira frigida sunt et sicca. Pira ... post alium cibum sumpta virtutem digestivam iuvant.All supplied text in this entry is from CI. Ante cibum comesta sistunt et constringunt ventrem. Pira cocta emplastrum de ipsis in aqua pluviali et posita super os stomachi vomitum ex colera cohercent. Posita super ventrem fluxum ventris constringunt. CI (Erlangen)

229. Plumbum: Plumbum frigidum et humidum in secundo gradu. Contra calida apostemata et contra excoriationem ex calore et contra herpetem estiomenum ... miro modo valet. Hoc unguentum miro modo valet contra usturam ignis et aque. CI

230. Quercus: Quercus que Grece appellatur hedris. Omnes partes huius arboris virtutem stipticam habent. Folia vero faciunt ad vulnera recentia, si tonsa cathaplasma imposueris. Faciunt etiam ad profluvium mulierum et ad eos qui sanguinem reiciunt et ad dissentericos vel ad ventris fluxum. Omnes partes huius arboris virtutem stipticam habent; plus vero membrana que sub cortice sunt vel infra grandes nimium stiptice creduntur esse. Rufinus

231. Rafanos: Raffanus calidus est et siccus in secundo gradu. Cortices radicum aliquantulum terantur et dimittantur in aceto biduo vel triduo, postmodum addatur tertia pars mellis, tale oximel valet quartane febribus et quotidiane, supradicte colature addatur zuccarum, optimus inde fit sirupus. Contra quotidianam ... et contra tertianas nothas ... in mane. Contra duriciem splenis herba ipsa cocta in vino et oleo spleni cataplasmetur. Pectini vero ipsa herba cataplasmata solvit stranguriam et dissuriam. CI Succus eius et oleum ipsius conferunt ventositatibus in aure valde. Avicenna Si frigidi humores fuerint in stomacho et indigesti, cortices vero radicis raffani infusas in melle et aceto comedat patiens usque ad saturitatem, postea bibat aquam calidam et digitis ore immissis vel penna oleo intincta provocet vomitum. CI

232. Rosmarinus: Rosmarinus calidus est et siccus, excessus eius non determinatur ab auctoribusAll supplied text in this entry is from Er. in gradibus. Folia et flores usui competunt medicine, flos autem dicitur antos, unde fit electuarium quod dicitur diantos. Flores per annum servantur, similiter et folia. Habet autem virtutem confortandi ex aromaticitate sua, dissolvendi ex caliditate, abstergendi, mundificandi et consumendi ex siccitate. Contra sincopim et cardiacam passionem detur diantos cum vino decoctionis eius. Contra debilitatem et frigiditatem cerebri fiat decoctio eius in vino, patiens cooperto capite fumum recipiat. Contra humiditatem uve, vinum vel acetum cum decoctione eius gargarizetur. Contra dolorem stomaci et intestinorum ex ventositate detur vinum decoctionis eius et cimini. Contra stranguriam et dissuriam flores vel saltem folia in vino decocta pectini cataplasmata prosunt. Ad menstrua provocanda et matricem mundificandam et ad conceptum adiuvandum, fiat fomentum circa pudenda ex aqua decoctionis eius. Mulieres Salernitane etiam flores in oleo muscelino decoquunt et decoctos sibi supponunt. CI

233. Reubarbrum: Reubarbarum calidum est et siccum in secundo gradu. Reu aliud barbarum quod in Barbarie regione invenitur ut in India ... aliud est ponticum et dicitur ponticum quia in Ponto insula reperitur, vel quia habet ponticum saporem. Reubarbarum ut quidam dicunt radix est cuiusdam arboris et reperitur quasi quedam tuberositas. Est autem eligendum quod in suo genere grave est et non perforatum et cum frangitur interius habet quasi quasdam venulas distinctas, hinc rufas, hinc subalbidas, hinc croceas. Servatur per iii annos, non ultra; virtutem habet purgandi coleram principaliter, et diureticam. Contra medium et minorem emitriteum et simplicem et duplicem tertianam in aqua decoctionis seminis citrulli melonis cucumeris et cucurbite resolvantur tamarindi et cassie fistule in colatura, postea &dram; ii reubarbari pulverizati per noctem mane coletur et detur pueris, senibus et pregnantibus. Contra calefactionem epatis et splenis ex calida causa. Contra yctericiam detur cum trifera Saracenica et cum succo scariole. Reuponticum: cerotum factum ex pulvere eius et oleo rosaceo vel communi et cera valet contra debilitatem stomachi. Pulvis eius datus cum melle lumbricos occidit. CI

234. Rosa rubia: Rosa frigida est in primo gradu sicca in secundo. CI Et combusturis praeclare convenit ignis. MF Contra fluxum ventris ex colera ... valet etiam emplastrum factum de rosis ... et positum super renes et pectine. CI Fluxum matricis cum vino stringit et alvi. MF Contra ruborem oculorum si fiat punctura aliqua valent rose cataplasmate sed prius in aqua cocte. Rosa et sicca et viridis usui competit medicine. Mel autem rosaceum sic fit. Mel dispumatum bene coletur, postea addantur folia rosarum viridium. Oleum rosaceum sic fit. Quidam decoquunt rosas in oleo communi et colant et servant. CI

235. Rubia maior, uarencia Rubea calida est et sicca in secundo gradu. Alia maior que maiora habet folia et maioris est efficacie. Habet autem virtutem confortandi ... et diureticam. Contra stomachi debilitatem et epatis relaxationem detur vinum decoctionis eius et masticis. Valet etiam emplastrum factum ex pulvere eius exsiccato et mastice et cera et oleo. Ad menstrua provocanda et fetum mortuum et secundinam educendam radix quantumcumque grossa potest haberi radatur exterius et superponatur, si vero inungatur melle superaspergatur pulvis scamonee predictos effectus melius consequitur. Aqua decoctionis eius si caput abluatur inde capillos reddit rubeos. CI (Erlangen)

236. Ruta, bisa no molea: A medicis Rutae vis fervida dicitur esse Siccaque, fertur in his gradus illi tertius esse. Utilis est valde stomacho, si saepe bibatur. Expellit partum potu veneremque coërcet, Tussim si bibitur compescit, menstrua purgat. Arteticos sciaslmque iuvat, febrique medetur Hausta vel in oleo viridem si coxeris illam Et foveas tepido patientes ante tremorem. Matrici prodest intestinique tumori Hoc unguen vel clysterio si funditur intus, Haustaque cum vino prodesse valebit utrique, Lumbricos oleo decocta et pota repellit. Cum caricis decocta diu vinique liquore Proderit hydropicis, si sint superaddita nocte. Cruda comesta recens oculos caligine curat, Et melius marathri cum succo felleque galli Melleque si succus ex aequo i ungitur eius, Indeque sint oculi patientis saepe peruncti. Indeque sint oculi patientis saepe peruncti. Sistit manantem bene desiccando cruorem. Obstat pota mero vel cruda comesta venenis. MF

237. Repercusiua: No Latin.

238. Sambucus: Sambucus calidus et siccus est in secundo gradu. Cortex principaliter competit medicine, secundario folia et flores. Oleum sambucinumCI, s.v. Lilium. Principaliter purgat flegma. Opilationem splenis et epatis solvit. Contra cotidianam. Contra leucoflegmatiam. Fiat sirupus. Fomentum factum ex aqua salsa et dulci decoctionis foliorum eius pedis et manus tumorem sedat. Sambucus grana laxando sunt bene sana, laxat non peius succus de fructibus eius. CI (Erlangen)

239. Sal: Sal; omne tamen sal calidum est et siccum. Contra repletionem stomaci ex frigidis et glutinosis humoribus fiat confectio ex pulvere subtili salis in aceto et oleo et detur cum tepida, deinde penna intincta ori immittatur et provocetur vomitus. Optime purgat stomacum a malis humoribus. Contra dolorem ... sal calefiat in testa et in sacello positum supra locum dolentem cataplasmetur sepe. Ad constipationem ventris ... fiat suppositum ex melle et sale sic: decoquatur mel in sartagine vel testa ut denigretur, deinde apposito sale bulliat ... et informetur magdaleon ad modum digiti et suppone. CI

240. Sarcacolla: Sarcacolla calida est et sicca in primo gradu. Gumi est cuiusdam arboris. Contra fluxum lachrymarum et sanguinis e naribus fiat sinapisma ex pulvere sarcocolle et albumine ovi super frontem et timpora. Contra maculas oculorum pulvis eius conficiatur cum aqua rosacea et ... postea cum aqua rosacea oculo Imponatur vel etiam per se. Contra tenasmon recipiat patiens per embotum per inferiora fumum ex pulvere eius posito super carbones. Valet pulvis eius superpositus ... vulneribus quia consolidat. CI

241. Scamonia: Scamonea calida est et sicca in tertio. Avicenna Diagridium est species titimalli. Scamonea autem principaliter coleram, secundario flegma et melancoliam purgat. Nota quod in dosi sufficiunt &scruple; ii vel ad plus iii in lb. i et semis. Potest dari delicatis sine molestia et timore, quibusdam etiam acute febricitantibus. CI Destruit appetitum cibi. Avicenna Quia etiam violenter ducit et quia multam facit abominationem, nunquam per se datur. Lac effluens colligitur in vasis parvis, quod soli exponitur et desiccatur et in substantiam diagridii transmutatur. Ex subtilitate sua et etiam viscositate villis stomaci adheret. CI Est inimica stomacho et epati. Facit nauseam. Avicenna

242. Saturateia, utimbra: Thymbra solet Graece dici, Satureia Latine, Illi sicca minus vis est, sed fervida valde. Provocat urinam cum vino et menstrua sumpta, Pellit abortivum, muliebris viscera purgat. Illius pulvis cum cocto melle subactus Et mansus (vel cum vino si sumitur idem) Pectoris humorem pellit per sputa tenacem. Quod si cum vino mel iungitur et piper illi, Non modicum veneris succendere dicitur ignem. Est quidam morbus letargus nomine dictus, Oppositum medici quem dicunt esse frenesi, Quod vetat haec somnum, somno gravat hic nimis aegrum, Hoc tam letali somno depressus aceto Thymbram commiscens foveat caput inde frequenter, Sic vitium pigri poterit depellere morbi. Si desit thymus pro thymo ponere Thymbram Praecipiunt medici, quia vis est aequa duabus. MF

243. Sene: Sene calida est et sicca. Arbor est ... cuius folia medicine usui competunt. Valet contra melancolicas passiones, contra epilepsiam, contra sincopin, vicium splenis, emorroidas et contra quartanam. Diascorides iubet inde fieri oximel perutile ad omnia predicta. Sirupus ... Cum aliis laxativis in quantitate &ounce; semis vel minus debet dari. CI

244. Serpillum Serpillum calidum est et siccum. CI Acri cum vino coctum contundis olivo, Cui rosa dat nomen, hoc unguine perline frontem Aegroti, capitis solet hoc sedare dolorem. Haustum cum vino iecoris sedare dolorem. Dicitur, hicque solet producere menstrua potus. Provocat urinas, compescit tormina ventris, Splen iuvat, admixto si saepe bibatur aceto. MF Vinum decoctionis eius sumptum valet contra opilationem splenis et epatis. CI Si mel praedictis iungatur, sputa cruenta lactantes mire potus solet ille iuvare. MF Vinum decoctionis eius et succi liquiricie valet contra tussim. Vinum decoctionis eius et anisi valet contra dolores stomachi ex ventositate. Vinum decoctionis eius stomachum infrigidatum ... confortat. CI (Erlangen)

245. Salisit: No Latin.

246. Spicanardi: Spica calida est et sicca in primo gradu. Spica duplex est, scilicet spica nardi et spica celtica. Dicunt quidam quod spica nardi sit flos cuiusdam arboris qui plane mentiuntur. Invenitur spica circa radices cuiusdam arboris. Eligenda est que in odore est suavis. Contra sincopim et cardiacam passionem limphetur vinum ex aqua decoctionis ipsius. Contra debilitatem cerebri, applicetur naribus. Contra frigidum reuma spice pulvis decoquatur in oleo muscelino vel saltem communi et cum digito naribus apponatur. Tale oleum multum confert contra surditatem ex frigida causa et putredinem aurium post apostemata. Contra putredinem gingivarum superponatur pulvis eius. Ad menstrua provocanda ... et conceptum adiuvandum, pulvis eius subtilis in panno lineo vel saculo formato ad modum digiti ponatur ... postea sibi mulier supponat. Contra tenasmon ex frigida causa pulvis eius cum bombano exterius existente supponatur. Aiii dicunt quod Saraceni faciunt tale oleum ex spica nardi viridi. CI

247. Sdrusium: Strucium calidum est et siccum in ii gradu. Idem est quod cauliculus agrestis. CI Struthion, Ostrutium, quod vulgi more vocatur, Vim calidam siccamque tenet. MF Virtutem habet dissolvendi, extenuandi, diureticam. CI Radix fugat eius cum vino morbos iecoris, si trita bibatur, Ictericos sic sumpta iuvat, splenisque tumorem Durum, quem Graeci sclirosim dixere, repellit. MF Fomentum ex aqua decoctionis eius menstrua educit. Emplastrum pectini et virge suppositum urinam provocat.Er. CI Menstrua sic lotiumque movet tussique medetur. Acri cum vino si iungitur atque polenta Illius succus, lepras emundat inunctas. Hoc etiam succo, iuncto cum polline quod dant Hordea, curatur (ut dicunt) pustula quaevis, Si superaddideris emplastri more dolori. Ictericis succus mire medicabitur eius, Hunc si nare trahant lacti mixtum muliebri. MF Contra litargiam ... succus vel semen eius in succo rute et forti aceto bulliant in sacello parumper et idem posterior capitis pars, scilicet occipitium, prius abraso bene, et inde fricentur bene nares. CI

248. Sulfur: Sulphur calidum est et siccum in ii gradu. Terra est actione caloris excocta in naturam sulphuream transmutatur, aquosis et terrestribus partibus in igneas transeuntibus.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Contra asma antiquum ex frigido et glutinoso humore ... detur pulveris eius &scruple; iii cum ovo sorbili. Aliter, accipiat patiens fumum eius positi super carbones ... huiusmodi fumigium purgat caput et spiritualia a flegmatica superfluitate competenter. Contra paralisim ... oleum sicionium id est cucumeris agrestis et cera simul liquefiat et addito pulvere sulphuris et ellebori albi fiat unguentum ... Utile est contra predicta et etiam contra scabiem. Si fiat asma ex siccitate nullo modo fiat. CI

249. Sol secium, sbonsa solis, ?eliotropia, sicorea, ingcuba, uerucaria: Sponsa solis, eliotropia, intuba, cicorea, solsequium, dionisia idem est. Calida est et sicca. Est autem viridis multe efficacie. Exsiccata parve vel nullius virtutem habet resistendi veneno. Contra morsum venenatorum animalium ponatur super morsum succus eius et etiam bibitus valet. Herba etiam cocta et comesta solvit opilationem splenis et epatis. CI Ipsa eliotropium est quam Latini intubam vel verrucariam vocant, eo quod verrucas extinguat ex aqua potata, vel cathaplasmate vice imposita verrucas abstergere adfirmant. Rufinus from Dioscorides. Si pistatur et sucus eius extrahatur et detur in potu, statim liberat de antrace vel carbunculo et potest addi de zucaro delicatis. Rufinus

250. Spodium: Spodium frigidum est in iii gradu et siccum. Optimum spodium fit ex ossibus elefantis combustis. Virtutem habet infrigidandi et constringendi. Infrigidando sitim compescit. Contra fluxum sanguinis e naribus pulvis eius immittatur, et syrupis ad infrigidandum ponitur; pulvis eius cum succo plantaginis datus valet. Pulvis eius cum succo plantaginis datus valet contra dissenteriam et emoptoicam passionem. Contra profluvium pulvis eius naribus impositus sanguinem sistit.Er. CI

251. Sticatos: Sticados calidum est et siccum in primo gradu. Per annum servatur. Virtutem habet diureticam ex qualitatis subtili substantia. Contra constrictionem pectoris ex frigida causa valet vinum decoctionis eius et dragaganti. Vinum decoctionis eius stomachum et intestina calefacit et ad yliacam passionem valet et ad opilationem splenis et epatis; et contra stranguriam et dissuriam.Er. CI

252. Satuirion, priamiscus, leporina: Satirion calidum est et humidum in iii gradu. CI Satyrion, id est, priapiscus vel testiculi leporis. Rufinus from Synonima. Sola radix usui medicine competit. Si idem i.e. radix recens et maxime tuberosum et viride et quod reperitur ad modum testiculi circa radicem; virtutem potentissimam habet augmentandi sperma. Contra arteticam detur radix cum oximelle vel cum aceto et melle. CI

253. Sandaili: Sandali frigidi sunt in iii gradu. Genus quiddam est sandalorum. Alii sunt albi, alii rubei, alii citrini, et isti aliis magis sunt aromatici et meliores sed raro isti apponuntur aut inveniuntur. Omnes per iii annos servantur. Virtutem habent constringendi ex qualitatibus, alterandi ex frigiditate. Contra febrilem discrasiam et sitim et epatis calefactionem fiat decoctio pulveris eorum in aqua addito zuccaro et fiat sirupus. Ad dolorem frontis et sompnium provocandum ex pulvere rubei et oleo mandragorato. De pulvere eius et semine lactuce, contra fluxum per nares ... si fluxus sit ab epate fiat cataplasma.Er. Contra calorem epatis pulvis eorum conficiatur cum oleo rosaceo et aceto et plagella intincta epithimentur. Contra vomitum colericum fiat decoctio in aceto et aqua pluviali et spongia intincta ori stomaci cataplasmetur. Contra calida apostemata in principio, pulvis eius in succo alicuius herbe frigide conficiatur et plagelle intincte loco dolenti cataplasmetur. CI

254. Sdafisagria: Stafisagria calida est et sicca in iii gradu. Semen usui medicine competit. Ad flegma educendum et contra litargiam, pulvis eius naribus immittatur; sternutationem provocat et caput a gravedine relevat. Gargarismum factum ex aceto decoctionis eius et rosarum humiditatem uve et faucium exiccat. Pulvis eius cum melle lumbricos necat.Er. CI

255. Scolapendria, linga ceruina: Scolopendria: Calida est in primo, sicca in secundo. Est subtilis resolutiva. Frangit lapidem in renibus et vesica. Confert spleni magnifice quum enim sumitur cum oximele facto ex aceto in quo decocta sunt folia eius xl diebus delet splenem. Confert ... icteritie. Avicenna

256. Stipica: No Latin.

257. Sbaragius: Sparagus calidus est et siccus. Virtutem habet diureticam. Contra opilationem splenis et epatis ... confert. CI

258. Storax: Storax calida est in primo gradu, sicca in ii. Gumi est arboris in India nascentis. Substantiam habet glutinosam et vim habet attrahendi.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Storax alia calamita, alia rubea, alia liquida. Storax liquida in Calabria reperitur. Storax calamita non a calamo dicitur sed a calo quod est bonum et myrrha quod est gutta. Storax calamita efficacior est. Per x annos durat. Contra debilitatem et frigiditatem cerebri ex ea Informa stuellum ... vel fiat decoctio eius et rosarum in aqua cooperto capite. Item, emplastrum de ipsa cera et oleo valet contra frigiditatem stomaci. Contra ... frigidum reuma capitis deglutiantur pillule ex storace facte. Fumigium eius menstrua provocat, et valet contra suffocationem matricis et causas eius. Vinum decoctionis eius gargarizatum humiditatem uve desiccat. Contra fluxum ad spiritualia pillule inde formate teneantur diu in ore. Storax liquida multum valet in emplastris contra tineam et pustulas. Capsula ex ea dentes laxos confirmat et gingivas confortat. CI

259. Sompnus: No Latin.

260. Sitis: No Latin.

261. Saluia: Salvia calida est in primo gradu sicca in ii. Sola folia eius medicine competunt et viridia et sicca, sed viridia magis, per annum servari possunt.All supplied text in this entry is from Er. Cuius duplex est maneries scilicet silvestris que eupatorium dicitur et est magis diuretica et domesticum que sic appellatur. Domestica magis consumit et confortat. Virtutem habet dissolvendi et attrahendi. Et inter herbas maxime confortat nervos sicut inter species castoreum. Contra paralisim et epilepsiam valet vinum decoctionis salvie. In vino decocta et cataplasmata super partem paraliticam multum valet. Similiter et pulvis eius in cibis positus. Fomentum ex aqua decoctionis eius factum stranguriam dissuriam solvit et matricem mundificat. Ad excitandum appetitum cum stomacus malis humoribus crudis et indigestis repletur fiat salsamentum ex salvia petrosellino et aceto et modico pipere multum confert. CI Pellit abortivum, lotiumque et menstrua purgat, Trita venenatos curat superaddita morsus, Crudas vulneribus (quae multo sanguine manant) Apponas tritam, dicunt retinere cruorem. Cum vino succus tepidus si sumitur eius, Compescit veterem tussim laterisque dolorem, Pruritus vulvae curat virgaeque virilis, Si foveas vino fuerit quo Salvia cocta. MF

262. Sauina, bracteos: Savina calida est et sicca in ii gradu. CI Bratheos est Graece Sabina vocata Latine. MF Sola folia competunt medicine. Per ii annos durat. Virtutem habet diureticam et diaforeticam et extenuativam. Contra vitium pectoris ex frigida causa et contra dolorem stomaci et intestinorum ex ventositate detur vinum decoctionis eius. Contra menstrua stranguriam et dissuriam conterantur folia et decoquantur in vino et oleo et ita super pectinem cataplasmentur. Decocta etiam in oleo menstrua provocat et fetum mortuum educit, melius operatur idem si sit supposita.Er. Contra tenasmon ex frigida causa savina contrita in aceto forti vel vino decoquatur et per inferiora suscipiat patiens fumum et in ipsa sedeat, vel fiat encatisma super nates et cataplasmentur. CI Illius in vino vel aqua decoctio curat, Quos vertigo nocet. Omnibus et morbis prodest de frigore factis. MF

263. Tartarum: Tartarum calidum est et siccum in iii gradu. Propter eius violentiam cum aliquo electuario delicato ut cum diapenidion et similibus detur. Pulvis eius in cibo exibitus pinguedinem attenuat, consumendo ipsam. Pulvis eius in quantitate unciae et serms ... datus cum clareto et cum melle rosaceo ... ducit ad plus 6 vel 7 sellas ...Er. CI

264. Terra sigilata, terra Sarasenica, argentaria: Terra sigillata, terra saracenica vel creta et terra argentea idem est. Frigida est et sicca, maneries terre est et dicitur sigillata quia quasi effigies sigilli imprimitur. Virtutem habet potissimam constringendi. Contra fluxum sanguinis e naribus fiat sinapismus super timpora et frontem ex pulvere eius et albumine ovi. Ad idem pulvis eius cum succo sanguinarie naribus iniiciatur. Contra fluxum ventris fiat emplastrum supra ventrem ex pulvere eius et oleo rosaceo et aceto et albumine ovi. Contra vomitum fiat emplastrum in furcula pectoris ex pulvere eius et aceto et decoctione rosarum. Emplastrum de pulvere eius et aceto valet ad pedum inflationem et ad artheticam.Er. Contra asperitatem capillorum commisceatur pulvis eius cum aqua calida et post lotionem capitis haec aqua infundatur ... Sic operantur mulieres Salernitane sophisticatur ex creta communi nostra sed tunc non est aromatica nec secundum colorem colorata satis durat. CI

265. Tuirbit: Turbit calidum et siccum est in iii gradu. Radix est cuiusdam arboris in India et Arabia nascentis. Virtutem habet ... attrahendi humores ab extremis et maxime flegma. Valet contra yliacam passionem arteticam podagram ciragram. Competenter acuuntur medicine ... absque alio laxativo. Mortuam carnem corrodit et consumit. CI

266. Triticum: Secundum sui naturam substantialem triticum in primo gradu calidum est et humidum et siccum mediocre. Diversitatum tritici secundum tempus nascentie .. aliquando quippe moderatum est tempus atque vernale, equale etiam in calore et humiditate ... Si moderato triticum nascatur in tempore, in quantitate et qualitate perfectum erit. Diversitatum tritici pro vetustate ac novitate sui modi sunt triplices. Vetustum siquidem ac longi temporis triticum siccum est et parum nutrit, ad digerendum etiam durum, quum cum accidentalem eius humiditatem aeris penitus calor exhauriat, naturalem quoque plurimum subtrahit. Si autem sit medium ut videlicet neque vetus sit neque novum, humiditas pro tempore inter multam et paucam media est. Novum e contra brevisque temporis propter humiditatem simul ac viscositatem terre humidum est atque viscosum, densum, digeri durum et inflativum, ventositatem et rugitum faciens ventris. Panis ex eo factus calidior est, calor eius in secundo gradu adipiscitur id ex calore ignis et coctione. Ius enim de eius farina confectum purgativum est pectoris et pulmonis eorumque lenit asperitatem. Idem facit si ptisanum faciamus sicut de ordeo fieri solet, et plus ordeaceo ad tussim et sputum et fluxum sanguinis valet. Et si coquatur cum oleo et duro superponitur apostemati dissolvetur. Cum aqua et ruta si coquatur et mamille superliniatur dure propter lactis coagulationem interius, in molliciem duricies commutabitur. Temperata cum succo iusquiami et cataplasmate ex ea super nervos facto humores nocivos descendere prohibet. Granum masticatum cum saliva hominis apostemati quod ex rabidi canis morsu contingit superpositum morbum fugat. Diversitas grani secundum terram ubi nascitur ... Quod in crassa igitur et pingui nascitur granum crassum est et pingue ... nutribileque existit. Quod in macra et sicca ... est macrum et siccum ... minusque nutrit. Fermentum ... calorem habet parvum et frigiditatem unde subtilem habet virtutem humores corporis ex interioribus extrahendi. Ysaac

267. Tanasetum agreste: No Latin.

268. Tapsia: Tapsia calida est et sicca in iii gradu. Per iii annos durat. Principaliter ducit per vomitum, secundario per secessum. Virtutem habet dissolvendi et attrahendi humorem ad superficiem corporis. Commisceatur acetum cum populeon et inungatur. CI

269. Tela rania: Tela aranea frigida est et sicca. Virtutem habet constringendi et consolidandi, unde vulneribus recentibus apposita ea consolidat et competenter inde in vulneribus mortificata superponitur. CI

270. Terpintina: Terebentina calida est et sicca. Gumi arboris est abietis ut quidam dicunt. Per c annos durat. Virtutem habet dissolvendi laxandi et maturandi. Ad frigida apostemata maturanda conficiatur terebentina cum farina ordei et cataplasmetur. Contra tenasmon super carbones ponatur et emboto imposito accipiat patiens fumum inferius. Contra suffocationem matricis accipiat fumum per os; ad precipitationem matricis suppositorium etiam factum ex bombice intincta matricem mundificat. CI

271. Tamariscus: Tamariscus calide et sicce complexionis est. Secundum quosdam est frutex, secundum alios arbor. Secundum folia usui competit medicine et maxime secundum corticem. Virtutem habet diureticam et mundificativam splenis; et maxime contra opilationem splenis et epatis, stranguriam et dissuriam et yliacam. Detur vinum decoctionis pulveris corticis tamarisci; quae etiam pulvis valet in cibis et potibus. CI

272. Tamuirindi, oxifencia, dactilus asetosus, dactilus indicus: Oxifenicia, alio nomine finicon radi et dactilus indicus et tamarindus. Dicitur phenicon.Er. Fructus sunt cuiusdam arboris in India nascentis et est similis dactilis. Frigidi sunt et sicci in secundo gradu. Virtutem habet purgandi coleram et mundificat sanguinem et fervorem eius reprimendo. CI

273. Turio uitis: (s.v. Rubum) Contra rubedinem oculorum turiones eius conterantur cum vitello ovi et addito croco oculis superponantur confert. CI

274. Uernix, bernix, elasia: Bernix calida est et sicca in tertio gradu. Est autem gumi cuiusdam arboris. Cuius tres sunt species, quedam autem est subcitrini coloris, quedam subrufi, quedam subalbidi. Quecunque species sit dummodo est clara et lucida est eligenda. Virtutem habet conglutinandi ... clarificandi et conservandi, quod satis patet, quoniam pictores super alios colores ponunt ipsam ut melius luceant et alios colores conservet. Contra vomitum colericum fiat emplastrum ex pulvere eius et olibano et albumine ovi et furcule pectoris superponatur. Contra fluxum sanguinis e naribus, pulvis confectus. CI

275. Ueruena, herba Ueneris, peristeron: Verbenam Ierobotanum Peristereonque Appellant Graeci; Pestiferos morsus curat superaddita trita Cum vino (renovanda quidem per quatuor ista Est medicina dies); oris bene vulnera purgat Illius succus tepidus si volvitur ore. Glutinat herba recens vulnus superaddita trita, Occurrit cunctis cum vino sumpta venenis. Quae furit alternis febris accedendo diebus Pellitur hac, tribus assumptis radicibus eius Cum totidem foliis potetur aqua resoluta Ista prius, patiens quam frigus sentgiat ullum; Hocque modo febribus quartanis illa medetur, Bis binis foliis cum tot radicibus haustis. Hanc herbam gestando manu si quaeris ab aegro: Dic, frater, quid agis? bene si responderit aeger, Vivet, si vero male, spes est nulla salutis. Plinius affirmat, hanc omnibus esse salubrem Visceribus, lateris morbis, iecorisque querelis, Pectoris et vitiis. Herbam cui nomen foliis de mille dedere Betonicamque pari Verbenae pondere iunge, Haec mixta potentur aqua, nullum medicamen Utilius credunt illis, quos calculus angit. MF

276. Uiola: Viola frigida est in primo gradu, humida in fine secundi. Per biennium servatur. Melius est tamen si de anno in annum renovetur. De ipsis viridibus fit zucharum violaceum et oleum violaceum.Rufinus. Oleum violaceum fiat hoc modo: viole decoquantur in oleo et colentur. Sed sirupus violaceus sic fit: viole in aqua coquantur et ex colatura et zuccaro fiat sirupus. Vel sic et melius est, viole dimittantur in aqua per noctem et fiat sirupus. Vel, de oleo violaceo etiam sic quod melius est: decoquantur et colentur et colature recentes addantur et sic dimittantur per xv dies ad solem et coletur. Valet contra discrasiam totius corporis. Inunctum super timpora et frontem et dolorem ex calore removet. Nota etiam quod viola virtutem habet leniendiEr., Rufinus. et humectandi refrigerandi et relaxandi. Herba ipsa contrita super calidum apostema posita in principio valet. Fomentatio ex aqua decoctionis ipsius circa pedes et frontem in acutis febribusEr. somnum provocat. Et nota quod sirupus violaceus magis debet decoqui quam rosaceus; aliter enim corrumperetur. CI Crapula discutitur bibitis, capitisque gravedo Olfactu solo vel si caput inde coronas. Purpuream violam dicunt curare caducos. Radices violae cum mirrha tunde crocoque, Hoc inflammatis oculis apponito nocte; Contritis foliis violae cum melle perungens Ulcera sanabis capitis; si iungis acetum Et cataplasma facis cedet collectio quaevis. Illius curat elixatura tumorem Matricis, tepida si saepe fovebitur illa. Illius semen cum vino menstrua purgat. ... superaddas; Hocque modo calidam dicunt sedare podagram. A stomacho choleram rubeam potata repellit Herba virens violae vel flos siccusve recensve, Morbos de cholera rubea vel sanguine factos, Mollibus in costis aut in pulmonibus ipsis, Sedat si mixto potabitur amne recenti; Infantum tussim sic et suspiria sedat, Auribus infusum sonitum fugat atque dolorem. Lumbricos necat infusum bibitumve vel unctum. Os capitis ictu fuerit si forte plicatum In tantum, ut linguae patiens amiserit usum, Fac prius hanc violam cum vino sumere tritam. MF

277. Uirga pastoris, osaragi: Virga pastoris frigida est et sicca. Virtutem habet constringendi. Ex pulvere eius et aceto et albumine ovi supra pectinem et renes positum valet contra fluxum ventris. Valet etiam pulvis eius datus cum ovo sorbili. Valet ad calida apostemata in principio ut erisipilam et huiusmodi. Caput cataplasmetur pilis abrasis freneticis valet. CI

278. Uitrum: Vitrum frigidum est in primo gradu, siccum in ii. Ad scabiem sic valet: picula ad ignem resolvatur et coletur et addatur oleum nucis, tartarum et vitri pulvis et immitatur. Ad serpiginem et impetiginem, gumi prunorum in aqua ad ignem resolvatur et fortiter exprimatur et addito vitri pulvere fiat unguentum. Ad morpheam cum flore muriEr., Rufinus. et oleo rosaceo et capitello conficiatur pulvis eius et locus inde fricetur precedente scarificatione ut sanguis exeatEr. Pulvis eius subtilissimus cum succo feniculi et in oculo positus corrodit pannum. CI

279. Uua: Uva maturata sanguinem laudabilem facit; ceteris fructibus quemadmodum ficus melior cibus est. Substantias in se tres habet diversas, granorum unam, corticum alteram, humoris tertiam. Item, haec quattuor composita substantiis existit: ossa sunt frigida et stiptica ... Item, cortex est frigidus et siccus ... Galienus cortices inquit uve et ficus similes sunt ad digestionem duri ... ventositatem generat ... Alba uva subtilis, minus nutrit et cito digeritur, quamobrem vini eius ebrietas cito venit et cito transit. Nigra grossa nutrimenti pluris, sed digestionis tarde; idcirco vini eius ebrietas sero discedit. Rufa vel citrina harum medie sunt, cuiuscumque vini ebrietas cito venit, cito transit. Rursus cuiuscumque tarde, diu permanet et tarde transit. Ysaac

280. Uinum: Vinum bonum dat nutrimentum corpori, sanitatem reddit et custodit si sic accipiatur secundum quod oportet. Digestabilem confortat virtutem, non solum in stomacho, verum etiam secundam que est in epate. Physici concordati sunt quod impossibile sit actionem virtutis digestive confortari absque caloris naturalis fortitudine. Neque ullus cibus invenitur aut potus qui adeo fit naturalis caloris confortativus et augmentativus prout vinum propter familiaritatis consortium ... eius calor similis est calori naturali. Cito convertitur in naturalem et mundissimum sanguinem. Turbidum clarificat sanguinem et aditus totius corporis maxime venarum aperit, tenebrosam fumositatem tristiciae generativam a corde expellit, totiusque corporis membra corroborat. Non solum sua bonitas in corpore ostenditur, sed etiam in anima operatur, facit enim illam oblivisci tristiciam et angustiam, datque sibi leticiam, confortat eam ad investigandam subtilem ac difficilem rem, eique tribuit solicitudinem et audaciam. Necesse est ut sit conveniens omnibus etatibus temporibus et regionibus, tamen cum sumptum fuerit secundum vim et consuetudinem bibentis et quod natura ferre poterit. Quia videmus adulescentulos et pueros quandam vini quantitatem sustinere, iuvenes vero et viros maiorem. Decrepitis autem licet eis optimum esse videatur ad confortanda corpora eorum ... multominus tamen quam iuvenes tolerant vini quantitatem propter defectionem eorum capitis et suorum nervorum molliciem. Actio ergo vini non eodem modo operatur in senibus sicut in iuvenibus pueris et adolescentibus. In senibus vero est secundum medicinam quia calor vini repugnat eorum frigiditati; in iuvenibus vero est secundum cibum quia vini natura iuvenum naturis similis est; adolescentibus et pueris est secundum cibum et medicinam quia calor eorum naturalis licet substantialiter fit fortis nondum tamen est in perfectione propter abundantiam eorum humiditatis proinde vinum naturali calori dat augmentum et nutrimentum. Si multum et purum fuerit, convenit in hyemali tempore et frigida regione. In estate vero calidaque regione vini paucitas multumque commixti necessario congruit, corpora enim refrigerat et humectat propter aquam que cum eo mixta est. Diversitas enim vini generaliter est triplex: aut enim recens unius anni vel parum post; aut vetus a quattuor usque ad septem transiens annos; aut mediocre .i. a duobus usque ad quattuor. Recenti vero est calor in primo gradu unde pertinet frigiditati et humiditati, idcirco ceteris est nutribilius. Malos generat humores ... et ventositatem stomachi et intestinorum. Unde Galienus: Vinum quodcunque recens fuerit, non habet vim ducendi cibum per corpus. Vetus autem vinum quod transit usque ad septem annos vel plus calidum est et siccum in iii gradu et habet quiddam amaritudinis. Huiusmodi vinum parum nutrit, citoque caput ascendit et mentem percutit propter sue punctionis acumen, maxime si multum ex eo bibatur et parum aque ibi misceatur propter hoc igitur caveant illud nervos debiles habentes et qui sensus acutos habuerint; magnum enim eis prestat nocumentum nisi tantam in suis corporibus habeant humiditatem que bene resistat vini acumini. Vinum vero inter novum etvetus mediocre est bonum. In hac mediocritate vinum consistens dicitur calidum et siccum in secundo gradu proinde huiusmodi vinum eligatur. Ysaac

281. Uenenum: No Latin.

282. Uenter: No Latin.

283. Uermis: No Latin.

284. Uisus: No Latin.

285. Uomitibus: No Latin.

286. Uritiua: No Latin.

287. Yringi, socacul: No Latin.

288. Ycor: No Latin.

289. Ydor: De aqua. Physici videntur esse concordati, maxime Hippocrates et Galienus, quod aqua sit composita in prima compositione de duabus qualitatibus simplicibus, id est frigiditate et humiditate; proinde nullum dat nutrimentum corporibus humanis nec augmentum, nisi composita cum variis cibariis fuerit. Aqua enim quia frigida est et humida naturaliter et essentialiter et non ad aliarum rerum comparationem necessario nullum dat nutrimentum calide et sicce complexioni, quia contraria est et repugnat omnibus calidis et siccis naturaliter. Quod cum ita sit, necesse est in eis operetur nihil nisi secundum quod operatur contrarium contrario et actio cuiuslibet contrarii non est rei sibi contrarie augmentativa vel nutritiva, sed repugnativa et destructiva; sicut videmus aquam igni resistere, albedinem nigredini. Aqua enim ignem extinguit, ignis vero aquam calefacit; cum frigiditate et sui humectatione refrigerat et extinguit caloris extranei naturalis acumen. Similiter albedo vult albam reddere nigredinem et nigredo nigrescere albedinem ... Palam est ergo aquam nullum dare nutrimentum corporibus. Preterea dicimus aquam esse simplicem et corpora nostra composita et simplex non operatur in composito sicut compositum in compositum. Simplex enim composito dissimile, compositum composito simile; compositum suum simile crescere facit, simplex autem e converso facit illud decrescere. Nutrimentum nihil aliud est quam cibi assimilatio in corporibus edentium, quia simile est potestate. Sed aqua non est nutribilis, quia neque potestative neque accidentaliter est similis calori et siccitati nostri corporis. Nullum habens colorem nec saporem nec odorem nec fetorem, quia color, sapor et odor significant quattuor compositiones qualitatum ab actione nature compositas in corporibus. Non ergo debet habere saporem, colorem neque odorem, quia si hec habeat significat aliam rem in ea esse adunatam. Ysaac

290. Yarapigra Galieni: Yera pigra Galieni, id est sacra; pigra, id est amara. Facit ad diversas capitis passiones aurium et oculorum distemperantiam, stomachum quam optime purgat, causas epatis emendat, splenis duricias et densitatem mollit et extenuat, renibus et vesice proficit et matricis distemperantiam emendat. Antidotarium Nicolai

291. Zinciber: Zinziber calidum est in iii gradu, humidum in i. Vinum decoctionis eius et cimini valet ad dolorem stomaci et intestinorum ex ventositate et indigestionem. Valet ad tussim siccam et ad spiritualium frigiditatem. Pulvis etiam eius cum bombice suppositus contra frigidum tenasmon valet. Pulvis etiam in cibis exhibitus sincopizantibus confert. CI

292. Ziucra: Zuccara calida est et humida temperate in i gradu. Habet virtutem humectandi et relaxandi. CI Sicut acetositas cholere acumen extinguit, sic dulcedo qui rei acetose est contraria, regit et auget choleram rubeam. Ysaac Durum et album zuccarum ... cuius usus in multis est necessarius, ut pote in confeccionibus medicinarum acute febricitantibus et in sirupis. Et nota quod zuccarum multum valet sicientibus viantibus oblatum cum non habeant liquorem in calida regione, et prodest ptisicis et consumptis asmaticis positura in cibo et potibus eorum, resumit enim eorum extenuationem et lubricat siccitatem. CI (Erlangen) Electuarium dulce quod valet podagricis arteticis paraliticis sciaticis nefreticis calculosis colicis yliacis: Recipe spice zinciber piperis longi ana dragmas iii, cinamomi gariofili piretri ana dragmas v, masticis rose sal gemme maratri carpobalsami petrosilini spice celtice ana dragmam i, saxifrage xilobalsami granorum solis carui macedonici semen brusci cardamomi macis galange sparagi hermodactilis ana dragmas ii, diagridii dragmas iii, turbit polipodii ana dragmas iiii, zuccare libram et semis, mel quod sufficit. Conficiatur more electuarii suave. Est gustu suavius. Laxat et satis. Humores innaturales purgat. Potest addi nucis muscati dragmas v, ambre dragmas iiii. Antidotarium Nicolai

 An Irish Materia Medica Part IV English translation of Irish text ... of merciful God.

1. Aron barba, iarus, pes uituli, i.e. the three names of the cuckoo-pint, and it is clear, according to RhasesThe author of the Colliget was Averroes. in his book Colliget, that the herb is hot and dry in the third degree, and that it has the laxative, attenuating and dissolving virtues in its root. And it serves well to make fine powder of this herb, together with pig lard, and if a poultice of it be put on the cold imposthumes it will dissolve and attenuate and mature them. Item, take the same herb, and as much of mullein, put them in a new little bag of linen, boil well in water, place hot on the anus, and it will be helpful in the flux called haemorrhoids. Item, make a fine powder of the roots of this herb and put it in the wounds in which there is proud flesh. Item, take the roots of the same herb, dry them, make powder of them, mix them with rose water, and put them on the face and it will takeaway its lumps and freckles and give it a bright, clear colour. Platearius says that this herb has four virtues, the dissolving, the consuming, the laxative and the attenuating, and for that reason it is ordered in the case of imposthumes of the ears to boil this herb in wine, oil and pig lard, to put cumin powder in it, and to apply it as a poultice to the ears, and it will be helpful in disease of the ears. It is appropriate to give this herb for the shortness of breath called asthma. Pound this herb, boil it in bear grease or in old lard of boar, and strain it, and rub it on the chest and the flanks, and it will open up the breathing and soften up the chest. Item, place the juice of this herb in the vagina, as a pessary is applied, and it will provoke menstruation surely and gently, and if benedicta is added to it, it will provoke menstruation all the more, as we have said, Platearius says that this herb has great effect in the winter and in the summer, and its effect is great in its foliage, and more still in its root, and more than that again in the tubers it has on it. If its roots be dried, it will have effect in all the things we have said for a year.

Of cuckoo-pint

of juice of unripe sloes

of wormwood

of southernwood

of nettle

of white hellebore

of coltsfoot

of sorrel

of vinegar

of parsnip

of wild garlic

of agaric

of agrimony

of tutsan

of spleenwort

of squill

of oak galls

of columbine

of alexanders

of quicklime

of mallow

of aloes

of ash

of onion

of alum

of spermaceti

of wood sage

of spurge

of starch

of scabious

of garlic

of nettle seed

of dill

of flower of roses

of anise

of celery

of orpiment

of orach

of mercury

of tree gum

of aristolochia

of ragwort

of tansy

of penny royal

of avens

of hazel

of oats

of mouse-ear hawkweed

of gold.

2. Accacia, sucus prunellarum, i.e. the juice of unripe sloes; and this juice is cold in the first degree and dry in the third degree; and it is appropriate to give it to those who have the sacer ignis, i.e. erysipelas, and to those who have hotness and wetness in their eyes; and it is good for those who have a rash or scabs on their mouths. Item, Avicenna says, when the womb or the anus emerge, to give this juice as a clyster, and it will put them back in place, and they will be well thereafter. Item, Ar. says, if this juice be given as a drink, it will prevent the flux of the abdomen (diarrhoea) and dysentery in particular, as Avicenna says.

3. Absinthium, centonica, pointicum i.e. the three names of the wormwood, and it is said that this herb is hot in the first degree and dry in the second degree. Avicenna says to boil this herb in water, strain it well, take a drink of it the following day, and it will help with soreness of the abdomen and pain in the stomach, and it will comfort the appetitative and digestive virtues in the stomach. Item, pound this herb, rub in cow's milk, strain it well, drink it warm, and it will kill the long worms of the stomach, i.e. lumbrici. Item, pound the same herb with vinegar, press it well through a linen cloth, rub it on the face, and flies and midges will do no harm to the patient that day. Item, put the same herb in wine or in ale, give it to drink, and it will help with the bite of a mad dog and of every other poisonous animal. Item, boil this herb in water, make a fomentation of it, and it will help with deafness of the ear. Item, pound this herb with honey, press it through a linen cloth, and put one drop of it warm in the ear, and it will help with discharge of the ear and with foulness of the ear. Again, it is good to rub the same juice on the face which has been bruised by a blow or a fall, and it will give it a good colour. Item, make a poultice of the same herb and of honey, and it will help with quinsy. Item, boil this herb in water, and with it wash the member that has eruptions or scabs on it and it will help with it. Item, rub this herb into wine, let him drink it before going to sea, and he will not vomit, nor will sea-sickness harm him. Item, put this herb in the pillow of the sick person, and it will bring on sleep. Item, pound this herb with gall of ox, press it through a linen cloth, put one drop of it in the ear, and it will help with deafness and noise of the ear. If this herb be put in books or in clothes of good quality, moths will not be generated in them. Item, make a poultice of this herb and of honey, put it on the surface over the spleen or on the surface over the womb, and it will help the womb and the spleen with their hardness and painfulness. Item, if the juice of this herb be rubbed on the pulses of the hands or the feet, it will prevent the rigor and paroxysm of intermittent fever. Item, take the juice of this herb and juice of endive, the same amount of both, and drink it against the hardness of the liver and against jaundice that comes of the choleric humour. Item, take the juice of this herb and sugar and warm water, drink it fasting, and it will help with every headache that comes from windy matter of the choleric humour which rises from the stomach to the head. Item, take the juice of this herb and vinegar and warm water, drink it fasting, and it will help with hysteria. Item, boil this herb in wine, pound it well, and put a poultice of it on the surface over the spleen, and it will help with the hardness of the spleen and of the liver. Item, take the juice of wormwood and honey and powder of cumin, mix them together, and put them as a poultice on the member that is bruised or discoloured, and it will help with the pain of it. Also, it provokes menstruation. Again, Galenus says in the Liber Graduum that it purges the choleric humour in the first place, and the phlegmatic humour in the second place, and especially from the opening of the stomach and from the liver. Also, it is said in the same place that there are two contrary virtues in the wormwood, i.e. the laxative virtue and the constrictive virtue; the laxative virtue because when the digested humours occur in the stomach by reason of the consumption of this herb, they are purged in respect of their weight. And when the undigested humours occur in the stomach by reason of the consumption of this herb, they become crass, and their undigestedness increases because of the stiptic virtue that is in it. Again, it purges the choleric humour from the mesenteric veins, and this herb increases an appetite that is reduced by an excess of choleric humour in the stomach. This is how it is given: three ounces of the juice of this herb and an ounce of white sugar, mixed well together, and to give a full spoon of it to drink fasting.

4. Abrotanum, camphorata; i.e. the two Latin names of the southernwood, and, according to Platearius, this herb is hot in the second and dry in the first degree. Boiled in water, it will help in stricture of the chest and with the cough that comes from cold matter. Item, pound it, boil it in wine, give it as a drink, and it will provoke the urine and menstruation. Item, boil this herb in wine, and it will serve very well against pain of the kidneys and the guts called ilon and colon, and against coldness of the nerves, as a drink and as a poultice. Item, this herb is appropriate against every poison, external and internal. Item, pound the same herb, rub it in water, and give it before the paroxysm of quotidian or quartan fever, and it will cure them. Item, make an ointment of this herb and of pig lard and olive oil, rub it to the joints of the back, and it will prevent the paroxysm of the fevers we have mentioned. Item, pound the same herb, rub it in cow's milk, and drink it fasting, and it will kill every worm that occurs in horses and oxen. Item, pound this herb, mix it with pig lard, and put it as a poultice on the thorn that is in the hand or the foot, and it will draw the thorn to itself. Item, boil this herb in wine, pound finely and put pig lard through it, and it will certainly help with sciatica. And Platearius says to boil this herb and give it to drink, and it will expel the dead foetus and provoke menstruation. Item, it will help with ulcers of the womb and of the vulva, it will greatly relieve stranguria and every pain that occurs in the womb, and as for the putrid humours that multiply there, to consume this herb in the proper manner will expel them. Item, make powder of this herb, and put it along with old oil on the baldness, and it will produce hair without delay. Item, pound this herb and extract the juice from it, dip a new linen cloth in that juice and put it on the pulses, and it will help in the rigor of intermittent fever. Item, put a poultice of this herb on the member in which there is blood between flesh and skin from a contusion, and it will help with it.

5. Acalife, urtica: i.e. the two names of the nettle, and this herb is dry in the third degree and hot in the fourth; and Avicenna says that this herb is to be praised against coldness of the lung, and against a chronic cough which a person has for a long time; and it is appropriate against swelling and pain of the abdomen to boil nettle seed in honey, to strain it through a cloth, and to give a spoonful of it to drink fasting. And it will also serve to pound the herb itself, to rub it in wine, and to give it to take as a drink. Item, pound the same herb, extract the juice from it, and put that juice in the dirty, suppurating, wounds, or in the bite of a mad dog, or in an ulcer, and it will cure. Item, pound this herb finely with salt, and put it as a poultice on the mumps, and it will help them; and this herb has a drying and cleansing virtue, and the virtue of producing new tissue in wounds; and this herb serves against hardness and swelling of the spleen, if it be applied as a poultice. And Gilbertinus says to pound this herb finely, to mix it with vinegar, and apply it as a poultice to the joints, and it will help with podagra and arthritis that come from coldness. Pound the seed of this herb, boil it in the drink known as mulsa, and it will provoke menstraution and the urine powerfully. According to Avicenna, mulsa consists of eight parts of white wine, a ninth part of pure spring water, and a tenth part of clean honey: mix them, boil them together, and strain them, and that is the drink known as mulsa, according to Avicenna. Item, it is good to boil this herb in wine and to keep this wine for a long time in the mouth, and this is good for the elongation and swelling of the uvula. Platearius says to boil this herb in wine, and to give it against the jaundice, and it will cure, and it is also appropriate against colic; and this herb will provoke the libido if it be taken in the appropriate manner. Platearius says that this herb when pounded prevents the flux of blood from wounds, and it is appropriate for the cure of pleurisy, and to clean the chest and the womb of every exudation that occurs in them.

6. Arasca, elleborus albus: i.e. the two names of the white hellebore; and it is hot and dry in the third degree. Avicenna says that it is amongst the remedies that purge violently above and below; it does great harm if the matter be not digested first; it has the characteristic that it converts the wet areas to windiness very quickly; it is used in compound medicines and in laxative syrups; it is given with the juice of wheat or with a tisane of barley to soften the humours; it does less harm when cooked than when taken cold. It does less harm when it is compounded in a medicine than when it is given on its own; Hippocrates says in the Liber Aphorismorum that if it is desired to give this medicine, the patient should not rest afterwards, but should move the body immediately afterwards; the reason for this is i.e. from resting after this medicine, the wetness is converted into windiness, and this windiness travels to the heart so that the patient weakens and sometimes dies. This medicine purges the viscous phlegmatic humour principally, and the choleric humour secondarily, so that, therefore, this medicine is appropriate for every illness that comes from cold viscous humours, such asapoplexy, epilepsy, sciatica, podagra, arthritis, colic, ileus, and the like. Note that there are two species of hellebore, i.e. white hellebore and black hellebore, and their virtue is the same, except that the black hellebore purges better below, and the white hellebore purges better above; it purges the unnatural melancholic humour principally, and that is why it is appropriate for quartana patients and for people suffering from mania, melancholy, vertigo, scotomia, and every illness that comes from the melancholic humour; this medicine should not be given in greater quantity than one dragma, Platearius says to give the powder of the white hellebore in the nose, and this will provoke the sneezing which is a source of relief in epilepsy. Item, take the powder of the white hellebore and shake it on the head after washing, and it will help with a scabby head.

Albagia, portulaca, pes pulli: i.e. the three names of the coltsfoot; it is cold and wet in the third degree; its efficacy is great when it is fresh, and small when it is withered; its power is to bring the members gently to coldness and wetness, so that, therefore, it is appropriate in food for those with choleric fevers, it serves well for people who have excessive heat internally, and it also serves against constipation of the abdomen in the acute illnesses if it be boiled with sloes and taken, both plant and sloes, after they have been boiled; this plant is appropriate against a cracked lip, and if it be pounded it will abate imposthumes at the initial stages appropriately. Note, too, according to Platearius, that when this plant is dried it provokes the urine, and when it is fresh it provokes faecal evacuation.

8. Acedula, oxilapacium, rumei: i.e. the three names of the sorrel; the doctors say that this herb is cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; it serves well against erysipelas if it be pounded with earthworms through it and it be applied as a poultice. Item, pound the same herb with apple juice through it and apply it to a wound which has festered and it will cure it. Item, pound the same herb with the white of an egg through it and it will help with swelling and inflammation of the eyes. Item, pound the same herb finely and apply it as a poultice to the member that has been burnt or scalded by fire or water and it will cure it. Item, mix the juice of this herb with the flour of barley grains and it will cure the podagra and arthritis that come from hotness. Item, mix the juice of the same herb with oil of roses and apply it as a poultice to the head and it will cure the pain if that comes from hotness. Item, boil the same herb with red wine and take it and it will cure the flux of the abdomen (diarrhoea). Item, to put the same herb in the female genitals or to drink its juice will cure the flux of menstruation. Item, Macer says to give the same herb against worms of the abdomen and it will kill them promptly. The same man says to take this herb against the vice and poison and evil of women and against every poison. He also says that it comforts and preserves the sight if it be taken antslī(?) and he says too that this herb serves against the harm and poison of bees and wasps and of mad dogs and against poison itself. Item, Macer says to put one drop of the juice of the same herb in the ear and it will help with all deafnesses.

9. Accetum, oxiren, oxiriun: i.e. the three names of vinegar; the doctors say that it is cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; it has attenuating, penetrating, dissolving and glutinous virtues; the doctors say to boil red rose and the apples of the foliage of oak in vinegar and it will help with every vomiting and flux; boil mint in vinegar and put it on the opening of the stomach and it will stop the vomiting; boil gromwell in the same way and apply it as a poultice to the kidneys and it will stop the flux of the urine. Item, boil the rhizome of the royal fern and the root of meadowsweet in vinegar and apply it as a poultice to the navel and it will stop the flux of the abdomen (diarrhoea); take note, according to Avicenna, that if the seed of leek be put in strong wine for twenty four hours it will become vinegar. Item, boil the bark of oak in vinegar until a third or a half of it is gone, dip wool in that juice, apply it to the navel and it will stop the flux of the abdomen. Item, he says to mix vinegar with sugar to make an acid syrup and give it against tertiana and the quotidian fever that is caused by the sweet phlegmatic humour or by the salty phlegmatic humour, and against every acute illness, and give it with warm water. Item, to make a simple oximel of vinegar i.e. two parts of vinegar and one part of honey, boil until it be of the thickness of honey, and it will serve to digest every cold matter. Compound oximel i.e. take the root of fennel, celery and parsley, pound them and leave them to rest for a day and a night in vinegar, and the following day boil them and strain them, put one third of cleaned honey into it, and that oximel will serve to digest every cold matter; take note, according to Avicenna, if vinegar be given after a meal, it acts as a laxative on the abdomen, and if it be taken before the meal it will have a drying effect. Item, take vinegar and pour it on a loaf or other hot bread, give it to take, and it will serve to comfort the digestion after illness; Platearius says to rub vinegar to the veins or arteries called the pulse, and it will comfort the heart and help with fainting. Item, rub vinegar and salt to the soles of the feet and it will comfort lithariga and phrenesis patients; Platearius says to put the dregs of vinegar on the navel or groin of the woman suffering from the flux of menstruation and it will stop it immediately.

10. Accride, bancia, pastinaca: i.e. the three names of the parsnip; this herb is said to be hot in the middle of the second degree and wet in the beginning of the second degree; Platearius says the herb is more appropriate as food than as medicine; thick blood is generated from it; it greatly increases the libido and the sperm; the roots of this herb serve if taken raw by melancholic patients, it brings them into wetness and increases their sexuality; Macer says to boil this herb in wine against pain in the stomach, the liver, the spleen and the kidneys; he says also to boil the roots of this herb in milk and it will serve against asthma, dyspnoea and orthopnoea; he says also to apply the root of this herb to the throat of people who have swelling of the testicles and it will help with the swelling and the pain; he says also that whoever has it on his throat will not be harmed by poison. He says also to apply the roots of this herb to the teeth and it will help with the pain; and to give it to women with dead foetuses and it will expel them. Platearius says that this herb increases the digestion and nurtures the body greatly, and he says it serves well for people with stranguria and dysuria.

11. Affodillus, centum capita, aillium agreiste: i.e. the three names of ransoms, the wild garlic; Platearius says that the roots of this are more appropriate for use in medicine than its foliage; it serves better when fresh than when dried and kept; it has the virtue of provoking the urine and cleansing the kidneys; this herb is hot and dry in the second degree; if the juice of this herb be put on the burn or scald of fire or water, it will cure; if this herb be chewed, it will help with disease of the mouth. Item, take the outer skin of the root of dwarf elder, and as much again of the outer skin of the root of elder, boil them in the juice of this herb, and it will help with the form of dropsy called leucophlegmasia; if its juice be put in an eye-lotion, it will help with disease of the eyes. Item, Platearius says that only its flower is appropriate for use in medicine, and it can be preserved for two years in its efficacy and operation; it has a considerable dissolving virtue; the same man says to give the wine or water, in which this herb was boiled, to drink, and it will clear the breathing organs of the viscous phlegmatic humour; he says also that if there be pain or windiness in the stomach or in the intestines from the coldness or oppilation of the spleen and the liver, this being caused by cold matter, this herb should be boiled in wine and given to drink and it will cure. Item, boil the same herb in salt water and give it to drink against stranguria and dysuria; pound the same herb and make a poultice of it against stomach pains that come from coldness and windiness; to take it serves against the colic. Item, boil the same herb in water, make a bath of it, let the steam under the woman, and it will cleanse the womb and provoke menstruation in women.

12. Agaricus, fungus: i.e. the two names of the agaric; it is hot and dry in the first degree; what agaric is is a bracket fungus of a tree known as abies which grows in the territory of India; there are two species of it i.e. a masculine and a feminine. It is the feminine species that better serves for use in medicine, and this is how it is identified i.e. when the feminine species is broken, it breaks into smooth fibrous webs, and it is not like that when the masculine species is broken, but it becomes fine fragments; John, Son of Mesue, says that the agaric which is whitest and most easily broken is the best; it purges the phlegmatic humour principally, and the melancholic humour secondarily, and for that reason it serves well against terciana when it comes from the yellow and yolky choleric humour; it serves against the quotidian and quartan fevers that arise from inflammatory choler; it is also said to serve against colic and ileus, and against every pain that comes from viscous humours in the body internally. It opens the oppilations of the liver, the spleen, and the kidneys, as John, Son of Mesue says. It is usual to make use of agaric compounded in drinks, plasters, clarets and laxative medicines; sometimes agaric is boiled in wine to intensify the laxative medicines, and one dragma of it is enough to intensify the other medicines. Sometimes we boil it with the skin of the root of bog myrtle and with violets, and to take a drink of it before the paroxysm of the quotidian fever, and it will help with that fever immediately. Others give an ounce of it with three ounces of the juice of fennel and this will help with the fever we mentioned; mix the powder of it with honey and oil, and apply it as a clyster and it will help with stranguria and dysuria. Item, take the burnet saxifrage, boil it in wine, add the powder of agaric to that wine, and it will help with every disease of the urine and with pain occurring in the penis; John, Son of Mesue, says that its powder draws the broken bones out of wounds, it expels bad tissue, and puts good tissue into them, and it remedies the dry and wet ulcers that become nasty. Item, make a fine powder of it, temper it with juice of dodder and with oil, and apply it with fine cotton to the anus, and it will help with haemorrhoids and with all sorts of piles. Item, make a fine powder of it, put salt through it, scarify the type of skin disease known as morphea at the place where it occurs, shake the powder on it, and it will cure. Item, take an ounce of agaric, an ounce and a half of lemon grass, two dragmas of castorium, and half an ounce of senna, pound it finely, make pills of it with the juice of wormwood and of fennel, and it will cure the headache that arises from the stomach due to the phlegmatic humour.

13. Agrimonia, argimonia: i.e. the two names of the agrimony; it is a herb which is hot and dry in the third degree; it is said that it serves well in eye-lotions and poultices for the eyes, that it is an aid to the sight, that it drives away exudation from the eyes and every other trouble that affects them, it cuts away the stye from the eye-lashes, it drives away and removes every other semi-blindness that affects them, and prevents pain in them; it helps with wet wounds; it stops the flux of blood from the nose; if it be put under the head of a person who is sleeping, he will not wake until you wish it. If it be pounded with vinegar, it will help with warts.

14. Agnus castus: i.e. tutsan; it is a hot and dry herb in the fourth degree; the doctors call this herb a tree; agnus castus means a chaste lamb, and the reason it is called this is it causes the reduction of desire; the flower of this herb is best for use in medicine; it should be collected in the Spring, and it preserves its virtue for a year; if a bed be made of its foliage, and a person lie on it with no clothes between them, he will be as chaste as a lamb; make a wet fomentation of the foliage of this herb on the female or male genitalia and the desire and libido will be suppressed thereby. Pound this herb, rub between the palms of the hands in water, strain it thereafter, boil a little castorium in this juice, and this will prevent every conception if it be drunk. Make a poultice of the foliage of this herb and it will prevent the illness known as gonorrhoea. Note that it contains a remedy which prevents the erection of the penis, and a remedy which renders the sperm gross and thick, and another remedy which dissolves and consumes the wetness; these are the remedies which render the sperm gross: the seed of lettuce, flea-bane, citrul, melon, pumpkin, cucumber, coltsfoot(?), prickly lettuce, vinegar, sumac, and camphor; these are the remedies which dry the sperm, and reduce the spirits, that is rue, tutsan, mullein, calamint, cumin and dill, and the like, because these are consuming and dissolving, preventing the windiness which is the cause of the erection of the penis. Item, take the juice of fennel and the juice of tutsan, boil in it three ounces of petty spurge, strain, and give to drink to dropsy patients, and it will help with every dropsy. Item, take tutsan and clary, boil them in water, make a wet fomentation of them to the testicles and the vagina, and it will dry the superfluity of the vagina and will narrow the orifice of the vagina so as to bring on menstruation violently, and compress it, as we have said. Item, take tutsan, celery, and sage, boil them in salt water, shave the head, and rub it to the back of the head, and it will help with the disease known as lithariga.

15. Alacon, politricum, capillus ueniris: i.e. the three names of the maidenhair spleenwort; it is cold and dry and intemperate; it has an opening and diuretic virtue; it serves well against oppilation of the liver and spleen, and against excessive heat of the same organs; boil the same herb in water, give it in a drink, or make a poultice of it and put it on the surface over the liver, and it will help with its excessive heat and its hardness. Platearius says that its efficacy is great when it is fresh and little when it is old and dried; boil this herb well in water, mix sugar with it, and give it as a drink, and it will help with the oppilation and excessive heat of the liver and spleen; pound this herb, put oil through it, and put it on the head, and the hair will grow; boil this herb in wine and it will help with every magic spell and other poison. Take note that the maidenhair spleenwort should not be given when the matter is thin and digested, but when it is gross and undigested, and so it is forbidden to give it in causon and tertian fever and the like.

16. Alapin, cepa mairina, scilla: i.e. the three names of the Spanish onion; it is hot and dry in the second degree; it has dissolving, diuretic and cleaning virtues, and it has a killing virtue when it grows wild by itself, but it has the virtue of assisting the health when it is planted artificially in gardens. Some other people call it cepa marina, i.e. the sea onion; when it is put in medicines, it should be divided i.e. reject the outer part because it has the killing virtue, but apply the inner part for use in medicine and in the oximel called scilletorum, this oximel serves well to digest the matter in quotidian and quartan fevers, ileus and arthritis; boil the true onion in wine and oil, apply it to the surface over the liver and spleen, and it will help with their hardness and pain. Item, put squill for 15 days in wine and oil, boil it, afterwards put wax through it, make an ointment of it, and apply it to the surface over the liver and spleen, and it will cure their hardness and pain; boil it in vinegar and it will do the same thing. Note that the outer coats of it are too hot and intemperate, but the inner coats are temperate between hotness and coldness.

17. Alapsa, galla, pomum quersuus: i.e. an apple that grows on the leaves of the oak; it is cold in the second degree and dry in the third degree; they are good when they are heavy and gross, without holes in them; there is another species of them which is obtained in Asia and Africa, a small species without holes in them; they both have a constricting and tanning virtue; Platearius says to make powder of them, to mix it with vinegar and the white of egg, and to put it on the navel and the kidneys, and it will help with the flux of the abdomen and with the flux of urine of the kidneys. Boil it in rain water, make a fomentation of it on the anus, and it will help with dysentry and haemorrhoids. Pound it and boil it in a tisane of barley, make a clyster of it, and it will help with stranguria. Item, boil the same thing in vinegar and sea water, put bracket fungus in it when it is boiling, put it on the orifice of the stomach, and it will help with every vomiting that comes from weakness of the virtue. Item, the same man says to pound it, boil it in rain water, and apply it on cotton as a pessary in the vagina, and it will help with the women's blood flux; otherwise, boil it in the juice of plantain, and apply it as we have said, and it will do the same thing. Item, make powder of them, mix it with the juice of shepherd's purse, squeeze it through a cloth into the nose, and it will cure the blood flux of the nose. Item, make powder of it, put white of egg through it, and apply it as a poultice to the temples, and it will help with the blood flux of the nose. Item, make powder of it, and put it in the wounds, and it will heal the wounds well. Item, if you should wish to make the hair black, take the oak gall that does not have holes in it, and is heavy and complete, boil them in oil until they swell up or become gross in the oil, dry them then in linen cloths, make a fine powder of them with the skin or leaves of the walnut, mix this powder with rain water, boil them together, and then wash the hair or the beard with it, and it will then be black; wash the hair afterwards in warm water lest the skin be spoiled.

18. Albedarug, colubrina, basilicon: i.e. the three names of the columbine; it is hot and dry in the third degree; everybody who carries it or who rubs it on himself, snakes or mad dogs will not harm him; boil this herb and apply it as a poultice to the imposthumes and it will break them. Item, the juice of the same herb, or the herb itself when pounded, if put on a wound which is cankerous, will heal it; the juice of the root of this herb is good for the darkness and dimness of the sight; if the flower of the same herb be put in the nose of a pregnant woman, she will abort. Item, boil the same herb in wine, particularly its roots, and it will provoke menstruation; if it be boiled in butter like oil, it will help with the cold cough and with the illness called haemoptysis i.e. spitting of blood. Item, it is good for cleaning wounds, together with the powder of alum, if a poultice be made of it. Item, it is good for cleaning the face, if a poultice be made of it together with vinegar and it be put on it. Item, pound the roots of the same herb, and put water of alum through it, and it will help with chilblains.

19. Alagsandrum, masedonica, petrusidinum: i.e. the three names of the alexanders; this herb is hot and dry at the end of the second degree; this herb is called the parsley of Alexander; it has the same complexion as the garden parsley, and it has a diuretic virtue. The seed of this herb serves well for medicine; it has a dissolving and consuming virtue, and also the virtue of attenuating the gross humours; the stomach is comforted by it, and the appetite is increased; it breaks up the urinary stone and provokes menstruation; it greatly relieves people with dropsy; it serves well for oppilation of the liver and spleen when it comes from cold matter; it cleans the chest and the lungs of gross phlegmatic matter. Pound the herb itself and make a poultice of it on the head and it will help with a scabby head and morphew; pound it and insert it in the vulva and it will provoke menstruation, the afterbirth and the abortion. It serves well for those with intermittent quotidian fever; if the seed of this herb be taken regularly, it will attenuate the gross humours, open the pores of the body, and drive out the bad effects of the injurious humours, it will provoke the urine and sweating, and will expel the wind of the colic, as Isaac says.

Albeston, calx uiua: i.e. two names that there are for quicklime; the lime is "quick" when it has not been wetted; principally, it purges the viscous phlegmatic humour; it kills all fleas and insects if it be shaken on a bed; it should not be given on its own as a purgative without another medicine with it; it helps with all proud flesh that occurs in wounds; it kill worms wherever they occur in the body.

21. Altea, malbua, bismalua: i.e. the three names of the mallow; it is said that this herb is hot in the first degree and wet in the second degree; this herb is appropriate for helping with wounds and for the growth of their tissue. It is also appropriate in clysters for people with tenesmus; this herb is powerful for injuries to the members, and for swellings wherever they occur. Item, boil the roots of this herb, pound them, and put pig lard through them, and they will help with every swelling and the pain from poison, and, if the gum called terebinth be put through it, it will help in the same way with every swelling and poison. Item, boil this herb and put the juice in the vagina and it will clean it of its exudation and relieve it of pain. Platearius says to make a poultice of this herb against the pain and dryness of the nerves. Boil this herb with its roots and it will help with every pain of the members as a fomentation and as a poultice. It is good for dysentery if boiled in wine or in ale, it relieves rumbling of the abdomen likewise, and it is good for excessive male libido, Avicenna says that porridge made from this herb greatly reduces the pain of the urinary stone if drunken. Boil mallow in wine or in milk and it will release the bind of blood that occurs in women's abdomen after pregnancy. Item, pound this herb, boil it in oil and in vinegar, and it will remove pimples from the face and will clean it of its exudations and lumps. This herb is good for the dry wounds, if it be pounded and mixed with honey. Item, pound this herb and boil it in oil, and it will help with the bite of a mad dog and with every burn of fire or water, as Isaac says. Make a poultice of this herb, put pig lard through it, and it will help with the hardness of the spleen and the liver, as Platearius says; it is appropriate to boil the seed of this herb in milk, and it will relieve consumptive people, as Platearius says.

22. Aloe, epaticum, cicotrinum: i.e. the three names of the aloes. It is the juice of a herb, and is hot and dry in the second degree. It is not very laxative. The two best sorts of it are cicotrinum and epaticum. They are best when of the colour of liver, dark and easily broken, and not having a bad taste or a bad smell. They purge the phlegmatic humour and the gross humours from the stomach and the intestines. They have the virtue of cleansing the brain, of comforting the nerves, and of preventing fumosity. They should not be given when the weather is too hot or too cold. They should not be given to those who have a flux of the haemorrhoids; if they be so given, anise and mastix and gum Arabic should be mixed with it. They serve well to prevent tears of the eyes. If their powder be put in the wounds, the tissue will grow.

23. Alphur, flos fraxini: i.e. the flower of the ash; it is hot and dry in the third degree; if the bark and seed of this tree be boiled in water, and the person who has flux after purging be put in the water up to his navel, and if the bracket fungus that grows on the ash be boiled in rain water and drunk, it will help with every flux; if it be boiled in vinegar with the bark of the same tree, and a linen cloth be dipped in it and put on the stomach, it will cure its pain; if the root bark of this tree be boiled in wine until one third has boiled off, it will relieve people with illness of the spleen and it will purge the melancholic humour.

24. Allusal, cepa: i.e. the two names of the garden onion; it is hot and wet in the third degree; it comforts and soothes the stomach and the digestion, it increases the appetite, and it drives away the foulness of the teeth and of the breath. It should be pounded and mixed with honey or with vinegar and put on the bite of a mad dog for three days, and changed on the third day lest the poison should return again. Item, take the juice of onion and mother's milk, mix them together, and put them in the ear, and it will help with every pain of the ear. Item, again, pound the onion, mix it with cold water, and give it to drink to the person who has lost his voice, and it will quickly help him. Item, put the juice of an onion, warm, in the nose, and it will cleanse the brain of gross phlegmatic humours. Item, take the juice of an onion and the fat of a hen, boil them together, and they will help with peeling and chapping of the feet. Item, pound an onion, boil it in vinegar, and rub it on the place where there are warts, and it will quickly help them. Understand, if you wish to know whether the patient will recover, take an onion, cook it under the ashes, and put it under his nose; if he is to recover, he will rub his nose, and, if not, he will not perceive the heat or the smell of the onion. Item, chop the onions along with asafetida, and, if they be put on red coals and the smoke allowed to the vagina, they will help with the women's illnesses known as hysteria and displacement of the uterus. Item, the use of onions provokes acute menstruation in women; if it be put through honey, it will help with mistiness of the eyes.

25. Alumen, stipteria, sucarium: i.e. the three names of alum; it is said to be hot and dry in the fourth degree; it has a consuming and drying virtue; if a bath be made with alum and salt for the person with dropsy, it. will help with the dropsy. Item, if earthworms and alum be powdered together and put on a place that is ulcerating, it will help it. Item, powder it and put it on the wounds in which there is proud flesh and it will help with it; it cures bleary eyes, and if water of alum be put on the bleary eyes it will shrink and dry them. Item, cook honey and vinegar and boil them until they are as thick as honey, put powdered alum through them then, keep a mouthful of it in the mouth, and it will consolidate the teeth and harden the gums; there are three sorts of alum, round, clear (?), and fractured, and it is the fractured sort that we use; it is obtained in very hot countries. Item, Platearius says that if the water of alum be put in the opening of a festering sore it will help it. Item, take sulphur and alum, an equal amount of both, boil them in vinegar, and it will help with any scabby head; the doctors say that alum is the mordant for every colour.

26. Ambra, spearma ceti: i.e. the foetus of the whale; it serves well. It is appropriate against epilepsy; take the heart-bone of the deer, make small pieces of it, put ambra through it, put it in a glass vessel on red coals, let its smell to the mouth and nose of the person with epilepsy, and it will certainly help; it has the comforting virtue, according to Platearius, and for that reason it is appropriate for people with heart-burn and syncope i.e. take ambra, lignum aloes, and the heart-bone of deer, equal amounts of each, mix them with the juice of rue, make pills of them, to be taken after meals, and they will serve well against epilepsy and the illnesses we spoke of.

27. Ambrosiana, eupatorium, lilifagus: i.e. the three names of the wood sage; it is hot in the first degree and dry in the second degree; this herb is called the wood sage; its virtue is great when it is fresh, and small when it is dry; it serves well against quartan and quotidian fever, against universal or particular paralysis, against the dropsy called ascites, and against the jaundice that comes from oppilation of the liver; this is how it is given, boil this herb in the juice of wild celery, put honey and vinegar through it, give it as a syrup, and it will help with hardness of the spleen. The advantages of the herb include the provocation of menstruation, and it cleans the urinary passages and the channels of the kidneys of their sand. Item, give the juice of this herb and the kernels of cherries to drink, and it will kill all the worms that occur in a person's body.

28. Anabulla, titimaillus: i.e. spurge; according to the doctors, it is a herb that is hot and dry in the third degree; this herb should be gathered on the days called the dog days; having been pounded, it should be mixed with honey, boiled until it be of the thickness of honey, and kept in a clean box; the laxatives are sharpened by it; it purges the salty phlegmatic humour and corrupt quotidian fever; this medicine should not be given except to people who have gross intestines and a stout body, because if the intestines be slight, there would be danger of dysentery coming; this herb is good when cooked but bad when raw.

29. Amedum, amillum: i.e. a medicine that is made from the juice of wheat; Platearius says that this medicine is moderately hot and wet, but other doctors say that this medicine is moderately cold and dry; this is how it is made: take clean wheat or gross clean barley, put it in cold water for a day and a night, do not change the water until the grain softens, pound it, squeeze it through cloth, and dry it by the sun or by the fire until it becomes a powder; if a pottage be made of it, it is good for drying the excessive wetness that occurs internally in the body. Item, if starch be mixed with sarcocolla, i.e. a gum, and they be well mixed together, put on a linen cloth and put on the surface of the eyes, it will help with their wetness and redness. Item, if a pottage be made of it and white sugar be put in it, it will clean the chest and the lungs and internal abscess in the body, hence it serves well for coughs and for the fine liquid humours that come from the brain; if it be made of barley and mixed with milk of almonds, it serves well against consumption and hectic fever and abscess of the lungs. We say that this medicine should not be used too much by people who are at risk of stone in the kidneys or bladder; this medicine serves well against the humours that fall to the eyes and against abscess of the eyelashes.

30. Ancula alba, scabiosa: it is hot and dry in the second degree; pound this herb and cook it in pig lard or in oil and it will help with the scabby head; if the juice of this herb be rubbed on a rash, it will help with it. Item, if four dragmas of the juice of this herb be drunk, it will help with the skin disease called alopecia. Item, boil this herb and garlic mustard in wine, put it hot on the anus and it will cure the illness called haemorrhoids; if it be put as a poultice on the same place, it will help with external piles of the anus; the same poultice will also help against boils of the anus and tenesmus; and against cold rheum in old people if it be boiled in wine and given to drink. Make a poultice of this herb with white of egg through it, and it will help with the boils known as anthrax. Platearius says to put the juice of this herb in the ear against deafness, and it will help with the deafness. Macer says to make a poultice of this herb and of unsalted butter, and it will help with pain in the sides and in the kidneys; if the same herb be boiled in honey it will help with the dry cough. If a spoonful of the juice of this herb be given to drink, it will help with the women's evil, and with every poison that a person takes; pound it with pig lard through it and it will bring boils to a head, as Averroes says.

31. Aillium: i.e. garlic; it is hot and dry in the middle of the fourth degree, according to Platearius; if raw garlic be put on the wounds caused by a mad dog, it will help them. Pound the garlic, cook it in milk, and drink it in small mouthfulls, and it will help illness of the lungs that comes from coldness; it is appropriate against the cold dropsy and disease of the kidneys, and headache, that come from coldness. If the garlic be powdered finely with lard of goose through it, and a small quantity of the juice be put warm in the ear, it will help with earache that comes from coldness. If garlic be boiled in fresh butter, it will help with asthma and illness of the chest that comes from coldness. If a poultice of garlic and pig lard be put on the anus, it will help with tenesmus and pain of the anus, and the same poultice is appropriate against every swelling that comes from coldness. Take garlic fasting in the times of the corrupt air; it serves well to put garlic on a painful tooth, and it will help with the pain if it comes from coldness. The constant use of garlic dries the intestines and the stomach, and gives rise to skin ailments, mania and phrenitis, it weakens the sight and is greatly injurious to choleric people, though it is appropriate for phlegmatic people and for people with illnesses of coldness, because it has the virtue of dissolving and consuming the wet humours; it expels every poison, and is called by the old people "the poor man's theriac". Item, take salt, honey, kernels of hazel nuts, and garlic, in equal amounts, mix them, and put a poultice of this on the bite of a mad dog; it will help with it, and the poison will not revive afterwards; if the same compound be put in wounds, it will save them from every badness, and from festering and ulcerating. If garlic be pounded cold and rubbed on a scabby head, or on a rash or on morphew, it will clean them. If powder of garlic be burnt and put in dirty unbeatable wounds, it will heal them; if garlic be pounded and taken regularly, it will help with roughness of the voice which breaks from coldness. Item, take garlic, pepper, parsley, masterwort, juice of mint, and vinegar, mix them together, consume them, and they will help with worms, and they will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen, and serve against stranguria and dysuria. Cloves of garlic, cleaned and placed in the vagina, provoke menstruation, as Constantine says; or, if the garlic be boiled in water, and the woman immersed in it up to her navel, it will provoke menstruation. If garlic be taken fasting, water will not harm you that day. If it be taken before going to sea, sea-sickness will not harm you that day. If it be boiled in wine and drunken, it will help with jaundice, as Macer says. If taken like that, it will soften the hardness of the abdomen. Plague or poison will not harm you the day you take it fasting.

32. Acantum, semen urtice: i.e. seed of nettle, and Macer says to pound the seed of nettle, boil it in oil, and rub it on the pulses, and it will bring on sweating. If the hair be falling out, rub the juice of this herb on the head after it has been shaven, and this will prevent the falling out of the hair. The same man says that, if this herb be rubbed on the rear of the animals, they will come well in heat.

33. Anetam: i.e. a herb; it is hot in the second degree, but other people say it is dry in the third degree; it cleans the stones of the bladder and kidneys, and eventually breaks them; it preserves its efficacy for three years, though it is better when fresh; it has the dissolving and diuretic virtues, and also the virtue of provoking menstruation gently; put figs in the juice of this herb for a day and a night, boil them in wine the following day, and give it to drink to the person with a chest ailment or a cough, and it will help him; powder the seed of this herb and nettle seed, shake this powder on the place where there are haemorrhoids, and it will help it; this herb serves well to assist with pain in the abdomen, to bring on sleep, to bring gross boils to maturity, and to expel the phlegmatic humour from the internal organs. It cures the hiccup that comes from fulness if it be boiled in lard or oil, and it helps with cramp that comes from fulness; it should be dried and made into powder and sprinkled on ulcers and wounds.

34. Antera, flos rose: i.e. the flower of the rose; it is cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; make a plaster of it and put it on erysipelas and it will help with it; the same plaster will help with the boiling and heat of the entrance of the stomach; if rose be boiled in water and pounded, and white of egg put through it, and it be placed as a plaster on the eyes, it will help with the heat and redness of the eyes; if it be boiled in wine it will prevent the flux of the abdomen (diarrhoea) and of menstruation. The water of rose will serve against every excessive heat. Rhases says to make a plaster of fresh rose, and it will help with every swelling that comes either naturally or accidentally. Note that, according to Platearius, when it is taken dried it has the constricting virtue, and when taken fresh it has the laxative virtue, and the virtue of purging the choleric humour, especially when it is mixed with rhubarb. Platearius says that of this is made rose honey, rose water, rose sugar, and rose syrup. These manufactures serve well against the hot illnesses, and against headache and pain of the temples, like rose oil, and it serves against hectic fever and fainting, against flux of the abdomen, and against the vomiting caused by the choleric humour; the brain and the heart are comforted by these manufactures; they serve against the wetness of the uvula, and to expel the quartan fever. Macer says to make powder of the red rose and put it in the ulcers, and it will clean them of their exudation; if the same flower be put on a burn of fire or water with white of egg, the burn will not go bad.

35. Anisum, ciminum dulse: i.e. anise; it is hot and dry in the third degree; it is consuming, dissolving and diuretic; it serves well against the wind and cold eructation of the stomach, and against every pain of the intestines that comes from coldness; [it serves well] against deafness, i.e. boil the anise in juice of leek or onion and put one drop of it in the ear and it will cure the deafness and pain; when a woman takes it regularly, it increases the milk of the breast, and in the case of a man, it increases the sperm in his testicles. Item, against the bad colour that comes on the skin from a blow or a fall, put the anise through melted wax, and put the wax on it warm, and it will help it. Item, Platearius says to boil this herb with other diuretic herbs and it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen.

36. Apum domisdicum: i.e. the garden celery; this herb is said to be hot and dry in the third degree. Platearius says that its seed is better for medicine than the herb itself; it serves well as a plaster for the eyes together with the flour of white bread with the juice of this herb through it, and it serves likewise for a woman's breast. Item, take the leaves of this herb, and rub them on the back of the head of the person who has lithariga, and put the juice of it in the same person's nose, and it will relieve him. Item, against the swelling and pain of the entrance to the stomach, boil the roots of celery in white wine, drink it, and it will cure it; if celery be put by itself on a wound, it will not go bad afterwards. Item, if the seed of this herb be boiled in vinegar, it will prevent vomiting that comes from the cold matter of the phlegmatic humour. Item, Rhases says people who have a bad appearance after illness, if raw celery be given to them to eat, they will revert to their own appearance again. Item, pound the same herb, rub it in water, and it will help with quotidian fever; the same man says if the juice of celery and of fennel, the same amount of both juices, be taken, and given to drink to the person who has dropsy, it will cure him. Item, take the juice of celery and starch and white of egg and honey, mix them and put them in the wounds, and it will clean them and make them better. Note that there are several kinds of celery, apium ranarum or the celery of the frogs, apium risus or the celery of laughter, and this relieves the spleen, as it expels the melancholic humour from it, and this is the cause of laughter, and apium haemorrhoidarum, which is suitable for piles. Platearius says that pregnant women should not make a practice of eating celery, because it causes the membranes that surround the foetus to slip and move, so causing miscarriage; if they eat it, putrid abscesses occur on the babies. A nursing woman should avoid eating it or touching it, in case the baby should become epileptic, because in babyhood there is much wetness, little heat, weakness of virtue, and closing of pores, and these are the causes that prepare a person for epilepsy.

37. Auripimentum, arsenicum: i.e. the names of orpiment; it is hot and dry in the fourth degree; it has the dissolving, attractive and cleaning virtues; it is appropriate against children' s coughing, if a scruple of powder of orpiment be put through milk or a raw egg, it will help with it; against asthma and a hard cough, it is good to put powder of orpiment on red coals and to allow the smoke of it into their mouths, and it will comfort it. Item, take a drachma of orpiment and twice as much soap, mix them together, and rub them to the place where there is morphew and rash, and it will cure it. Item, take powder of orpiment and olive oil and mix them together and put them on flaking fingernails and it will cure it.

38. Arracia, attriplex: i.e. common orache; it is hot in the first degree and wet in the second; it serves well against the dryness of the intestines that comes from inflammatory choleric humour; if a pottage be made with it to be taken fasting, i.e. mutton soup, it will loosen the bowels gently. Item, take common orache, mercury (the plant), mallow, borage, and violet, boil them in fresh butter, put anise in it, give in wine or in hot ale, drink it before going to bed, and it will help with a cough, and will loosen the bowels. Item, take the same herb, roots of stinking iris, maidenhair spleenwort, hart's tongue fern, the lower part of carrot, burnet saxifrage, and gromwell, boil them in wine, strain them, put clean honey through it, and drink it in the morning and before going to bed, and it will help with exudations of the kidneys and of the bladder. Item, if the same herb be moistened with vinegar and put as a plaster on the joints, it will help with diseases of the joints such as arthritis, podagra, and the likes.

39. Arigentum uium: i.e. (mineral) mercury; it is hot and wet in the fourth degree; it has the penetrating, incising and dissolving virtues; it can be preserved in its efficacy for a long time, if it be in a closed vessel and in a cold place. It is said to serve well against animalcules and nits and every exudation that occurs in the hair, if meal of beans be put through it and it be boiled in vinegar like porridge, and when it is cooled, put the mercury in it, about half an ounce of it, mix it well, rub it in the hair, and it will preserve it from every harm that may follow. Clearly, the fumes of mercury do great harm to everybody that it comes in contact with, because it softens the nerves and prepares them for paralysis; when it gets into the ear or the mouth, it kills the person immediately; should it happen to get into the mouth, give him goat's milk in large quantities, do not let him rest from jumping and moving about, boil hyssop and absinth for him in ale or in wine, and let him drink it, and if this is not done he will promptly die. If the face be disfigured from salty phlegmatic humour or from the illness known as serpigo, i.e. ringworm, take the roots of curled dock, pound them finely, put unsalted butter and pig lard through it, mix in a little mercury, and rub it to the ringworm or the exudation, and it will cure it. Roots of hemlock or roots of stavesacre will serve instead of the curled dock, and if a woolen thread be drawn through the medicine and tied on the hair, it will kill the animalcules and nits as we have said. Note that it has five virtues i.e. the dissolving virtue, the virtue of penetrating the dense gross parts, the virtue of consuming wetness, the virtue of cleaning exudation, and the virtue of expelling superfluities. This is how the vehemence of mercury is extinguished, i.e. with a person's saliva and ashes. Item, if mercury be mixed with oil, vinegar, and white lead, and put on a scabby head, it will help with the skin disease and with every exudation, and will serve with many other things.

40. Asufetida: i.e. the gum of a tree; it is hot and dry in the third degree; the more foul it is the greater is its value and the nobler it is; it has the dissolving and maturing virtues; it serves well against illness of the chest that comes from cold matter. Platearius says that asafoetida serves well with syrup of violets against asthma, dyspnoea, quartana, hardness of the spleen, arthritis, paralysis, epilepsy, coldness of the brain in general, and every other cold illness.

41. Aroistoloia longa, aroistolola rotunda: i.e. the round birthwort and the long birthwort; it is hot in the second degree and dry in the first degree; if it be pounded and given in water, it will help with every poison; if it be pounded and rubbed in wine or ale, it will provoke the afterbirth for the women; if it be cooked in honey and strained through a linen cloth, and a spoonful of it drunk every day, it is good for every cold illness; if it be pounded and pig lard be put through it, it will withdraw every implement or thorn powerfully; if it be pounded and honey put through it, it will clean and heal the wounds; if it be rubbed in wine and drunk, it will help with spasms, and it will also help with rumbling of the abdomen, gout of the hand, podagra and arthritis that comes from cold matter. Pound it and rub it in water and give it before the paroxysm in quotidian and quartan fever. If the birthwort be pounded and powder be made of it and that powder be sprinkled on a fire, it will drive the devils out of the house in which it is sprinkled. Item, pound the roots of this herb and put it in the holes of the ulcer and it will help with it; drink the same herb in water or in another drink and it will prevent the hiccup. Note that the long birthwort serves in place of the round birthwort; Platearius says that the round birthwort is better for medicinal purposes than the long birthwort; it retains its efficacy for three years; for medicinal purposes, its roots should be gathered in the month of October and kept for the same time, and they will serve for medicinal purposes for three years. The same man says of every root that serves for medicinal purposes, that it is at its best for medicinal purposes when the leaves have fallen, and in the case foliage that is gathered and which serves for medicinal purposes, it is best gathered for that purpose when it is in flower. This herb has three virtues, the antidotary virtue, the dissolving virtue and the consuming virtue. If it be desired to expel a dead foetus, cook this herb in wine and oil, and apply it as a plaster to the right thigh of the woman, close to the groin, and it will soon relieve her. The powder of the same herb will cut the proud flesh out of the wounds and the ulcers. If the powder of the same herb and pepper be cooked in soup, it will help with pain of the abdomen. If the powder of the same herb be put in hot water, it will prevent the shivering in intermittent fever.

42. Artamesia, mater herbarum: i.e. mugwort; it is hot and dry in the third degree; if it be boiled in milk, wine, or ale it will provoke menstruation and clean the vagina; if it be rubbed cold in wine or ale it will do the same; if it be pounded and applied as a plaster on the navel, it will provoke menstruation; if it be pounded and rubbed in water or wine and given to a woman who is in labour, she will soon bring forth her baby; if the same herb be tied on her thigh near to the genitals, she will bring forth the baby, and the baby should be taken from her soon thereafter for fear of her drawing out her womb; this herb serves well against the bite of a mad dog, and against poisonous drinks; if the same herb be pounded and put in fresh ale, it will serve for the purposes we have stated; if the same herb be pounded and put through pig lard and applied to the feet after walking, it will help with their pain and stiffness; if the same herb be pounded and put on a red-hot stone and the smoke of it be allowed under the person with tenesmus, it will help him; it is good to put the same herb as a plaster on scabs and it will help them; Platearius says that it is this herb when fresh and its foliage which are best for medicinal purposes; it retains its efficacy in everything we said for a year; it prevents the sterility that comes from wetness of the womb, and it increases the sterility which comes from its dryness. Item, boil the same herb and the foliage of (spurge) laurel in water, and allow the steam of it to the vagina, and it will provoke menstruation. Item, pound the same herb and dead nettle and apply them as a plaster to swollen glands, and it will help. Item, pound the same herb and boil it in wine, and it will help with headache and migraine; Platearius says that this herb is appropriate for imposthumes of the chest such as pneumonia and pleurisy, and the same herb and juice of houseleek serve for repercussion of the matter in every abscess.

43. Athanasia, tanesetum: i.e. tansy; it is hot and dry, but the degree is not available from the authorities; "Athanasia" means a thing that prevents death and preserves life, because it does not allow death near to people who use it; it serves especially for women who have excessive flux of blood. As for every excessively thin choleric flux that comes from thinness of the blood, or from opening of the pores, this herb is good as a plaster or in drinks to prevent it. It serves against contamination of the blood, and against the illness known as malignant tumour; this herb is particularly effective in the month of May; it is powerful for many diseases; this herb serves well against flux of the abdomen such as diarrhoea, lienteria and dysentery. Item, if this herb be pounded and white of egg put through it, and it be put on the temples, it will help with a flux of blood from the nose. Item, if this herb be dried and powder made of it, and powder of ginger be put through it, and powders of anise, galangal rhizome, cinnamon, and mint, and these powders be put in a pottage or soup, it will serve well to make smooth the process of digestion.

44. Athasar, polem regale: i.e. penny royal; it is hot and dry in the third degree; this herb serves well against poison, especially when one consumes herbs which have a poisonous virtue, such as hemlock water dropwort, dock (Rumex crispus), or hemlock, and the herbs that kill; it serves also for people who get a fall or a bruising or are rendered speechless, if it be taken in a drink. If this herb be pounded and given in vinegar, it will expel the melancholic humour; if it be held in the mouth, it will serve against swelling and pain of the uvula; if it be boiled in wine or ale it will provoke the urine and menstruation; if it be boiled in the same way, it will comfort the stomach and prevent rumbling and windiness of the intestines. Item, if this herb be held a long time in the mouth, it will help with toothache. Item, if a plaster be made of this herb with flour of wheat, it will help with pain of the nerves; this herb serves well to kill worms of the intestines called lumbrici.

45. Auansia, gairiofilata: i.e. the avens; it is hot and dry in the second degree; its foliage is of greater efficacy than its root; it has the dissolving, consuming and opening virtues; a fomentation of this herb provokes menstruation, and the same fomentation serves against the colic; it serves against pain of the stomach and wind of the intestines to boil this herb in wine or in ale, and it will comfort the digestion; there are two sorts of this herb, i.e. the wood sort and the water sort; the water sort is the better against flux of the abdomen; the roots of the wood avens serve wherever cloves serve.

46. Auellana, nux parba: i.e. the hazel nut; it is hot in the first degree, and wet in the second degree; they nourish the body more than walnuts do; if they are eaten to excess together with the skin that is on the kernels, windiness is generated in the intestines from them, but if they are cleaned of this outer skin, they serve well against a cough if cooked in honey; if a plaster be made of them and pig lard put through it, the hair will grow; if the same kernels be pounded and put on the bite of a mad dog, it will not do any more harm.

47. Auena: i.e. oats; it has the gentle laxative virtue; it serves well against hot swellings; it softens hard matter; it is appropriate as a plaster on poisoned wounds.

48. Auricula muris: i.e. the mouse-ear hawkweed; Avicenna says to pound this herb and put it on the thorn which it is desired to extract from an organ, and it will draw it powerfully. If a head-purge be made of it, it will cleanse the brain of its contamination. If it be given to epileptics, it will relieve them greatly.

49. Aurum: i.e. gold; it is because it is so temperate that it has not been allotted a degree as compared with other metals; it serves well for the heart to wear it and to see it; cadmia, i.e. the spume of gold, is the same; gold serves well against elephantiasis; it comforts the stomach, and fainting and heartburn, if given twice a week; if gold itself, or its spume, be rubbed in, it is good in food or in drink; it helps with skin disease; if ground gold be made into powder and put on the eyes, it will dissolve their cataracts and their exudations. Gold has a number of different powers, i.e. for one thing it increases and comforts the spirits, it soothes the digestion, by its own power it constrains every flux, it is good against coldness and hotness, it expels every superfluity that weakens one's nature, and it cleans out the contaminated humours.

50. Balanon, glans: i.e. acorns; they are cold and dry in the second degree; they have the drying and constraining virtues; if powder be made of the acorns, and it be put in the wounds, it will dry them and stop the flow of blood, and clean them of contamination; if the foliage of the same tree be cooked fresh, it will prevent tenesmus and lienteria. Rhases says that it has the ability to provoke the urine, and to dry the abdomen, and the same man says that the cupules of the acorns are better for the purposes mentioned than the acorns themselves; they give rise to vapours and headaches when they are eaten, and windiness in the intestines is caused by them. Of acorns of gum of a tree of great plantain of roseroot of bugle of houseleek of burdock of bear's breech of beet of mullein of Armenian earth of borax of shepherd's purse of betony of water mint of burnet saxifrage of narrow-leaved water parsnip of butter.

51. Balsamum: i.e. it is the gum of a tree that grows in Babylon; it is hot and dry in the second degree; it serves well people with paralysis, and those with the other cold illnesses as well; if it be held in the mouth, it will warm the brain; of all aromatics, it smells best; the balsamum is good if it be pure and with a sub-yellow colour; if it be put in water, and if it be pure, the water will not be dirtied, but if the water be dirty, the contrary will be the case.

52. Barba filicana, plantago maigheor: i.e. plantain; it is cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; to clean and heal wounds, it is good to pound this herb and to put honey through it; if a pottage be made of this herb in a rich mutton soup or in milk, it will help with flux of the abdomen. Item, pound this herb and put it in milk, and it will help with the spitting of blood and with the coughing that comes from hotness. Item, if a plaster of this herb be put on a wound, it will stop its bleeding. If the same herb be pounded and put through the white of egg, it will help powerfully with a burn. If this herb be pounded and wool be dipped in it and it be put on the bite of a mad dog, it will help with it. Item, if plantain be pounded and its juice drunk fasting, it will cure epilepsy. If the juice of the same herb be held in the mouth, it will help with disease of the mouth. If the juice of this herb be put on erysipelas, it will flee before it. Item, if a linen cloth be put in the juice of this herb, and it be put on the surface over the liver, it will help with its swelling and pain. Item, against toothache, swelling of the gums, and their heating, if this herb be chewed, it will cure it. Item, to stop menstruation, dip some waxed wool in the juice of the herb, and put it in the vagina. Against pain of the bladder, dip this herb in water, and it will help. Item, if this herb be placed on the baby's throat, the baby will not be affected with swollen glands. Item, if three roots of it be put in water against tertian fever, and four in the case of quartan fever, before the paroxysm, it will cure them promptly. Item, against every swelling that comes from hotness, pound this herb, and put pig lard through it, and it will cure it. If this herb be pounded in water and given to the woman from whom the afterbirth has not been expelled, the expulsion will occur soon. Item, if the same herb be dipped in vinegar and rubbed on the feet after walking or labouring, it will cure them.

53. Barba sina: i.e. roseroot; it is cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; it has the styptic virtue; if its foliage be dried and powder made of it, and it be put in old wounds, it will help them; it is said that its flower is more powerful than the herb itself; this herb serves well against pulmonary tuberculosis; its roots have the cleansing virtue, and its tops have the styptic virtue; it comforts the stomach and does not allow the other humours to descend to it. Avicenna says that there is no better medicine than this in the case of ulcers of the intestines; and that it stops excessive flux in women if it be drunk in water or in wine, or if it be applied as a plaster to the navel.

54. Barba siluana: i.e. bugle, hot in the first degree and wet in the second; if this herb be pounded and given to women who suffer from the choleric humour, it will help, and it will expel excess of choleric humour. Item, when melancholic humours increase in the stomach so that uncontrollable hiccup is produced by them, dip this herb in wine or water, and it will stop the hiccup forthwith. Item, if this herb be dipped in wine and it be given to drink to a person whose memory fails, it will cure him. Item, Avicenna says to dip this herb in wine or in ale for the person with ulcers, and to do this for eleven days, and it will cure him; if it be given to the woman with a false conception, it will release it promptly thereafter.

55. Barba Iouis, semperuiua: i.e. the houseleek; it is cold in the fourth degree and dry in the second; it serves well against erysipelas, against spreading ulcers, in the case of swelling of the eyes caused by hotness, and against every burn of fire or water. Item, Avicenna says to mix the juice of this herb with ground barley or rye, and to put it on the joints, and it will help with the arthritis that comes from hotness. Item, if a pottage be made of the juice of this herb, the juice of plantain, cow's milk, and fine wheaten flour, it will help promptly with flux of the abdomen; the juice of this herb will help with excessive menstruation, if it be put in the vagina on wool.

56. Bardana no lapa: i.e. burdock; Avicenna says that the root of this herb serves well against poison and kills snakes, and he says also, whoever rubs the juice of this herb on himself, that neither a bee nor a snake will sting or bite him on that day. Item, if the juice of this herb be held in the mouth, it will consolidate the teeth. Item, if the root of this herb be eaten, it will stop the spitting of blood. If the roots of this be boiled in wine it will help with dysentery. If the roots of this herb be boiled in wine, it will help with urinary stones. If this herb, bottom and top, be pounded and pig lard put through it, it will break and ripen boils, as Avicenna says.

57. Branca ursina: i.e. the bear's breech; cold and dry; Avicenna says that if this herb be pounded with pig lard through it, it will ripen boils. If this herb be pounded and boiled in lard or in oil, and left so for eleven days, and strained through a linen cloth thereafter, and wax be put in it, and ointment made of it, and it be rubbed to the nerves and to the joints, it will help with the shaking and hardness of the nerves. If this herb be pounded with goat's milk and meal of linseed and juice of chickweed, and it be put as a plaster on the breasts, it will help them. Item, if the juice of the herb and mother's milk be mixed together, with juice of red fennel and flour of barley meal, and it be put as a compress on the forehead and above the eyes, it will stop the heat and pain of the eyes, and will bring on sleep.

58. Beta &ersir; pleta, cicula: i.e. the three names of beet; it is hot and wet in the first degree; it is a common herb, according to Avicenna. Item, if the juice of this herb be put in the nostrils, it will clean the brain of its contamination. If the juice of the herb be put warm in the ear, it will help with earache. Item, if the juice of this herb be put on the hair and on the beard, it will clean them of their insects and nits, and preserve the hair from falling out. Item, if the juice of this herb be mixed with honey, equal amounts of each, and it be put on the burn caused by fire or water, it will promptly cure it; the use of this herb gives rise to bad humours. Item, take beet, borage, foliage of sage, hyssop, mint, parsley, and foliage of avens, equal amounts of each, boil them in water, put in washed husks of oats, boil them, add salt, and this is effective for problems of the chest, and to augment the digestion.

59. Bilonia, molena: mullein; it serves well against the discharge of the haemorrhoids; it is cold and dry; when it is fresh, its efficacy is great, but when it is dried, its efficacy is slight; it has the constraining and consuming virtues. If this herb itself be put on a red-hot stone, and put hot in the rectum, it will help with the swellings of the piles, but it should be re-heated and changed frequently; if this herb be pounded and put in a stream, it does not flow with the stream, and, for this reason, it is certainly appropriate in every case of discharge.

60. Bolus Armenicus: i.e. the earth of the mountains of Armenia; it is cold and dry in the second degree; it has the constraining and binding virtues, so that it stops every flux. If the powder of it, and the powder of plantain be mixed together, and put on wounds, it will cure them; it is good if it be red and easily broken; Avicenna says, if the flux be in the head, it should be given to eat in the mouth, and if it be in the stomach or the intestines, it should be given as a clyster.

61. Borax: i.e. the gum of a tree; it is hot and dry in the fourth degree; it has the dissolving, attractive, consuming, uniting and consolidating virtues, and it is with it that tradesmen firm the other metals together; it is good when it is bright and hard. Item, if borax, white of hen-egg, honey and rose water be mixed together, they will clean the face of its exudations and its blemishes. Item, mix a scrupulum of water and three scrupula of borax and rub them to the face, and it will be clear in colour.

62. Bursa pastoris: i.e. shepherd's purse; cold and dry in the second degree; it is powerful against a flux of blood, and against every flux; it is good in ointments for haemorrhage of a vein; a flux of blood will not harm the woman who keeps it at her throat. If put in the bath, it is good against jaundice. If it be put at the throat of sheep, wolves will not see them. If the same herb be made into a powder, and put in the wounds, proud flesh will not develop in them, and it will dry them. The flower of this herb and the flower of violet and the flower of violet (!) and sugar should be pounded together and given to eat to those who spit blood, that is haemoptysis, and such like.

63. Bitonica: i.e. betony; hot in the third degree and dry in the fourth degree. If given in wine to those with urinary stones, it will break the stones, and it will provoke the urine in the same way; it is good against dropsy, if it be dipped in wine or ale. Item, if powder be made of this herb and mixed with honey that has been purified by skimming, it is good against a cold cough. Item, the powder of this herb, if given in wine, will help with stomach pains, though, if the pains come from a fever, it should be given in water. Item, if the powder of this herb be given in the drink called mulsa, it will ease the abdomen gently of its dryness. Item, if it be pounded, and salt be put through it, and it be put in recent wounds, they will do no more harm. Item, if the foliage of this herb be boiled in water, and if unsalted butter be put through it, and it be applied as a plaster to the eyes, it will stop their pain. Item, if it be dipped in water and drunk, it will help with watering of the eyes. Item, if betony and rue be dipped in water, it will clarify the sight. Item, if four ounces of the foliage of betony and twenty eight grains of black pepper be given to those having disease of the kidneys, it will help them if it be put on the teeth. Item, if, likewise, a plaster be made of it, it will help with oppilation of the liver and spleen. Item, if the foliage of plantain and two ounces of the foliage of betony be drunk before the paroxysm in a case of quotidian fever, it will stop the fever. Item, against the disease known as displacement of the uterus, pound this herb and give it in wine or in water; and it will help with haemorrhoids. Item, if it be drunk in water or in wine, it will provoke menstruation, and it will help powerfully with jaundice.

64. Balsamita: i.e. water mint; hot in the second and dry in the third degree. If this herb be pounded and boiled in its own juice, it will help with headache; the same plaster put on the stomach will help with its windiness and its pain. Item, if the same plaster be put on the navel, it will help with the colic and ileus. Item, if the same plaster be put on the anus, it will cure the swellings of the piles; this herb has the diuretic virtue. Item, every herb that has the diuretic virtue also has the virtue of opening the pores.

65. Burneta: i.e. burnet saxifrage; it is cold and dry; it greatly relieves the veins from their pain and from their poison, and from the poison of the vein of the forehead; take camomile, foliage of betony, foliage of germander, asparagus, red fennel, foliage of oak, and flower of red rose, pound these things, boil them in fresh butter and a little of the pith of rose, press them through a cloth, and put them in a covered vessel; if they are rubbed to the forehead and the temples, they will stop the headache and bring on sleep. Item, a handful of this herb, roots of plantain, snakeroot, and take a handful of maidenhair spleenwort, and hart's tongue fern, boil these herbs in rain-water, strain them, mix this juice with milk, boil it with bread, and, if it be given to drink going to bed and getting up, it will help with the flux of dysentery. Item, cut the same herb with a knife, mix through it the foliage of mint, wormwood, calamint and the seed of fennel, boil them in wine or in ale, and put them in a box; if they be put hot on the diaphragm they will give great comfort.

66. Bibolica vel biliria: i.e. the narrow-leaved water parsnip; it has the diuretic virtue and it provokes the urine and menstruation; it serves against illness of the chest. Item, the narrow-leaved water parsnip, fresh maidenhair spleenwort, balm, small scabious, flower of violet and of water lily, the strawberry plant, the heads and flower of thistle, and ox-eye daisy, equal amounts of each, boil them in the butter of May-time, strain through a linen cloth, put in the powder of sugar, liquorice and anise, and drink it in mead or in ale or in a sweet drink, and it will open up the chest and help with the cough. Item, pound the same herb with marsh mallow and ox-eye daisy, boil them in the drink known as mulsa, give it warm to drink, and it will help with the hard cough. Item, the juice of this herb, seed of burnet, seed of alexanders, seed of pignut and of anise, seed of fennel, foreign burnet, and this herb, make a fine powder of them, and take it in wine or in ale; it is powerful against stranguria and dysuria. Item, pound this herb, and the roots of hemlock and the roots of marsh mallow, pound them and put lard through them; if it be put on the joints, it will help with the swelling and pain of the joints.

67. Butirum: i.e. butter; it is hot and wet in the first degree; it has the maturing, dissolving, and softening virtues; it has the virtue of reducing pain; the body is increased and fattened; it is powerful for wounds of the nerves; it cleans wounds. Item, if it be rubbed to the gums of infants, it will cause their teeth to grow; it serves well against a cold cough; it serves well against pneumonia and pleurisy, because it matures them; it readily provokes saliva, and prevents the spitting of blood. Of calamint of pignut of dwarf elder of hound's tongue of ashes of pyrenean valerian of seed of the spurge laurel of white poppy of hart's horn of gromwell of garden cabbage of celandine of centaury of chervil of lead of wall pennywort of horehoundorofont, horehound, is a mistake. of cinnamon of sulphur of colophony of colocynth of comfrey of ox-eye daisy of daisy of seed of hemlock of red coral of melilot of coriander of knotgrass of saffron of cubebs of seed of spurge of gourd of dodder.

68. Calamentum (vel calamentum maighis): i.e. calamint; it is hot and dry in the third degree; there are two sorts of it, a big sort and a small sort; the big sort is nepeta, and the small sort is ordinary calamint. If calamint be boiled in wine or in mulsa, it will provoke sweating. Item, if calamint be boiled in oil and rubbed on the pulses and on the body before the paroxysm of quotidian fever, it will help, and will stop the fever. Item, if this herb be pounded and put on the hollow behind the knee, it will help with the pain of the back, and the cold pangs that are there, and will drive off the viscous humours from the joints of the back. Item, if this herb be pounded and boiled in wine or in ale, it will provoke menstruation. Item, if it be boiled in water, and the vulva washed with it, it will do the same. Item, if calamint be boiled in wine or in ale, and drunk by a person who has been wounded by a mad dog or by a wild dog or a poisonous serpent, it will cure it. Item, if this herb be pounded and dipped in water, it will expel worms from the abdomen. Item, if the same herb, that is the juice of it, be put in the ears, it will kill the worms that occur in them; pregnant women should not have anything to do with this herb, because it provokes abortion. Item, if this herb be pounded or boiled in wine, it will help with asthma, tightness of the chest, oppilation of the liver and the spleen, hiccup, and pain in the stomach.

69. Ciclamin, malum terre: i.e. the pignut; it is hot and dry in the third degree; it has the attractive, consuming and dissolving virtues. Item, if pignut be pounded and pig lard be put through it, and it be put on hard boils, it will mature them. Item, if the root of this herb be dried in the sun, and made into powder, and put in the wounds, it will clean them of their proud flesh. The right time to gather this herb is the last week in the month of August, and its efficacy will last for two years.

70. Cameactis, ebulus: i.e. the dwarf elder; it is hot and dry in the second degree; it has the same virtues and operations as the sambucus (elder) except that the sambucus has a greater laxative virtue; it has the attractive virtue, and the virtue of expelling the viscous humours; this herb has the virtue of purging above and below; it should not be given except when the matter has been digested and when the body has been prepared for purging and for undertaking a flux; similarly, that is how every emetic should be administered, when the matter has first been digested. This herb serves well against tercian fever and the yolky cholera; this herb is good against oppilation of the lever and spleen, colic, arthritis, white leg, and podagra; this is how it should be administered i.e. half an eggshell full of the juice of this herb, with the same amount of white wine, will relax and purge the matter we have referred to. Item, the roots of this herb should be boiled in water and modified with oximel and with a laxative syrup. If the juice of this herb and the same amount of honey be boiled together and given as a purge, it will serve well. Item, if a bath be made with the tops of this herb, and the steam of it be allowed under a person suffering from cold dropsy, it will be good for him. Item, a fomentation of the foliage of this herb against every swelling or a fall or a blow, and it will drive away pains, dissolve swelling, and strengthen the nerves. Item, the juice of this herb, powder of petty spurge, and sugar, if they be mixed together and given as a purge, it will serve well. Item, make a powder of the root of this herb, with juice of fennel, juice of celery, and sugar, and give it as a purge. Item, a fomentation of this herb is good against swelling of the feet and hands, and for dropsy patients. Item, boil this herb in its own juice and make a plaster of it for podagra, chiragra and arthritis.

71. Cinoglosa: i.e. hound's tongue; it is hot and dry; it has the virtue of comforting the heart; it serves well against disease of the spleen; its root has the ability to stop vomitting; it serves well against the disease known as nausea and for gastric spasm; the tops of the herb provoke vomitting. Item, take seed of horse-radish and tops of hound's tongue, pound them, rub them in warm whey, and they will provoke vomiting. Item, to make a drink to comfort the heart i.e. take roots of hound's tongue, root of nettle, root of burnet and mint, the base of the stem of avens, agrimony, sage, and calamint, pound them, put them in wine or in ale, and, if it be taken as a drink, it will comfort the heart. Item, take the tops of this herb and bark of the ash-tree, boil them in wine, and put as a plaster on the spleen, and it will comfort it.

72. Cinis omnis: i.e. all ashes; according to Avicenna, it has the drying and cleansing virtues, and he also says that the ash of styptic trees have the ability to stop bleeding, especially the ash of the ash-tree and of the oak; he also says that all ashes of human hair have the ability to cause the hair and down to grow, if it be mixed with oil and put on the head after it has been shaved; it warms the head and stops it sweating. Item, take the polypody fern of the oak, make ashes of it together with the wood of the twining stems of the ivy, and if these ashes be put into a bath of ash-tree and the head washed in it, it will stop migraine and give a good colour to the hair.

73. Citonalens: i.e. setwall; it is hot in the third and dry in the second degree; there are two sorts of it i.e. the garden sort and the wild sort, and the wild sort is the wild valerian; its taste is styptic; it serves well against sterility and diseases of women. The garden setwall has the virtue of comforting the appetite; it comforts the brain; it stops windiness; it comforts people suffering from fainting; this herb is good in plasters and drinks for people suffering from malignant tumours. If the root of this herb be applied to a painful tooth, it will stop the pain. If a water be made of this herb as is done in the case of rose-water, and it be sprinkled on the face and head of the fever patient, it will stop the headache. Item, if a powder be made of this herb, that is, of its roots, and it be mixed with the powder of cinnamon and of galingale, and given in potages, it will strengthen the virtue of appetite, and stop windiness of the stomach and of the intestines.

74. Conconidum: i.e. the seed of the spurge laurel; it is hot and dry in the fourth degree; the branch, bark and seed of this herb are suitable for medical use; it has the ability to purge the phlegmatic humour and the viscous humours from the peripheral members, such as the joints, and especially to purge unnatural choleric humour such as the lemon-coloured and the yoke-coloured choleras; and secondarily, to purge the melancholic humour, and this herb is therefore suitable to be given to people with sciatica, podagra,apoplexy, paralysis, epilepsy, and such-like other cold phlegmatic diseases; this herb is put into oxymel, because it should not be given on its own, because, on account of the great acuteness of this herb, it is prone to injure the intestines; it should be given with gum arabic and mastix, and with things that comfort the heart, such as saffron, cinnamon, or calamus, because whenever anything purges violently, there is weakness of the heart afterwards. This should not be given to people who cannot be easily put to stool, or to people with narrow intestines and the like; it serves for people who have quotidian or tertian fever. Item, if this herb be boiled in olive oil and rubbed on the anus, it will stop tenesmon. Item, if the same herb be rubbed on the back, the kidneys and the testicles, it will stop dysuria and stranguria. Item, if the same herb be put in the ears, it will stop deafness. If the same herb be rubbed on the anus, it will serve against the piles.

75. Codion: i.e. the white poppy; it is hot and wet in the third degree; this is what the medicine known as opium is made from, and this is how it is made: there are globes that grow on the top of this herb, and they should be gathered in the month of July, pounded in a mortar, pressed through a linen cloth, and put in the sun; when they are dry, they should be preserved; if they be rubbed on the face and forehead, they will provoke sleep. There are two sorts of this herb, i.e. the white poppy and the black poppy; the black poppy has a red flower, and it is what the oil that serves in many illnesses is made from, and especially for headache; this is the poppy that is called pobol righ, and it is cold and dry in the fourth degree; an oil is made from it as we have said, and if this be rubbed on the head after it has been shaved, it will provoke sleep. There is also a sort of this herb which has a yellow flower; it is good to dip the seed of this sort in water and it will provoke sleep, and whichever of these sorts is boiled in water will provoke sleep, unless death is near to the patient. If poppy be boiled in wine or in ale, it will stop the flux of menstruation; the seed of this herb should not be given in quantity greater than the equivalent of a half-penny. If the foliage of this herb be pounded and put as a plaster on erysipelas, it will cure it. Item, take the foliage of this herb, boil it in water, and put it hot on the throat, and it will help with the roughness of voice, from whatever cause it may come. Item, if the juice of this herb be rubbed on the joints, it will help with the podagra that comes from hotness; Platearius says to pound the white poppy, put white of egg or woman's milk through it, and put it as a plaster on the forehead, and it. will help with headache, and will provoke sleep. Item, the seed of this herb, or its foliage, should be mixed with oil of roses, and put to abate hot boils, and used against excessive heat of the liver. Item, the same man says that, if the poppy be mixed with white wine and rubbed on the joints of the back, it will help with dryness of the members, and with their thinness, as is seen in the case of patients with hectic fever. Item, if the electuary known as diapapaver, i.e. the electuary of the white poppy, and juice of liquorice, gum arabic, and tragacanth, be mixed together, they will serve well against the hectic fever and dryness of the members, as is seen in the case of peripneumonia and in the consuming fevers.

76. Cornu serui: i.e. the horn of the deer; it is cold and dry. If it be burned and powder made of it and it be put on the flesh of the teeth, it will make them firm and it will help with their pain. If it be taken in a powdered mix in which there is powder of anise and of liquorice, it will prohibit the descent of the humours to the eyes; it is good against the disease known as haemoptysis, i.e. the spitting of blood; it is good for people who are deaf.

77. Cauda purcina: i.e., gromwell; it is hot and dry in the third degree; its efficacy remains in its seed for ten years; its seed, and the herb itself, have the diuretic virtue, and they serve well against dysuria and stranguria, and to break the urinary stone. If it be boiled in wine, it will help with ileus and colic. Item, take seed of caraway and of pignut, anise, burnet, gromwell, and alexanders, and water parsnip, equal amounts of each, and three drachmae of grains of paradise, mix them, and take them as is appropriate. Item, take foliage of gromwell, foliage of tutsan, and seed of burnet, pound them, and mix them with pig lard, and apply them to the kidneys, and it will help with the pain that occurs there.

78. Caulis ortentis: i.e. the garden cabbage; it is cold and dry in the first degree; there are two sorts of it, a big sort and a small sort, and the best sort is that which has red stalks and small foliage. Avicenna says that the foliage of the red cabbage is good for unclean wounds. Item, if a plaster of this foliage be put with pig lard, it will dissolve the hard boils. Platearius says, when this herb is well boiled, it has the constraining virtue, and when it is taken half raw, it has the laxative virtue. Item, Avicenna says, if the red cabbage be pounded well with honey, and put in the wounds which are ulcerating, it will clean them, if applied twice every day. Item, take rue, red cabbage, barley meal, and salt, pound them well and mix them well, and apply it to the joints in which there is arthritis and podagra, and it will help them. Item, Ysaac says, if the urine of people who eat the red cabbage be applied hot to affections of the nerves, it will greatly comfort them. Item, it is said that the use of cabbage half raw serves well for those who have mistiness of the eyes, and for darkness of vision, as Ysaac says. Item, pound cabbage well and put alum and vinegar through it, and rub it on people who have skin disease, and it will stop the skin disease and exudation of the skin. Item, if the same medicine be rubbed on the hair, it will not allow it to fall out. Item, if applied in the same way, together with a bean that has been boiled and pounded through it, it will help with and cure the swelling of the testicles. Item, if red cabbage, flax seed, and vinegar, be applied as a plaster to the joints, it will help with arthritis. Item, if the roots of red cabbage be burnt, and ashes made of them, and they be drunk in wine, it will help with elongation of the uvula. Item, if the foliage of red cabbage and vinegar be put as a plaster over the spleen, it will help with swelling and hardness of the spleen. If the seed of cabbage be given to a woman who is aborting, she will bring it forth. If it be given to a woman who is not pregnant, it will provoke menstruation. Item, if red cabbage be boiled in water, it will stop the flux of the abdomen. Item, if ash be made of cabbage, and pig lard be put through it, and it be put on behind the knee, it will help the back of the thigh.

79. Celedonia: and it is hot and dry in the fourth degree; take this herb with its flower, extract the juice from it, mix this juice with the same amount of honey through it, boil it in a bronze vessel on a gentle fire, take the froth off it carefully, press it through a linen cloth, and put it in a bronze vessel for safe keeping; if it be put on the eyes, it will sharpen the vision well. Item, if this herb be pounded and put on the teeth in which there is pain, it will help them.

80. Centauria: i.e. centaury; it is hot and dry in the third degree; it has the attractive and diuretic virtues; it is said to be of two sorts, the big sort and the small sort, and the small sort is the better for medical purposes; the top and the flower are most used for medical purposes; it is slightly laxative, and it has the ability to purge the choleric humour from the stomach and the intestines; it opens the oppilation of the liver and spleen; it serves well against the tertian fever that is caused by the choleric humour. Item, a powder can be made of this herb to put in electuaries, clysters, and compound medicines, and at other times this herb is used on its own in wine or ale. It should be collected when in flower; its efficacy lasts for everything we have said; a fomentation of this herb is good for pain of the nerves; if it be given to a pregnant woman, she will bring forth the dead foetus; if it be given to a woman who is not pregnant, it will provoke menstruation. If it be boiled in honey, it will soothe the digestion when taken; it serves well against pain of the bladder and of the kidneys, and against stranguria, if it be boiled in wine. Item, if the same herb be boiled well and mixed with wine and butter and put as a plaster over the spleen, it will help with its swelling and pain. When a live worm enters the ear, put the juice of this herb into it, and it will come out. Item, against cataract of the eye, if powder be made of pepper grains, and juice of centaury be put through it, it will loosen the cataract. Item, if it be desired to expel gross phlegmatic humour from the kidneys, and choleric humour, take centaury and dodder in equal amounts, and give it together with the whey of goat's milk twice in the week, and it will purge as we have said, and the same drink will preserve choleric humour in the summer time from becoming feverish. Item, make this syrup: roots of fennel, parsley, celery and centaury, boil them in water, strain them well, put sugar or honey through them, and this syrup is very powerful against oppilation of the liver, the kidneys, and the spleen.

81. Cerefolium: i.e. chervil; it is hot and dry, but the degree is not to be found from the doctors. If this herb be pounded and mixed with honey, it will help with canker. Item, if the same herb be boiled in wine and given to the women, it will provoke menstruation. If this herb be pounded and boiled together with pig lard and with wax, and put on the hard boils, it will soften them. If this herb be boiled together with vinegar, it serves well against flux of the abdomen. If this herb be boiled in water and the head be washed in it, it will help with dizziness and vertigo. If the same herb be pounded and put, as a plaster on the forehead, it will help with headache.

82. Cerusa: i.e. ceruse; cold and dry in the second degree; it has the virtue of cleaning the skin; according to Platearius, this is how ceruse is made: place sheets of lead at the mouth of an earthen vessel containing strong vinegar, and the scum that comes on the vinegar is called ceruse; people who are used to obtaining ceruse often develop paralysis,apoplexy, epilepsy, and arthritis, coming from coldness, because lead and vinegar overcome the spirits and the nerves, and they weaken the animal virtue; ceruse serves well to develop healthy tissue in wounds, and to eliminate proud flesh.

83. Cotilodion (vel cimbulairia, umbilicius ueniris): i.e. pennywort; it is cold and wet; it has the softening and repercussive virtues; it serves well against chest troubles. Item, this salve should be made: violets, the skin of the climbing stem of ivy, garden hyssop, the tops of water mint, pennywort, foliage of mallow, beet, borage, and the tops of the bilberry plant, pound these herbs and boil them in fresh butter, and let them through a linen cloth, as a salve as appropriate against every illness of the chest.

84. Citragha: i.e. orufontOrufont is probably not the correct Irish for this herb, because it normally means Marrubium vulgare, but there is a deal of contusion between the various Labiates. See Chapter 183.: hot and dry in the second degree; the efficacy of this herb is great when it is fresh and small when it is dried; it preserves its efficacy for a year; it has the consuming and dissolving virtues; it is good against oppilation of the liver and the spleen; if it be boiled in wine or ale and the smell of it put to the nose, it will comfort the brain. If the foliage of this herb be put in a little bag and boiled in wine, and placed on the top of the head, it will stop the movement of rheum and headache. A bath should be made of this herb from the navel down, to provoke menstruation; this herb has the power to work against every cold illness, and, in particular, against illness of the head.

85. Cinamomum: i.e. cinnamon; hot in the third degree and dry in the second degree; it retains its efficacy for ten years; it greatly soothes the digestion and comforts the heart. If powder of cinnamon and caraway be put in a potage, it will soothe the digestion; it also makes the breath good, and, if the breath be foul because of the gums, the teeth should be washed in warm water, and this powder sprinkled on them, and this will help with their foulness. Cinnamon serves well against heartburn; it has the consuming and cleansing virtues – because of its scent it has the comforting virtue, and because of its glutinous quality it has the consuming virtue. There are two sorts of it, i.e. a thick sort and a thin sort, and the thick sort is best for the flux, and the thin sort for the vomit. A sauce may be made thus: take parsley, vinegar, mint, and pellitory, equal amounts of each, and powder of cinnamon, and mix them as we have said as a sauce. Item, Platearius says to give cinnamon against the cough that comes from wetness and from windiness of the lungs; it serves against the dropsy that is known as tympanitis. Macer says to give powder of cinnamon against the wound of the mad dog, to put it into the wound, and it will help with the poison. If powder of cinnamon and water of roses be mixed and put on the eyes, it will help with their pain and inflammation as we have said. If powder of gross cinnamon be drunk in water it will help with haemorrhoidal flux, and Platearius says that when cinnamon is given in a gross purge, it serves as a laxative for the abdomen, and when it is given in a fine purge, it increases the urine. Item, Platearius says if cinnamon and barley meal and juice of mint, be put as a plaster on the stomach and intestines, it will stop their pain. If the same powder be blown into the nose, it will stop the flux of blood from the nose. Item, if dried figs and cinnamon and wine be mixed and put as a plaster on swollen glands, it will help with them; Platearius says that cinnamon expels and prevents anything putrid. The same man says that, if cinnamon be given to a woman in labour, she will give birth to the foetus, and if be given to a woman from whom the afterbirth has not been taken, it will be taken forthwith, and if it be given to a woman with a false conception, she will be relieved of it.

86. Ciba pirum: i.e. sulphur; hot and dry in the fourth degree; it is good against asthma when the matter has been digested i.e. give three scruples of it in a soft egg, and administer the fumes of the same substance by the mouth against asthma, and it will serve, but it should not be given to choleric, dry, people who have narrow chests. Item, powder of sulphur may be put in ointments against exudations of the skin. Item, powder of white hellebore, leaves of hops, ribwort, great plantain, the lower part of cowslip, and powder of flax seed, pound them and boil them in common oil, put powder of sulphur through them, and rub them on the joints; no other medication is necessary against podagra or arthritis but that. Item, take powder of sulphur and oil of walnut and make as an ointment, and it will help with scabby head and bad blood.

87. Colafonium: i.e. colophony; hot in the second degree and dry in the third degree; it is best, when it is black outside and clear inside, like a clear-coloured horn; it has the drying and healing virtues; it serves well against dysentery when it is put on a red coal, and the patient takes in the fumes through a stool with a hole in it. The same fumes are good against tenesmus; if the same fumes be taken by the mouth, it will help with asthma, and it will expel and dissolve the gross, viscous, glutinous humours that occur in the passages of the lungs. Item, take a dragma of the aforesaid Greek tar and a dragma of mastix, melt them in an earthenware vessel, strain them through a cloth over cold water, remove it from the water after it has been heated, soften it with the fingers in front of the fire, and this will remove hair from the face if it be applied to it gently; it may be kept on the face for an hour or two; this medicine retains its efficacy for two years for all purposes,.

88. Colocindida: i.e. a laxative medicine that is hot and dry in the third degree; it is the fruit of a tree, like apples, with an outer skin, its inside like a bracket fungus, and there are grains inside it; Avicenna says to boil colocynth in wine and it will help with epilepsy; it purges the phlegmatic humour in the first place, and the melancholic humour in the second place; it serves well against the hardness of the liver caused by the phlegmatic humour or the melancholic humour. If the seed of fennel and colocynth be boiled and given to drink, it will greatly comfort the digestion; according to Platearius, it has the killing virtue, especially the colocynth that grows on trees; the colocynth that grows in level places is the best. Platearius says that the flesh and seeds of colocynth are suitable for medicinal purposes; the raw skin is suitable for medicinal purposes because it has the killing virtue; it retains its efficacy for four years; it has the diuretic and sour virtues, as Platearius says; it drives away scabies and every other kind of skin ailment; if it be given as a gargle with vinegar it will help with toothache; if it be given as a purge, it will help with pain, and will kill the worms. If wormwood and powder of colocynth be put as a plaster on the belly, it will kill the worms in the intestines. Item, if the juice of pellitory and powder of colocynth be mixed and put in the ear, it will kill worms of the ears. Item, powder of colocynth and common oil, if cotton be dipped in it and put on the anus, it will help with haemorrhoides.

89. Consolida madior: i.e. comfrey, and it is called comfrey; it is cold and dry in the second degree; it has the ability to join and consolidate the bones; take the juice of comfrey, meadowsweet, juice of plantain, flour of barley, juice of bark of oak, mix them, and put them as a plaster on the broken bones, and it will help them. Item, to make the drink of the broken bones, take roots of dog rose, wood avens, root of madder, roots of the raspberry bush, the strawberry plant, roots of meadow sweet, agrimony, tops of calamint, roots of the long aristolochia, and the base of the celandine, equal amounts of each, pound them, boil them in wine or water, dilute them with honey or sugar as for a syrup, make an ointment of the herbs, mix them into oil of poppy and the ointment known as marciaton, and, if it be rubbed on the bone after it has healed, it will stop the pain. Item, make a fomentation of the herbs in with leaves of pellitory, leaves of bullace and leaves of red rose, and apply as a fomentation to the broken limb as we have said.

90. Consolida media: i.e. the ox-eye daisy; it is hot and wet; it has the comforting virtue against the oppilation of the liver and the spleen. Take an egg, the ox-eyed daisy, wood sage, roots of fennel and parsley, tops of mercury, hart's tongue fern, maidenhair spleenwort, roots of burnet and of sea holly, equal amounts of each, boil them in good worts, put honey and yeast into it, and drink it like any drink. Dioscorides says that this herb serves well against phthisis, hectic fever, and heartburn: take the ox-eye daisy, tops of hyssop, melissa, brooklime, lodestone, coltsfoot, violet, and water betony, equal amounts of each, boil them in a tisan of barley, put. honey and sugar in it, and give it to drink frequently for a day and a night. Item, to make a chest salve, in butter of the month of May put powder of liquorice, anise, cinnamon, and put lard of chicken or of capon in the salve, and drink it in goat's milk, and rub it on the chest and on the flanks.

91. Consolida minor: the daisy; it is cold in the second degree and wet in the third degree; it serves well against the hot, acute, illnesses, such as tertian fever, high fever, and the like: take daisy, violet, fresh maidenhair spleenwort, purslane, endive, prickly lettuce, roots of sorrel, wood sorrel, water betony, coltsfoot, plantain, flower of red rose, and water lily, equal amounts of each, pound them and boil in pure spring water, strain well, put a little vinegar and juice of pomegranate into it, and sugar and liquorice, the seventh part of these, keep in a tin vessel, and put the vessel in cold water to keep, and give to drink to the patient as is necessary. Item, take this herb, boil it in a bath made from foliage of oak, rub it on the hair and beard, and this will change the grey colour. Item, Avicenna says if this herb be pounded, and the water that lies in a platt of cow-dung be put through it, and this be put on warts, it will cure them. Item, take the juice of this herb, and the milk of a woman who has given birth to a daughter, and put one drop of in the nostril, and this will clear the brain. Item, take the juice of the same herb, tops of poppy, foliage of bitter-sweet, pound these, and mix them with white of egg, and put as a plaster on poisonous boils at an early stage, and this will repercuss them powerfully.

92. Conium: i.e. seeds of hemlock; these seeds are cold and lethal, and if they are given internally, they will kill immediately, if a drink of hot wine be not given immediately afterwards; if this be given, it will help immediately, without doubt; if these seeds be put as a plaster on the breasts, it will stop the milk of the breasts, and will dry them. Item, take the juice of this herb, and boil its own foliage, pounded, in this juice, and make a plaster of it for the erysipelas, and for the herpes, and it will help. Item, take the juice of this herb and rub it on the breasts of maidens, and the breasts will not fall, but it will make them slender. If it be rubbed likewise on the testicles, it will curb their desire. If a plaster of this herb when pounded, with pig lard and silver flake, be put on the joints, it will help with disease of the joints. Item, if a plaster of this herb on its own be put on the hot joints, it will help them. Against arthritis and podagra, if this herb be pounded and kneaded in flour of barley, and put in an oven, and pounded after that, and mixed with vinegar and the juice of this herb, and put as a plaster likewise on the joints, it will help with every gout and arthritis that comes from hotness. If this herb be pounded in strong wine, and in the water of hemlock, and put as a plaster on the groin, and on the belly, it will help with ileus and colic. Item, take this herb, two handfulls, and one handfull of scariola, pound them well, boil them in pig lard as for an ointment, and it will help with a scabby head. Item, take the root of this herb, and boil it under ashes, pound it well and put pig lard and flour of wheat through it, and put it on swollen glands, and it will help. Platearius says that the power of this herb is great, in its root and in its full seed and in its individual seeds, and it called herba quae interfecit Socratem, i.e. the herb that killed Socrates.

93. Corallus rubius: .i. red coral i.e. a stone that is cold and dry in the second degree; the redder it is, the more superior it is; there are two sorts of it, a white sort and a red sort; the heavier and the more brilliant it is, the more superior it is; it retains its efficacy for only 40 years; it has the virtue of stopping a flow of blood, and it has the comforting virtue; it serves well against epilepsy. Dioscorides says that whoever is carrying it, thunder or lightning do not harm him, and, whatever ship he may be in, storms will not do any harm to it; it is good against bad dreams; the devils of the air do not harm the person who has it, and whoever carries it always is not drowned. It is the red coral which the man should have at his throat, and the white coral which the woman should carry at her breast; the powder of coral is good against illnesses of the respiratory organs, such as empyema, and other similar illnesses that are accompanied by bleeding.

94. Corona regia: i.e. melilot; it is hot and dry in the first degree; It has the comforting and diuretic virtues. If this herb be boiled with lard, it will stop the wind of the intestines and of the stomach, and it will open the oppilation of the liver and kidneys and bladder; whoever is accustomed to eat this herb, it improves his breathing; it Is good as a wash for the eyes; if it is taken with water for 13 days, it will help with jaundice. If this herb be drunk for 20 days, it will help with podagra and sciatica. Platearius says that this herb retains its efficacy for four years, that is in its seed; if the seed be pounded and put in soup or in food, it will make them well flavoured.

95. Coriandrum: i.e. a herb that grows in the great world, and this is the name by which its seed is called; this seed is hot and dry in the second degree; when this seed is put in vinegar and boiled in it for as long as the vinegar lasts, if it be given after meals it will digest the food and comfort the powers of the stomach, and in this recipe it is called coriandrum infusum: this seed retains its efficacy for two years; it serves well against swooning and heart burn; its use increases desire and sexual arousement. It is said, too, not to give it in big quantities. Item, if powder be made of it and shaken on meat, it will give it a good taste.

96. Centinodia: .i. knot-grass; it is hot and dry; it is good in an ointment for those with violent pains; take knot-grass, celandine, red rose, roots or foliage of fennel, clary, foliage of rue, burnet saxifrage, and chervil, pound these herbs, and make a water of them as with rose water, and it will clear the eye. Item, to make an ointment, as follows, take seeds of knot-grass, roots of horseradish, tops of watercress, autumn crocus, water crowfoot, seeds of nettle, and roots of burnet, pound these herbs, boll them in old pig lard, strain, put lard of hen and capon in it, and rub it on the feet in which there is podagra and swelling of dropsy, and it will help them. Item, to make a fomentation as follows: take foliage of setwall, knotgrass, lovage, mugwort, and foliage of elder, boil them in salt water, and apply as a fomentation to the joints, as is said, and it will help disease of the joints.

97. Crocus: i.e. saffron; it is hot and dry in the first degree; it has the virtue of comforting the heart and the brain; if it be kept in a clean place, such as a clean white leather satchel, it will retain its efficacy for six years. Ysaac says that it both comforts and weakens the stomach. The stomach is comforted by it as follows, when it is taken on an empty stomach, and the stomach is weakened by it when it is taken when the stomach is full. Item, take saffron finely pounded and mix with the yolk of an egg, dip cotton in it, put it over the eyes, and it will help with their redness and their pain. Platearius says there are two sorts of saffron, the garden sort and the Eastern sort. The garden sort is the saffron that is produced in gardens. The Eastern sort is the sort that is obtained otherwise than in gardens; saffron that is not quite red is bad, especially when it is of a yellow colour, and the redder it is the better, and the more it is to be recommended for everything that we have mentioned. Item, Platearius says whoever uses too much saffron suffers nausea; it should not be given to choleric people because it provokes vomitting in the case of that complexion; it serves well against stranguria, colic and ileus.

98. Cubebis: i.e. a spice; it is hot and dry in the first degree, and is temperate; it is the fruit of a tree that grows in India; it retains its efficacy for ten years; it is good when it has a sharp taste, a strong smell, and sweetness; it serves well for the illness of the heart called syncope, i.e. take four scruples of the powder of cubebs and mix them with borage and give it to people with syncope and heartburn, and it will help them. Item, take cubebs, make powder of them, and put it to the nose of the person withapoplexy and epilepsy, and it will help them, and will cleanse the brain of its impurities. Item, take this spice and make a pigmentum of it with wine and honey, and it will comfort the stomach and the internal organs.

99. Catapusia: i.e. spurge; it is hot and dry in the third degree; it has the ability to purge the viscous phlegmatic humour, particularly from the stomach and the intestines; it serves well against arthritis, quotidian fever, colic and ileus; it should not be given on its own lest vomitting be induced violently; it is good when it is white or green, and the darker it is the less good it is for medical purposes.

100. Cucurbita: (gourd) i.e. a herb that is moderately cold and wet; it grows in hot countries; this name can be applied to the seed of this herb, and a different seed is called water melon, which has the same nature as the gourd; these seeds serve well against oppilation of the liver, the spleen, the kidneys, and the bladder, and against apostumes of the chest; it serves well for choleric people to take it in summer; it is good against illness caused by the choleric humour, such as tertian fever and causon. Platearius says that the three big cold seeds, melons, gourds and water melons, work gently against the choleric humour because of the smoothness of their nature. Note that in a country where these seeds are not to be had, the pips of sweet apples serve instead.

101. Cuscuta: i.e. dodder; it is hot and dry in the first degree; it is a mild laxative, and so far as it loosens the bowels, it is the phlegmatic humour or the viscous humours that it loosens from the stomach and from the intestines; it serves well for people with dropsy; it serves well against the oppilation of the liver and against jaundice; it serves well against the fever called hemitritaeus; the worst dodder is the dodder that grows in the company of flax; it has the ability to attenuate the four humours, particularly the phlegmatic humour. It should be collected when in flower; it retains its efficacy for two years as we have said. Of dates of carrot of tragacanth of diagrydium of sowthistle of diuretic herbs of dittany of coperras

102. Dactulus: i.e. the fruit of a tree that is hot and wet in the second degree; it serves well against the dry cough; if the stone that is in this fruit be pounded and given to those who have discharge from the abdomen, it will help them. If the same stone be put under the ashes and applied to painful teeth, it will powerfully help with the pain, when it comes from coldness; lay people say that those who wear it at the throat will not drown.

103. Daucus asininus: .i. carrot; hot and dry in the third degree; its efficacy is great in its seed, its foliage, its root, and its flower; the reason why it is called by this name i.e. daucus asininus is that asininus is donkey, and it is the proper food of the donkey. There is another sort of this herb which is called daucus creticus and it is from the island called Crete that it is named, that is a Greek island, since it grows only in that island. This herb has the consuming, dissolving and attenuating virtues because of the fineness of its substance, and because of its equal qualities; this herb serves well when boiled with dry figs in wine against asthma and a cold wet cough; when there is trouble in the chest arising from cold matter, and without fever, this herb should be boiled in wine with liquorice and powder of cranesbill, and drunk early in the day and in the evening. Item, take two thirds of wine and one third of water, a handful of maidenhair spleenwort, a handful of mercury and of carrot, equal amounts of each herb, pound them, boil them in wine or water as we have said, strain them, and, when honey has been added, drink, and it will open oppilation of the liver and the spleen. Item, take juice of celery, boil carrot, press and clarify as with syrup, and it will certainly help with dropsy, and it will open the oppilation and the passages of the liver, the spleen, and the kidneys. Item, take this herb, pound it well and make powder of it, put it in a little linen bag, and boil the little bag in wine, apply it to the forehead, and this will stop headache, and, if it be put over the stomach, it will stop its windiness. Item, take the electuary called Trifera and powder of this herb, and it will help with dropsy. Give this powder in white wine and it will clean the menstrual flow. Item, take plenty of the tops of this herb, boil it in wine or in oil, and apply it to the kidneys against stranguria and dysuria, and, if it be put on the navel, it will help with colic and ileus. Take the root of this herb and root of burnet and boil them in wine, and it will help with disease of the kidneys and of the bladder. Make a syrup of the juice of fennel and of the roots of this herb against the dropsy that comes from coldness. Item, take this herb, boil it in wine and oil, and leave to stand for ten days, heat it afterwards until the wine comes to the boil, take it off and put wax through it, boil the mixture until it becomes like an ointment, and, if it be rubbed on the cold members, it will warm them for sure.

104. Dragantum: (tragacanth) i.e. the gum of a tree that grows in the Holy Land; cold in the second degree and wet in the first degree; there are three sorts of it, the first sort of them is white, and this is the best of them; the second sort is of a sub-red colour; the third of a yellow colour, or of the colour called citrine; it is the white sort that is given in the cold medicines, and the other sorts in the hot medicines. It retains its efficacy for two years; this gum has three virtues: the infrigerating virtue, because of its coldness, the cleansing virtue because of its wetness, and the adhesive virtue because of its gumminess. Item, if this gum be boiled with gum arabic in barley water, this tisane is powerful against excessive heat of the chest. Item, take water in which liquorice has been boiled and put this gum in it and this will help with coughs. Item, if tragacanth be put in the same water for a day and a night, and a spoonful of it be given to drink, it will help with dryness of the mouth. Item, take rose water and put this gum in it until it dissolves, and put powder of starch in it, strain it through a cloth of good quality, dip a feather in it, and rub it on the thrush-sores of the mouth and the tongue, and it will help them. Item, take tragacanth and put it in rose water for a day and a night, and the following morning put soft borax and camphor in it and rub it on the face, and it will clean it and remove the wrinkles. Item, take sedum and extract the juice from it, and put tragacanth in it for a night and, if a cloth be dipped in it, and it be put on hot apostumes at an early stage, it will repercuss them. Item, take the same gum, mix it in rain water, and boil a chicken in this water, and give it to eat, both meat and broth, and the urinary stone will be broken by it and it will help with disease of the kidneys. Item, Platearius says if tragacanth be mixed with the white of egg and put on a burn of fire or water, it will help it.

105. Diegreidium: i.e. the juice of a herb which is like spurge; it is made in the days called the dog days, and it is made as follows: take the leaves and seed of the herb called diagrydium, pound them well, press them through a linen cloth, dry them, and this will produce diagrydium; the colour of the best is black, or near black, or subwhite; it should not be given in greater quantity than two ounces, or two and a half scruples; it should not be given without mastix, or gum arabic, or bdellium, that is any mollifier of the laxative medicines; it has the ability to purge the choleric humour in the first place, secondarily the phlegmatic humour, and finally the melancholic humour. Platearius says that diagrydium should not be given with cold water; it is given with laxative medicines such as laxative oximels and laxative electuaries such as Trifera Saracenica which purges choleric humour in the first place, or mixed with Blanca, by which the phlegmatic humour is purged, or mixed with Diasenna, by which the melancholic humour is purged; it retains its efficacy longer when it is mixed with electuaries than when it is mixed with liquids, because it retains its efficacy for two or three years when mixed with electuaries; it should not be given in summer time except with warm water and in the quantities we mentioned above.

106. Dens leonis: i.e. sowthistle; hot in the second degree and dry in the third; it serves well; it purges and cleans well the melancholic humour; when the sanguine humour gives trouble in its quality, together with the melancholic humour, take the roots of this herb, and mouse-ear hawkweed, cornflower, roots of tansy, roots of houndstongue, germander, roots of bugloss, and a little fumiter, pound these herbs, put them in strong ale with honey, take this drink, and it will clear up the menstrual flow and expel the melancholic humour. Take this herb and the yolk of egg, and juice of ribwort and meal of barley, and put it on the apostume called anthrax, and it will break it and help it surely. Item, take the same herb, and the lower part of dock, and boil it in a bath of the ash-tree and rub it on the exudation of the skin; it will help with atrophy of the hair, and give it a good colour.

107. Diureticam: i.e. every herb that has the virtue of provoking the urine and breaking the stone, such as melons, water melons, cucumber, gourd, seed of fennel and of anise, parsley and alexanders, roots of burnet, carrot, watercress, seed of bog-myrtle, bleeding mycena toadstool, berries of ivy, gromwell; these are the cold diuretics, that is, endive, scariole, chicory, sorrel, liverwort, houseleek, flower of water lily, seed of poppy. The following are the wet diuretics: liquorice, seed of mallow, seed of white poppy, roots of water lily, the four great cold seeds, that is, seed of water melon, melon, gourd, water lily, and the likes. These are the medicines that break the urinary stones: the lower part of foxtail grass, hart's tongue fern, spikenard, liquorice, knawel, bruscus i.e. broom, lady's bedstraw, berries of ivy, and the likes.

108. Diptannus, pulegium martis: i.e. the two names of dittany; it is hot and dry in the third degree; it has the attractive virtue and the attenuating virtue and the dissolving virtue; it serves well in the case of illness of the liver and of the bite of a mad dog. If this herb be pounded and a plaster made of it or its juice drunk, it will help with wounding by a mad dog and with every poison; it serves well to boil this herb in wine against stranguria and dysuria, and it cures them. Given in wine, it helps with asthma. If the roots of this herb be boiled in the juice of mugwort and administered in the vagina as a pessory, it will provoke menstruation and will expel the dead foetus that is in the womb. If this herb be boiled in juice of rue, and powder of castorium be put in it, and if it be drunk, it will help with epilepsy. If the same herb and cowslip be pounded and put as a plaster on the part of the body which is shaking, it will help. [Platearius] says that this herb is better when it is fresh than when it is dried, and that its efficacy is of greater effect in its root than in its aerial parts, and it retains its efficacy in its root when dried for two years. If the powder of this herb be mixed with juice of mint, it will help with every poison and with every female disorder. Item, take powder of this herb, juice of wormwood, and a little white sugar, mix them, and give a spoonful every day and it will help with pain of the stomach and with hysteria. If powder of this herb and juice of mint be kept in the mouth for a long time, it will help with paralysis of the tongue. If the juice of this and the juice of mint be given likewise in the nose, it will serve well against paralysis of the other parts of the body as well.

109. Dragantum: i.e. copperas; hot and dry in the fourth degree; there are four sorts of it, i.e. the white sort, named Arabicum, as it is obtained in Arabia; the yellow sort named Ciprinum, which is obtained in the island called Cyprus; the third sort named Frasina, which is obtained in France and which is green in colour; the fourth sort is named Indicum, which is grey in colour and is obtained in India; these sorts are metals of the earth, and the best colour for it to be is clear and green; it retains its efficacy for ten years. It has the dissolving, consuming, and drying virtues, for which reason, according to Platearius, it is suitable against ulcers, and to dry up other suppurations. Item, take powder of copperas, and twice as much meal of beans which have been parched, and a fourth part consisting of soap, make a surgical tent with it and insert it in the opening of the wound; this will expand the wound, draw broken bones from it, and renew the tissue. It serves well against the disease named polypus, that is one of the diseases of the nose, and it is called polypus because poly means a lump and pus means a discharge i.e. a lump in the nose which is discharging. Item, take Apostolicon, the proper ointment for wounds, and put copperas through it, agitate them well together, and, if they are put in the nostrils they will help with the disease we referred to. Item, if a surgical tent of cotton be dipped in salted water and powder of copperas be put in it, and it be put in the nose, it will help with polypus. Platearius says to insert the same medicine in the vagina and it will help with the flux of menstruation. If it be put likewise in the nose, it will help with a flux of blood from the nose, and it will help likewise with a flux of blood from the anus. If copperas be dissolved in water or milk or white of egg, and applied as a collyrium to the eyes, it will help with their redness and wetness. Note that copperas should not be mixed with another medicine until it has first been strongly heated, in the following manner: make powder of it, put it in the shell of a hen-egg on the fire, with nothing through it, and, when it is red, put it in the wounds and in the medicines we have mentioned. Of dwarf elder of ivy of trees of ground ivy of hellebore of endive of elecampane of liverwort of dodder of thyme of spurge of officinal euphorbia of burnt copper of haematite of emblic myrobalan of the greater water-parsnip.

110. Ebulus, cameactis: i.e. the two names of the dwarf elder; it is hot and dry in the second degree; its efficacy and operation are very like those of the elder, except that the laxative virtue is stronger in the dwarf elder; it is the juice of its roots that are suitable for medical use; principally it purges the phlegmatic humour, and it also attracts and purges all the viscous humours; it violently purges above and below, and, for this reason it should not be given except when the material has been digested. The body should be prepared for the flux before administering it, and Platearius says that a medicine which provokes vomiting should not be given until the material has been digested. A purge of this herb serves well against tertian fever that is caused by either the lemon-coloured or the yolk-coloured choleric humour, and it also serves well against the quotidian fever that has lasted a long time. The same herb serves well against oppilation of the liver, jaundice, colic, ileus, podagra, arthritis, and leucophlegmasia. Item, take an egg-shell full of the juice of its roots and mix it with white wine and administer it, and this will be good against the things we have mentioned. If the roots of the same herb be taken and put in a laxative syrup or oximel, or if its juice be boiled with honey, the honey will have great laxative virtue.

Item, if a bath be made of the foliage of this herb for dropsy patients, it will greatly comfort them; the ointment made from this herb for people who have a rash or scab or exudation just under the skin. A fomentation may be made of this herb for the part of the body where there is inflammation. Rhases says to gather the roots of this herb in the spring and to dry them in the sun, and they will retain their efficacy for ... years. The same man says to make a powder of the roots of the same herb, and to temper it with juice of fennel and mint and sugar, mix them and leave to stand for a night, and, if it be drunk the following morning, it will help the illness we have mentioned. Item, if foliage of dwarf elder and of elder be boiled in salted water, and a bath be made for the part of the body that is swollen with dropsy, or where there is arthritis or podagra, it will help it. Item, if foliage of dwarf elder and foliage of elder be pounded finely and boiled in the juice of this herb itself, and it be put as a plaster on the joints, as hot as can be borne, it will help with arthritis and the swelling of dropsy. Item, the juice of the same herb and powder of spurge with sugar will purge every illness that arises from the phlegmatic humour, and the illnesses we have previously mentioned.

111. Edera arborea: .i. the ivy that grows on trees; it is moderately hot, and its dryness is great; funis pauperum is another name for it. If juice of ivy be rubbed on the place from which you wish to remove hair, it will remove the hair. If the same be rubbed on the hair, it will kill fleas and nits. If the same juice be drunk, it will open the oppilation of the liver and the spleen, and it may be given freely to asthma patients. If the same juice be put in the ear, it will help with pain and apostumes of the ears, it will stop the flow of other material to them, and it will help with wounds of the ear. If the same juice be drunk, it will expel burnt choleric humour; if it is given in excess, it will provoke dysentery; the reason why this herb is called edera is that edus is a goat, and it is the proper food of goats, because it gives them milk even though they do not give birth to other goats. If a person drink this juice, it will kill all the worms in his stomach. Platearius says that this herb has the styptic virtue, and it serves well against dysentery if a fomentation of it be applied to the anus or a plaster on the kidneys; the berries of the ivy make the .c. n. of which the Latin name is carpocissus.

112. Edera terrestris: i.e. ground ivy; this herb is hot and dry; it has the ability to provoke menstruation; it is of great benefit against mola matricis. If this herb be taken, and dodder of flax, equal amounts of each, and they be boiled in white wine and given as a drink to the woman, it will release the mola matricis. Item, if a plaster, made of the same herb with tartar from wine, be placed about the belly over the womb, it will provoke menstruation and release the mola matricis. Item, if a plaster of the same herb with pig lard be put on the joints, it will help with podagra and arthritis. A fomentation of the same herb with shells of hazelnuts will help with jaundice.

113. Eleborus nider: i.e. the black hellebore; hot and dry in the third degree; its operation is similar to that of the white hellebore, except that the black hellebore serves as a laxative below, and the white hellebore as an emetic above; the root of this herb is best for medical use, because it is usually put in laxative oximels, compounds, and electuaries; this herb purges the natural melancholic humour and the unnatural melancholic humour principally. It serves well against mania and melancholia, and for people who have vertigo and dizziness arising from the melancholic humour; this is how it is put in the laxative purgatives, i.e. a drachma of the powder of the root of this herb, and if this herb is boiled in wine, ale, or mead, two or three drachmas of it may be given in this way. Platearius says that this herb should not be given to people who have illness of the chest, or to those who have a thin, weak, body. Item, if the powder of the same herb be put in the nostrils, it will serve well for people with lithariga. Item, if the foliage of this herb be boiled in butter or oil, and allowed through a linen cloth, it will certainly help with scabby head.

114. Endiuia: this herb is cold in the first, degree and dry in the second degree; all of its efficacy is in its foliage and its seed; it has the diuretic virtue, and it comforts the liver and the spleen when they are affected by hot material; this herb is of great benefit against hot internal apostnines; it serves well against the erratic fevers that arise from hot material, in syrups, drinks, and plasters. Take endive, roots of setwall, fresh maidenhair spleenwort, violets, water figwort, ox-eye daisy, marigold, and roots of sorrel, boil these herbs in worts, clarify with honey and liquorice, and drink it like any other syrup. If the juice of this herb be mixed with water, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen; Platearius says that this herb does not require much boiling, and that is why it is instructed that it be put into the end boiling of the above described operations.

115. Elena campana: i.e. elecampane; hot (and dry) in the third degree, and wet in the first degree. If this herb be boiled in wine or ale, it will provoke menstruation and abortion, and also the urine. If a plaster of the root of this herb be put on the belly, it will stop ileus and colic. If the same herb be boiled in wine and honey together and put as a plaster on the kidneys, it will help with pain of the kidneys. Item, take the roots of the same herb and make a powder of them, and boil them in honey until thick, and drink a spoonful fasting in the morning and also before going to bed, and this will help with a cough. This herb has the comforting and consuming virtues, and the virtue of cleansing the nerves. Boil this herb in wine against pain and windiness of the stomach. If the roots of the same herb be dried in the beginning of summer, it will retain its efficacy for a year. Item, if the powder of this herb be boiled in water with barley water and liquorice, and powder of cinamon and sugar be added, it will be of great benefit against illness of the respiratory organs. If the same herb be boiled in wine and oil, and applied as a plaster on the navel, it will help with ileus, colic, and stranguria.

116. Epatica: i.e. liverwort; it is cold and dry in the third degree; it is at its best when its foliage is biggest; it has the infrigiditating and diuretic virtues; it serves well against the oppilation of the liver and spleen arising from hot material. The syrup of this herb on its own with powder of rhubarb added help with oppilation of the liver and with jaundice. Every drink, syrup and plaster that is made for the liver should have liverwort put in it. Item, if the herb be pounded and white of egg put through it, it will repercuss hot apostumes. If the same herb be pounded and butter unsalted be put through it, this plaster will help with oppilation of the liver and spleen.

117. Epetimen: i.e. dodder of thyme; hot and dry in the third degree; it has the ability to purge natural and unnatural melancholic humour in the first place, and to purge the phlegmatic humour in the second place, and for this reason it is of benefit to people with mania and melancholia, quartan fever, quotidian fever, disease of the spleen, and every illness arising from the melancholic humour. It is usually put in compounds, because it accentuates the laxative medicines, and because, if it be given on its own, it induces swooning; it clears the passages of the lungs of the gross phlegmatic humour, and of the melancholic humour by its proper operation. Notice, according to Platearius, that this herb digests the melancholic humour by its proper action. If this herb be boiled in wine against the swooning that is caused by windiness, it will greatly relieve it. If the same herb and dodder of flax be pounded and pig lard put through it, it will help with hardness of the spleen. If the same herb be boiled in water and drunk before the paroxysm of the quartan fever, it will help with it.

118. Esula: spurge; it is hot and dry in the third degree; its root is best for the laxative medicines of every sort; it has the ability to purge the phlegmatic humour and the viscous humours principally, and of purging the choleric humour in the second place, for which reason it greatly benefits people with podagra, gout of the hand, arthritis, colic, ileus, dropsy accompanied by fever, quotidian fever, and the likes. If this herb be given in hot wine or in hot ale or in an uncooked egg, it will work effectively, and it will accentuate every medicine that purges the phlegmatic humour, and the other humours as well. If it be collected in the spring, it will retain its efficacy for two years.

119. Euforbium: i.e. the gum of a tree; it is hot and dry in the third degree; it has the laxative virtue most efficiently; it is best when it is of a yellow colour; it purges the phlegmatic humour and the viscous humours principally from the stomach and the intestines, and it purges the same humours from the joints; it is of benefit against stranguria, and against quotidian fever arising from the lemon-coloured or yolk-coloured choleric humour. It serves well against, the dropsy that comes from coldness and against arthritis and colic and ileus, because it consumes the excessive wetness from which the aforesaid illnesses arise; it soothes the shaking and excessive sensitivity of the nerves. Platearius says that the way to give this purgative is to mix gum arabic and bdellium and mastix with it and to give it that way, because it would excoriate the intestines if it were given on its own. The same man says that it is of benefit against epilepsy andapoplexy and headache; this is the gum that gives acuteness to benedicta and ieralogodion; for the cure of asthma or laboured breathing, it should be given with water in which anise or seed of fennel has been boiled. If the same gum be put on red coals and the fumes allowed into the mouth against shortness of breath, it will open the passages so that the viscous humours that are in the lungs will flow and so be expellable; it retains its efficacy for ten years; an electuary in which it is put will serve well for those suffering from failure of memory or from lithariga. If the head be shaved and washed in warm wine, and euphorbium be then rubbed into it, this will help with lithariga. Item, if euphorbium be given in a raw egg, it will help with jaundice and oppilation of the liver and spleen. Item, if euphorbium, mastix, and soap, equal amounts of each, be put in the wounds, this will help with suppuration, pus and ulceration.

120. Es ustum: i.e. burnt copper; hot and dry in the fourth degree; it has the ability to purge the melancholic humour principally; it has the attenuating, consuming and dissolving virtues, and, for that reason, it is put into the dissolving plasters such as Apostolicon and the likes. If a powder be made of it for festering wounds, it will consume the proud flesh and comfort the wounds. If the same powder be mixed with honey and soap, and put into the wounds, it will help with every suppuration and ulceration of the wounds. If powder of burnt copper be given with oximel or with warm water, it will powerfully purge the melancholic humour below and above.

121. Ematites: i.e. a stone that is cold and dry in the second degree; it is of pale grey colour; it is obtained in the East of India; it has the virtue of stopping the flow of blood; the reason why it is called ematites (haematite) is, ema in Greek means fuil (blood) in Irish, and titis means to confine, because it has the ability to staunch the blood. If the juice of shepherd's purse be rubbed on this stone and put in the nose, it will stop the flux of blood from the nose, and if cotton be dipped in the same juice and put in the wound, it will staunch the blood of the wounds. If the water of this stone be given to drink to those with haemoptysis, i.e. spitting of blood, it will help them. If this stone be washed in juice of plantain and given to women with a flux of menstruation, it will help them.

122. Emblici: i.e. fruits of a tree that grows in the Great World; they have the ability to purge the melancholic humour and the phlegmatic humour; they are of benefit against illnesses that generate high temperatures, such as quartan fever and the like. If powder be made of emblici and aloes, and oil put through them, and it be rubbed on the hair, it will not allow the hair to fall out, and it will cause it to grow. If powder of emblici be mixed with juice of mullein and put on the anus, this will stop the flux of blood of the piles; if it be put in the vagina, it will stop the women's flux of blood.

123. Eruca: i.e. the greater water-parsnip; hot and dry in the third degree; it has the diuretic virtue, and it operates well to clear the passages of the bladder. If roots of the greater water-parsnip be boiled in honey, it will help with the cough. If the juice of this herb and honey be boiled together and taken, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen. If the same herb be boiled in wine and put as a plaster on the head when it is wounded, this will draw broken bones out of it, and also any contamination. Macer says whoever makes use of these roots, it will increase the sperm and the generation, and, if it be taken with lettuce and seed of fennel it will greatly serve likewise. Of iron of sediment of iron of the water crowfoot of fenugreek of strawberry of the ash-tree of barley of fennel of stinking mayweed of leaven of gall of dropwort of wild valerian of St. John's wort of juniper berries of figs of tartar

124. Ferrum, ferrugo &ersir; sgama ferri: i.e. iron, iron dross, and iron flake; hot and dry in the third degree; there are differences between these sorts i.e. ferrum is the iron, ferrugo is the iron dross, and squama ferri is the iron flake. The iron has the comforting, attractive and constraining virtues. Milk boiled with iron will stop the flux of the abdomen. If a wound be cauterized with it, it will stop the flow of blood. The iron dross has the attenuating and drying virtues. Wine in which the dross has been immersed will correct grossness in the spleen, and its oppilation. Item, if fine powder be made of the iron dross, and it be mixed with the juice of mullein, and cotton be dipped in it and put on the anus, this will stop the tlux of the haemorrhoids. Item, take red-hot dross, pour vinegar on it, and allow the fumes to the anus, and this will help with tenesmus; the iron flake should not be given on its own, without styptic substances with it, such as the foliage of roses, because it would create sores in the intestines; it purges by reason of its weight the corrupt humours that it finds in the stomach and the intestines, and it has the ability principally to purge the melancholic humour. It has the constraining virtue, as is clear in the case of people with haemorrhoids, because it stops their flux, and it also stops the women's flux of blood; it is a powerful help for a bad colour in the face which is caused by the melancholic humour. To cause a person to forget something of hatred or of love or of anything else that is bothering him, if he be given wine or a drink that has been boiled with dross, he will cease to remember, by the power of this thing. Platearius says to reduce the dross to the fineness of grains of pepper, and to put into it the powder of cinnamon, ginger, anise and liquorice, and to take it fasting in the morning and before going to bed, and this will help with oppilation of the liver and spleen; powder of the iron flake may be put in electuaries and compound medicines such as Trifera Saracenica and the like.

125. Ferrarium: i.e. the sediment at the bottom of the tub in which the iron has been Immersed; it is cold and dry; it has the constraining virtue; it is of benefit against podagra and arthritis. If the water which has been boiled by the iron be put in a bath, it will stop excessive sweating. A boiling up may be made of water in which iron has been immersed and of rain water, and the steam allowed under the patient with dysentery.

126. Flamula: i.e. water crowfoot; hot and dry in the third degree; it serves well as a caustic, because it draws excessive wetness to the place where it is. To mature cold apostumes, put a plaster of the same herb and of pig lard on them. Some people give the same herb in a drink against podagra and quartan fever and the like. If an ointment of the same herb be rubbed on the sides, it will help with stranguria and dysuria. If the juice of the same herb be rubbed on the top of the head, it will help with the headache called migraine.

127. Fenugrecum: .i.e. fenugreek; hot in the second degree and dry in the first degree; it has the glutinous and maturing virtues. If meal of fenugreek and the yolk of a hen egg be put as a plaster on the apostumes, it will help them; if it be desired to burst a boil, take fenugreek, common oil, and turpentine, mix them and put them on he boil, and this will burst any boil in a day and a night. To reduce the hardness of the spleen, take fenugreek, boil it with oil and wine, and put it as a plaster on the spleen, and this will help with pain and hardness of the spleen. Item, if meal of fenugreek in warm water be put as a plaster on the stomach, this will help with the pain of the stomach and the intestines.

128. Fragaria: i.e. the strawberry plant; this herb is cold and dry; it serves well for lesions of the lungs consumption and the illness called phthisis: take the root of madder, root of tormentil, the strawberry plant, and roots of plantain, equal amounts of each, pound these herbs, make a soup of them, and give it in warm wine to drink, and this will heal the lesions of the lungs, and it will help with flux of the abdomen. Item, take this herb, the bilberry plant, roots of the three brambles, calamint, madder (its root), roots of wild valerian, wild thyme, roots of agrimony, and cinquefoil, equal amounts of each, boil in worts and clarify with honey and white of egg, and this will stop any flux of the abdomen and women's piles, as we have said.

129. Fraximus: i.e. the ash tree; hot and dry in the second degree; it strongly stops the flux that follows a purgative. If the bark of the same tree be boiled in rain water, and the patient put into it up to his belly, it will help with dysentery and lienteric diarrhoea. If the same bark be boiled in milk, it will help with the same illnesses. If it be pounded and boiled in vinegar and put on the upper part of the stomach, it will stop vomiting. If the root-bark of the same tree be boiled in wine, it will stop oppilation of the liver and spleen that comes from coldness. The same root-bark, together with dodder of flax and honeysuckle flowers, will purge the melancholic humour from the spleen.

130. Farina ordi: i.e. barley, or meal; it is cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; it has the repercussive virtue; it is of benefit for the hot apostumes known as carbuncles and erysipelas: take barley meal, foliage of setwall, crassula i.e. orpine, and juice of the daisy, pound these herbs, put white of hen egg through them, and put them as a plaster on the incipient apostumes, and this will repercuss the acute matter. Platearius says that barley serves well for medical purposes, its chaff, its bread, and its meal, because it has the cleansing and opening virtues, for which reason it is suitable for every illness of the liver; when it is mixed with either hot or cold medicines, it operates in them both, because it has a sociable nature, no matter what it is mixed with. A drink is made of it for those with illness of the respiratory organs and the acute fevers, and it is suitable as food in the case of illness of the respiratory organs; a porridge of the barley meal with butter of the month of May matures the apostume, releases the matter, and is good as a nutrient for the weak organs. Put barley meal and vinegar on the hot apostumes in order to repercuss them. To mature the hot apostumes, put meal of barley and honey on them, or meal of barley and warm pitch, or meal of barley and turpentine, to be put on them as a plaster.

131. Feniculus: i.e. fennel; hot in the second degree. If this herb be pounded and boiled in wine, it will help with every poison, and, likewise, it will help with disease of the kidneys. Against illness of the sight, put this herb in a drink, its tops, its seed, or its roots, and this medicine will be beneficial. If the same herb be pounded and put on the bite of a mad dog, it will cure the poisoning, and the poison will not recur. If the roots or seed of the same herb be boiled in wine or in ale, it will provoke menstruation and the urine, it will help with pain of the stomach, and it will stop vomiting. Item, against any swelling from coldness, caused by a fall or a blow, if a plaster of this herb with pig lard be put on it, it will cure it. If the seed of this herb be collected in the beginning of autumn, it will retain its efficacy for two years. If the roots of this herb be collected in the beginning of the spring, those roots will retain their efficacy for half a year. If the skin of the same roots be boiled in water and given to drink, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen. If the same water be given against pain of the stomach caused by windiness, it will give relief. Item, if three scruples of powder of spurge be given with juice of fennel, it will help with dropsy which is accompanied by fever. Item, if the juice of fennel be put in a bronze vessel for fifteen days, and put as an eye-wash on the eyes, it will dissolve the film or fog that is on the eyes.

132. Feniculus porsinas: i.e. stinking mayweed; hot in the second degree and dry in the third degree. If it be drunk in water, it will help with anthrax; this herb is foul-smelling, as the following proverb says: Fetet amarissa, redolet similiter camamilla, i.e. just as the chamomile is supreme in good smells, so this herb is supreme in foul smells.

133. Fenementum: i.e. leaven; it is made from wheaten flour, water and salt; it has the virtue of consuming and attracting the humours. If it be mixed with butter or oil, it will help with apostumes, and will certainly burst them.

134. Fel: i.e. the bile of every animal; hot and dry in the fourth degree. If the bile of cow or bull be put as a plaster on erysipelas, it will help with it. If the bile of a male goat be put in wounds, it will corrode the proud flesh promptly, and it will preserve them from spasm in cold weather. If the bile of a male goat be rubbed on the sort of skin disease that is called elephantiasis, it will help with it; the bile of birds is beneficial to comfort the vision, especially the bile of birds who obtain their food by violence, such as hawks and the likes. If the bile of a bull be rubbed on the testicles, this will help with hernia, as Avicenna says.

135. Filipindula: hot and dry in the third degree; its roots serve best for medical purposes; it grows in difficult mountain places; its roots retain their efficacy for ten years when stored, if gathered at the end of autumn; it has the diuretic virtue. If this herb be boiled in wine, it will break the urinary stones, and it is beneficial against stranguria and dysuria, and it is beneficial in clysters against ileus and colic. The powder of this herb with powder of the seed of fennel, if drunk in wine, will help with pain of the stomach. If the powder of the roots of this herb be taken in a drink, it will help with epilepsy, as Dioscorides says. The same powder serves well against oppilation of the liver and spleen. If this herb be put in a little bag and boiled in white wine, and put over the liver and spleen, it will open their oppilation and help them. If the powder of this herb be given in food or drink, it serves well against constrained breathing. If the same powder be put on red coals and the fumes received through a tube into the mouth, this will serve well against constrained breathing.

136. Fumus terra: i.e. fumiter; hot and dry in the second degree; it purges the burnt humours, the salted phlegmatic humour, and every sort of melancholic humour; it serves well against skin disease, and every rash that comes on the skin. This is how it is administered; take three spoonfuls of the juice of fumiter, and a spoonful of honey or sugar, mix them, and give it to the patient when he is fasting in the morning, and this will preserve a person from skin disease, and it will help with every sort of rash. Item, half a quart of juice of fumiter, and the same amount of whey of goats' milk, if it be drunk, it is wonderful how it helps with every skin disease, rash, and scabby head. Item, take two dragmas of powder of spurge, and give it in juice of fumiter, and this will help with every dropsy. Item, take roots of fennel, parsley, celery, and juice of fumiter, make a syrup of them as appropriate, and this will be beneficial for people with dropsy, arthritis, or podagra. This herb should not be given, except with another herb which has the ability to provoke the urine, because it is very windy, and it should not be given every day, but only after the interval of at least one day. It should not be given boiled, but only raw; Platearius says that this herb is best when it is fresh; the reason why it called fumus terrae is, fumus means smoke, and this herb is the smoke of the ground because it keeps lightly to the ground.

137. Fu ualerian: FuThe Greek name for valerian, &tgr;&ogr; &phgr;&ogr;&ugr;. ualerian: i.e. wild valerian; hot and dry in the second degree. It is gathered in the month of May; it retains its efficacy for three years. If it be boiled in white wine, it will help with urinary disease. If it be boiled in wine, it will help with pain of the stomach, it will soothe the digestion, and it will help with pain of the abdomen. Item, take the roots of this herb, roots of fennel, and mastix, boil them in wine, and this will stop the oppilation of the liver and spleen. Item, take the roots of the same herb and the bran of wheat, boil them in wine, and give this against illness of the womb. If the same herb be boiled in wine, honey and butter, with seed of burnet or of pig nut, this will help with jaundice and with the hardness of the liver which is called ascites.

138. Fugo demonum: i.e. St. John's wort; hot and dry in the third degree. If it be boiled in wine or in water, it will cleanse the blood within the vessels, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen, it will provoke the urine and menstruation, and it will be beneficial against poison. If the powder of the same herb be put in wet wounds, it will promptly dry them. If the same herb be drunk in water for forty days, it will help with sciatica; the reason why it is called fugo demonum is that it drives away devils from whoever carries it with him; whoever holds it in his hand will have the gift of the gab, as we have seen.

139. Fructus iuniperi: i.e. the berries of juniper; hot and dry in the third degree; it is gathered in the spring, and it retains its efficacy for two years. If this fruit be boiled in rain water, it will stop the flux that comes after purging. It serves well against stranguria, dysuria, ileus and colic; an oil is made from this seed for the eyes, its name is oleum iuniperi. If an ounce of it be given in food or in drink, it will help with quartan fever. If powder of these berries and soap be mixed together and applied to lesions, this will help with canker and festering. If powder of the same berries, with powder of burnt copper through it, be put in the nose, it will help with polypus. If the same fruit be put in geese and capons when they are being roasted, this will soothe the digestion.

140. Ficus: i.e. figs; hot and wet in the second degree; when old people make use of them, it reverses the distortion of their faces, and they become calm. Item, when irrational animals are tied to the tree on which they grow, they become very domesticated. The juice of the skin of the same tree congeals the milk for the purposes of cheese making, like rennet. Item, if the juice of the foliage of that tree be rubbed on the testicles, it will increase sexual desire; Ysaac says that of all fruits, there is no fruit that nourishes the body more than figs; the same man says that people who make frequent use of figs are lively, and natural humours are generated in them. If the stomach be full of corrupt humours, figs will increase that bad complex, but if [the stomach! be clean, they will comfort it, produce clean blood, clean the chest and lungs, and clean the kidneys and bladder of the gross humours that develop in them. As to what they should be taken in, take them with powder of ginger or pepper, or almonds or walnuts. If figs and hyssop be boiled in wine, this will be powerful against illness of the chest and lungs. Item, if figs and flax seed be boiled in oil, it will mature apostumes promptly. Item, if mustard and figs be boiled in wine, it will help with tinnitus in the ears, and it will clean the brain.

141. Fex: i.e. dregs; Avicenna says that of all dregs, the dregs of vinegar are the strongest, and next to them, the dregs of wine. If the dregs of vinegar be put on the belly, this will stop the excessive flux of menstruation promptly. Of galbanum of galangal of clary of yellow flag of cloves of gentian of gum of cockle of broom

142. Galbanum: i.e. the juice of a herb; Platearius says that it is the gum of a tree; it has the attractive, dissolving, consuming, and maturing virtues. If three dragmas of it be given in a raw egg or in a tisane of barley, it will help with asthma. If the same gum be put on red coals and the fumes received in the nose, this will help with lithariga. If the fumes be allowed to the vagina, this will help with hysteria. If it be put on a painful tooth, it will help with the pain. If pills be made of galbanum and honey, and taken, it will help with every worm of the stomach and intestines, as we have said.

143. Galanga: i.e. galangal; hot and dry in the third degree; it retains its efficacy for only five years; it is at its best when it is heavy, brownish red, and knobby, with a sharp taste; it has the consuming, comforting and dissolving virtues. If it be put to the nose, it will comfort the animal virtue. Item, if powder of galangal be given with juice of borage, it will help with heartburn and swooning. If regular use be made of galangal, it will make the person's breath good. The following are equivalent in their operation: cloves, galangal, and lignum aloes, because each of them is used in place of each of the others. Take powder of galangal and boil it in wine with powder of caraway and anise, and drink it, and it will help with indigestion and pain of the stomach caused by windiness.

144. Galitricum: i.e. clary; hot and dry, but to what degree is not ascertainable from the books; it will provoke menstruation and the urine if a bath be made of it from the navel down. If the juice of this herb and bile of cock be applied to the eyes as an eye-wash, it will help with eye-darkness. Item, if the same herb be boiled in barley water and hart's tongue fern, maidenhair spleenwort, violets and stitchwort be boiled well with it and diluted with honey and white of egg, it will help with excessive heat of the liver and lungs.

145. Gladiolus: i.e. yellow flag; hot and dry in the second degree. If small discs be made of its roots and they be boiled in juice of liquorice, it will help with illness of the lungs, and with the cough that is caused by coldness. If powder of the same herb be put in potage, it will expel melancholic humour. If the same powder be given against sorcery and poisoned drinks, it will help with them, and it is good, too, against oppilation of the liver and spleen. If powder of the same herb be put with honey into wet wounds and the opening of ulcers, it will help with them. If the powder of the same herb be mixed with honey and put in the wounds, it will stop the development of proud flesh, and it will clean them. Item, if the roots of the same herb be boiled in wine and drunk, it will help with any bruising a person suffers from a blow or a fall. Item, if the roots of the same herb be pounded and their juice, together with honey, be applied to the eyes, it will dissolve their cataract. Against exudation and wrinkles on the face, if a plaster of the roots of this herb and of the roots of white hellebore and honey be put on them overnight, it will clear the face. If the seed of the same herb be boiled in wine, it will provoke menstruation and the dead foetus, and the urine. Item, if the roots of the same herb be put in oximels with powder of stinking iris and dwarf elder and other laxative, diuretic, herbs, it will serve well for people with dropsy.

146. Gariofilus: i.e. cloves; hot and dry in the third degree; it is the fruit of a tree that grows in India; it should be collected in summer; it retains its efficacy for six years; it is best when it has a sharp taste; it has the comforting and dissolving virtues; it greatly soothes the digestion if it be boiled with wine and mastix. If they be boiled with seed of fennel they greatly comfort the digestion, and the stomach when it is windy. If they be used regularly, they will comfort the digestion, the brain, the stomach, and the intestines, it is beneficial against swooning, and it stops vomiting; to use them and to smell them comforts the brain. If they be boiled in wine and applied to the nose of a woman who suffers from displacement of the uterus, it will help her. Item, take cloves, twelve nails of them, and a dragma of mastix, and boil them in rose water in a glass vessel, give it warm to drink, and this will help with flux of the abdomen.

147. Genciana: gentian; hot and dry in the third degree; it is the roots of this herb that best serve for medical purposes; it has the attractive, dissolving, consuming and opening virtues; it is beneficial against asthma arising from coldness, and, if its roots be boiled in wine or in ale against the asthma, this will help it. If the same herb be boiled in the ointment called dialthaea and rubbed on the chest it will help with tightness of the chest, and, if it be given in potage or in food, it will help with illness of the lungs and chest. If it be given with juice of mint, it will help with epilepsy, and if it be given in the same way, it will help with the bite of a mad dog and with every poison. If it be given with juice of wormwood, it will provoke the urine and menstruation, and will induce the dead foetus and the after-birth.

148. Gumi: i.e. gum; when the word gum in general is spoken, it is to be understood as referring to gum arabic; gum arabic is hot and wet in the first degree, and there are three sorts of it, i.e. alba or white gum, citrina or yellow gum, and rufa or red gum, the white gum being the best of them; it has the virtue of moving the bowels gently and pleasantly; gum arabic is the same as gum Sarasenica, i.e. the gum of the Saracens. Item, this gum, powder of cinnamon and of mint, and fresh wax, if they be mixed together and put on at the top of the stomach, this will stop any vomiting. If it be given with rose water, it will stop dysentery. If gum arabic, dragon's blood and rose water be given, it will stop menstruation. If the same herb be put in the nostrils or in plasters on the temples, this will stop a flux of blood from the nose.

149. Gitt: i.e. cockle; hot and dry in the second degree; it is a herb that grows amongst the wheatThe Irish means literally between the wheat and its seed, but this is due to a misreading of the Latin.; it serves well for medical purposes; it has the diuretic, consuming, and dissolving virtues; it serves well against oppilation of the liver and spleen, and against stranguria, dysuria, ileus, colic, and pain in the upper part of the stomach, if it be boiled in wine and drunk, and put in potages or in other foods. Item, if the same herb and mullein be boiled in wine, and cotton be dipped in it and put on the anus, this will stop the flux of haemorrhoids. Item, take powder of the same herb and mix it with honey, and this will kill any worms that are in stomach or intestines. If a plaster of the same powder and of juice of wormwood be put on the navel, this will kill every worm there is in intestines. item, if powder of cockle and juice of wall pennywort be put warm in the ears, it will relieve them.

150. Genestula: i.e. broom; cold and dry; it has the styptic virtue; it serves well against flux of menstruation to make a bath of this herb in water and to allow the fumes to the vagina. If a powder be made of seed of broom and mixed with juice of plantain and administered as a pessary, it will stop the flux of menstruation. If a stupe be made of the seed of the same herb and its fumes be allowed to the body, it will stop dysentery. Of autumn crocus of cowslip of chickweed of scarlet pimpernel.

151. Hermodactuli: i.e. autumn crocus; hot and dry in the third degree; if its roots be collected in the summer and dried, they will retain their efficacy for a year; it has the consuming, dissolving and attractive virtues; it is the appropriate purge for the phlegmatic humour; it is beneficial against arthritis, podagra, gout of the hands, colic, ileus, and against every illness that comes from the phlegmatic humour; with it the following purges are made acute, that is, ieralogodion and Theodoricon anacardinum, and the likes. Item, take juice of fennel and honey, boil well, put powder of autumn crocus into it and give a dragma of it every day, and it will certainly help with arthritis, podagra, and gout of the hand. Item, powder of autumn crocus and soap, and a surgical tent may be dipped in it and put in the opening of an ulcer. If powder of autumn crocus and burnt copper be mixed with juice of fennel or rue and put in the nose, it will help with polypus.

152. Herba Sangti Petri: i.e. cowslip; hot and dry; it serves well against paralysis, i.e., take roots of cowslip, autumn crocus, tops of savory, calamint, roots of burnet, horseradish, elecampane, water crowfoot, equal amounts of each, boil them in lard of capon and grease of cat or fox, press through a linen cloth, put into it oil ot chamomile and an oil that is made of flowers of elder, put an ounce of oleum laurinum into it, put it in a vessel, and rub it on the back of the head and on the root of the nerves, and this will help with paralysis. Take the same herb, pound it well, put breast milk of a woman who is nursing a daughter through it, press it through a linen cloth, and put one drop of it in each nostril, and this will purge the phlegmatic humour from the brain. Take the foliage of this herb, sea wormwood, lovage, red fennel, chamomile, and chervil, equal amounts of each, boil them in water and make a stupe to the head of it, and this will help with coldness of the head and migraine.

153. Hipia mador: chickweedThe Latin names at 153 and 154 have been transposed (See Stokes, 1888, p. 235), Hippia maior being the scarlet pimpernel, and Hippia minor the chickweed.; hot and wet; it has the virtues of warming, opening, and relieving pain. Take this herb, boil it in water, then press it well, pound it with pig lard and butter, and put it as a plaster on the part of the body where the pain is, and this will stop any pain. Item, boil the same herb in its own juice, and put it hot on the belly, and this will stop knotting in the abdomen. Item, if juice of the same herb, together with juice of daisy, mother's milk, and flour of the meal of barley, be mixed together and put on the temples, this will stop their heat and pain, and will provoke sleep. Item, if a large quantity of this herb be dried and made into ashes, and a shampoo be made of those ashes, it will stop the hair from growing grey. Item, take the juice of chickweed, powder of cumin, and oat meal, boil these things well, put pig lard or unsalted butter through it, and apply it as a plaster to the wounds, and the other parts of the body, and it will help with the pain.

154. Hipia minor: i.e. the scarlet pimpernel; hot and wet likewise; the water of this herb serves well to sharpen the sight, i.e., take the tops of this herb, eyebright, red rose, red fennel, foliage of rue, and foliage of celandine, pound them, boil them or extract the juice from them, put mother's milk or wine through them, and apply to the eyes, and this will sharpen the sight and clean the eyelashes. Item, take the juice of the same herb and add powder of copperas, and apply it to the eyes, and this will help with their mistiness, darkness, redness, pain and itch. Item, take the same herb and the soft shoots of the dog rose, pound them finely, put yolk of egg and a little saffron through it, and this will help with the redness and pain of the eyes if applied to them as a plaster. Item, the flower of the same herb and the flower of the red rose, pound them and mix them with white of egg, and apply them as a plaster to the eyelashes, and this will help likewise. Of hyssop of hypocistis of hypocistis of stinking iris of brooklime.

155. Isopus: i.e. hyssop; hot and dry in the third degree; it serves well against the cough that comes from coldness, and against roughness of the voice, and phthisis. Item, if hyssop, dried figs, and honey be boiled together and drunk, this will help with every illness of the chest. Item, if powder of hyssop be boiled in honey until thick, and a spoonful of it be drunk every day, this will help with every illness of the chest. Item, if hyssop and garden cress be boiled in oximel, it will expel the viscous phlegmatic humour, and it will help with windiness of the intestines. If hyssop be boiled in vinegar and a sup of it be held in the mouth, this will help with toothache. If hyssop be burnt, and the fumes allowed into the ear, it will help with illness of the ears. If hyssop be pounded and boiled in water together with anise, and put as a plaster on a part of the body that has become blue from a blow, it will give it a good colour. If the same herb be pounded and wet with warm water, and given hot to the woman who is suffering birth-pangs, she will give birth to a baby promptly; according to Avicenna, it has the cleansing, attractive, consuming, and dissolving virtues; Avicenna says that the virtue of this herb is mostly in its flower and foliage, and not in its root or stem, as we have said.

156. Ipoquisdidos: i.e. hypocistis; cold and dry in the second degree. Its roots should be gathered in the spring and dried, and it will retain its efficacy for two years; it has the styptic and constrictive virtues, and it serves well against the choleric flux of the abdomen that is caused by weakness of the retentive virtue if it be mixed with rose water. If the powder of the same herb be mixed with juice of plantain and put as a plaster on the kidneys and navel, it will stop the flux of the abdomen. If the same plaster be put on the upper part of the stomach, it will stop vomiting. If a pessary be made of this herb and dipped in juice of plantain and put in the proper place, it will stop the flux of menstruation.

157. Iouis barba: i.e. houseleek; cold in the third degree and dry in the second degree; Platearius says that this herb serves for every purpose for which the common sorrel serves. If the juice of this herb be put warm in the ear, it will help with deafness. Take half a quart of the juice of houseleek, and the same amount of the juice of sorrel, and half a quart of vinegar, mix them together, and take powder of the stinking iris, fennel, parsley, hart's tongue fern, maidenhair spleenwort and root of horseradish, boil them well until it has been reduced in volume by a quarter, purify with honey and white of egg, and preserve it in a tin vessel; if this be drunk like any oximel it will open the oppilation of the liver, spleen, and kidneys.

158. Iris: i.e. the stinking iris; there are three names for it, i.e., iris, it has a purple flower; irios, it has a white flower; gladiolas, it has a yellow flower; this herb is hot and dry in the second degree. Its roots should be gathered at the end of spring, and it will retain its efficacy for two years; it has the laxative and diuretic virtues, and it opens the oppilation of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. It serves well against troubles of the respiratory organs, and against pain in the stomach caused by windiness. If powder of the herb be put in wounds, it will stop the development of proud flesh, and it will clean them. If an eye-wash be made of rose water and powder of the stinking iris, it will clear away a web or pearl from the eye. If the same herb be boiled in wine, this drink will be of benefit against gonorrhoea; it has the ability to purge the choleric humour; if powder of this herb be put in weeping wounds, it will help with ulceration; it is beneficial against sciatica and podagra.

159. Ipofilia: i.e. brooklime; it is a hot and dry herb; a plaster of this herb serves well against pain and to stop poisoning. If the same herb be boiled in mutton broth and given as a drink to horses, it will help with discharge from the nose. It serves in ointments and in warmed plasters to stop poisoning. Of milk of lettuce of laudanum of curled dock of lapis lazuli of magnet of plantain of spurge laurel of duckmeat of lovage of hare of agate of lycium of lily of stitchwort of litharge of liquorice of common dock of bugloss

Lacc:i.e. of milk; firstly of goat's milk which is moderate in its quality. Sheep's milk, which is gross and fatty. Cows' milk, which is thinner and richer. The best of all milks is goat's milk; every milk is at its best just as it comes from the udder; milk serves well for people with the dry complexion, unless there be humours in the stomach at the time. Milk is very harmful to people who have apostumes, externally or internally; it is harmful to people with [chronic] headache, and also in the case of every illness that is caused by the phlegmatic humour; milk is bad for people with wounds, and for people with painful brains, because it darkens the vision. In the case of illness of the eyes, it is good to express mother's milk into them, because this stops their inflammation, and relieves them. If freshly expressed milk be boiled by the use of [hot] stones or iron, this will relieve flux of the abdomen. As Avicenna says, milk from which the butter has been extracted serves well against a flux of the choleric humour, and for people with phthisis.

161. Lactuca: i.e. lettuce; cold and wet in the second degree; if it be pounded and applied as a plaster to the parts of the body where there is an excess of heat, this will relieve it. If it be applied with white of egg as a plaster to the forehead, it will provoke sleep in the acute fevers, and its efficacy and operation is the same as those of portulaca. Platearius says that this herb is temperate, and that its seed is colder than the herb itself; this herb serves well as a food for fever patients, and its seed as a medicine; Platearius says, on the authority of all the experts, that this herb is the most temperate of all the herbs, because it produces good blood; it increases the mother's milk, and it also increases the sperm; it is the right food for people with the choleric humour. It is appropriate, raw or cooked, for every hot complexion. If it be boiled in vinegar and sugar be put through it, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen. If the seed of this herb be pounded with white of egg through it, and it be applied as a plaster to the temples, it will provoke sleep. If this herb be rubbed on the nipples of the breasts, and so given in the mouth of the child, it will provoke sleep. Item, Macer says that if wax and this herb be taken with vinegar, it will comfort the stomach and relax the abdomen; but if it be taken regularly it will darken the vision. If it be boiled in water, and the water given to drink to fever patients, it will provoke sleep. If it be applied with oil as a plaster to apostumes, it will repercuss them; the reason why it is called lactuca is that lac is milk, and the herb has white milk in it, as we have said.

162. Laudanum: hot and wet in the first degree; it is best when it is clean, aromatic, brittle, and clear; it has the constraining, comforting and dissolving virtues, The experts say it is the gum ot a tree, and others says that it is something that grows in the company of a herb in the Great World. It a powder be made of it and put in the nostrils, this will help with the shaking, and will purge the rheum. If it be mixed with mastix and applied to the teeth, it will consolidate them. If it be put on hot coals and the fumes be allowed to the vagina, this will clean it and will induce menstruation. If a pessary be made of it and put in the vagina, it will clean it and help with displacement of the uterus. If five pills be made of laudanum and given after meals, this will relieve the digestion.

163. Lapasium acutum: i.e. curled dock; hot and dry in the third degree. If it be put as a plaster on the stomach, it will stop the pain and windiness. If it be boiled in milk and pig-meat as a potage, it will help with the flux of the abdomen that comes from coldness. If a stupe be made of the same herb in water, it will help with a scabby head and with every rash that comes on the skin. If it be boiled in wine and a sup of it be held in the mouth, it will help with toothache, and with swelling of the uvula. If the same herb be boiled in old wine or in cows' milk and drunk, this will help with pain in the stomach, the spleen and the intestines, and with the flux of dysentery. If its roots be boiled in pig lard, it will help with every swelling that comes from coldness. If it be boiled in wine and drunk, it will break urinary stones and induce menstruation. The juice of this herb together with oil of walnut, with pitchand fresh wax put through it, and this will help with any scabby head. If the same herb be boiled in oil and soap be put through it, it will help with any scabby head. If this herb be boiled in pig lard, it will ripen and burst apostumes; if the same herb be boiled in oil and wax be put in it, and it be rubbed as an ointment on the spleen, it will help with oppilation of the spleen. If the powder of this herb and powder of spurge be boiled in honey, it will help with the dropsy known as leucophlegmantia. If the juice of the same herb be taken with honey, it will kill all worms of the intestines. If the same juice with juice of rue be put in the nose, it will clean the brain of excess phlegmatic humour. If small discs be made of its roots and boiled in milk, this will help with asthma.

164. Lapis lasuili: i.e. a stone that is cold and dry in the first degree; principally, it purges the melancholic humour, because of its being heavy; it serves well against the swooning that is caused by the melancholic humour; it should be administered mixed with Theodoricon anacardi; it is to be noted that it is from this stone that the blue azure [pigment] is made. If the seed of fennel be boiled in wine and the powder of this stone be put through it, it will help with every disease of the spleen, as we have said.

165. Lapis magnetis: i.e. a stone; hot and dry in the third degree; the reason why it is called magnet is that magnetes in Greek means blood in Irish, because it staunches all blood. If this stone be rubbed on a whetstone, with the juice of shepherd's purse between them, and a linen cloth be dipped in it and applied to the bleeding, this will staunch every bleeding. It is the proper nature of this stone to staunch every bleeding; according to Alexander, it has the attractive virtue; it is obtained on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea; any ship or boat in which there are iron nails and which sails on this sea, it draws them to it, and they are sunk. If powder of this stone together with juice of fennel be given, it will help with dropsy.

166. Lansiolata: i.e. ribwort; cold and dry; it has the same efficacy and operation as plantain. If it be applied to a suppurating wound, it will help with it. If the same juice be put on erysipelas, it will help with it. If a plaster of the same herb and pig lard be applied to hot joints, it will help with them. If the juice of this herb be drunk before the paroxysm of quartan fever, it will help. If the same juice be drunk in water by a woman who has not expelled the afterbirth, the expulsion will occur promptly. If the juice of the same herb together with vinegar be rubbed on the feet after walking, it will ease the tiredness. If the juice of the same herb be given in wine or ale, it will help with lesions of the bladder. If the same herb be boiled in water, and the water be applied to burns of fire or water, it will help promptly. Take juice of ribwort, eyebright, juice of plantain, soft borax, a little alum, and white of egg, mix them, and put them in the wound, and this will help with festering and canker.

167. Lauriola: i.e. a tree; hot and dry in the fourth degree; it purges violently; the fruit of the same tree is called cocognidium, and this is hot and dry likewise; the branches, foliage, and seed of this tree are usable for medical purposes; it purges, principally, the phlegmatic humour, and the viscous humours from the extremities of the body, such as the joints, the feet, and the head, and the likes. It purges the melancholic humour in the second place, and, for that reason, it is appropriate for people with sciatica,apoplexy, epilepsy, paralysis, arthritis, podagra, gout of the hand, and any phlegmatic illness; it purges the unnatural choleric humour, that is the lemon-coloured and the yolk-coloured choleric humours; laureola should be put in compound medicines such as oximel and the likes; it should not be given on its own, because it can cause excoriation of the intestines; it should be mixed with gum arabic and bolus armenicus; it should only be given to people who have stout intestines and have difficulty in going to stool; it is of the juice of the foliage of this tree that oleum laurinum is made.

168. Lenticula acatica: i.e. duckweed; it is cold, but to what degree is not known; this herb has the ability to counter poisoning and to repercuss; it serves well against a hot impostume such as carbuncle and erysipelas, i.e. take duckweed, tops of the wild valerian, houseleek, and white of hen-egg, mix them, and put them on the apostumes, and it will repercuss their excessive heat and soften the hard matter. Take duckweed, foliage of eyebright, tops of violet, foliage of red clover, and soft shoots of bramble, equal amounts of each, pound them, put mother's, milk through it, and, if it be applied to the eyes as an eye-wash, it will clean the eye and dry affected eye-lashes.

169. Leuisticus: i.e. lovage; hot and dry in the second degree; it has the diuretic, opening and attenuating virtues. Its root and seed serve best for medical purposes. If a plaster of this herb be put on the upper part of the stomach, it will stop its pain and coldness. If powder of this herb be boiled in wine, it will provoke menstruation and the urine; this herb will help with the bite of a mad dog if it be put as a plaster on the wound. If it be pounded with kernels of hazel nuts and put in the wound, it will help with any poison; take tops of lovage, alexanders, celery, red fennel, grey nettle, and chamomile, boil in fresh water as if for a bath, and give it in quantity to people with paralysis, and to people who have excesses under the skin; it retains its efficacy for four years. If it be boiled in wine, it will open the oppilation of liver and spleen. If the seed of this herb be eaten with powder of cinnamon, it will comfort the digestion, when given to eat in food and sauces and soups.

170. Lepus: i.e. the hare; cold and dry by nature. If Its blood be put on the eyes, it will clean cataract and web of the eyes. If its head be burnt and powder made of it, and it be applied with oil to the head, the hair will grow. If the hare's head be burnt and eaten, it will help with the shaking of the limbs, and it will relieve paralysis. If the brain of the hare be roasted and rubbed on the gums of a child, the child's teeth will grow without pain. If its blood be consumed by people with dysentery, it will help them; it helps with apostumes of the intestines. If the rennet of the hare be consumed the third day after menstruation, the foetus will develop promptly. If powder be made of the blood of the hare in an earthenware vessel, and the powder of its skin be burnt and mixed with white wine, this will break the urinary stones, however long-standing they may be.

171. Lapis agapidis: i.e. a stone; cold and dry. If it be mixed with apostolicon, it will draw any iron from a wound. If the powder of this stone be mixed with juice of dock and put in the wounds, it will heal them and clean them. If two ounces of the powder of this stone be given with juice of fennel, it will help with dropsy and paralysis; Rhases says if the powder of this stone be given with diaturbit, agaric, and powder of lapis lazuli, and they be mixed with juice of fennel and rue, it will purge principally the phlegmatic humour, and secondarily the melancholic humour; a great deal is written about the merits of this stone in the Antidotary of Avicenna.

172. Lisium: i.e. the gum of a tree; hot in the first degree and dry in the second degree, as Platearius says; the other doctors say that it is the juice of a herb that grows in the eastern land. It should be dried in the beginning of summer; it retains its efficacy for two years; it is called oculus lucidus i.e. it clears the eyes of their darkness, and brings them brightness; it has the cleansing and expelling virtues. If powder of licium with rose water be put on the eyes it will clean them and renew the vision. If powder of licium with rose water be rubbed on lesions of the mouth, it will promptly help them. If the same powder with pig lard be put in the rectum as a suppository, it will relax the bowels without danger. If a pessary be made of pig fat and powder of licium be sprinkled on it, and it be put in the vagina, it will clean it and induce menstruation. If powder of licium and powder of ceruse be mixed with white of egg and applied to the face, it will clean it of its exudations.

173. Lilium: i.e. the lily; hot and wet in the first degree. If this herb be boiled with pig lard and applied to a burn of fire or water, it will help with it promptly. The same plaster against contraction of the nerves. Item, take lily, boil in common oil or in unsalted pig lard, press through a cloth, and rub on the baldness, and the hair will promptly grow. If the roots of the same herb be boiled in mead, it will relax the bowels gently. Item, if juice of the lily, a fourth part of vinegar, and a fourth part of honey, be boiled until it be thick, and it be pressed through a cloth and put in the wounds, it will help. If the juice of the lily be rubbed on the body before the fire, the person will perspire plentifully. Take roots of lily, boil in the ointment called dialthaea, allow it through a cloth, and rub it on the surface over the liver and the spleen, and this will open their oppilation and hardness.

174. Linga auis, pigla: i.e. stitchwort; hot and wet in the first degree; its efficacy is great when it is fresh, but small when it is dried. If this herb be boiled in wine, it will increase the sperm and induce sexual desire. Item, take the juice of this herb, and put it in the compounding of electuaries that are used to comfort the kidneys and the bladder, such as benedicta and the likes. If the same herb be boiled in tisane of barley, it will greatly comfort people with phthisis. If the juice of the same herb with sugar be taken, it will serve likewise for people with phthisis and high temperature. The juice of the same herb with tragacanth serves well for excessive heat of the members.

175. Litairgirum: i.e. dross of silver; temperately cold and wet; this name may be applied to the dross of gold; it has the constraining and healing virtues; this name may be applied to the dross of tin, and it is this that is most used for medical purposes, because it cleans the bones of their exudations and their foulness, and it also cleans the scabby head that is caused by the choleric humour or the salted phlegmatic humour. If the powder of these drosses be put on the scabbiness, it will help with every scabby head. If the same powder with rose water be put on the penis, it will help with the swelling and redness. Item, if litharge be pounded finely and mixed with vinegar or with barley water, it will stop the flux of dysentery. If the same dross be made red hot and immersed in vinegar nine times, and the vinegar be applied as an eye-wash to the eyes, it will help with cataract and darkness of the eyes.

176. Licrisi: .i.e. liquorice; hot and wet in the first degree; the doctors say it is the root of a tree; it is best when it is slender and tough, and a deep yellow in colour; it is worst when it is white, light and easily broken; Platearius says that it is good for every illness of the chest, pleurisy, and pneumonia, especially if the water in which liquorice has been boiled be given to them to drink, this will greatly comfort them. Item, take liquorice, and boil it in wine, and it will help with any cough. Item, if an electuary be made of the juice of liquorice and of honey, it will be of help in cases of illness of the chest. Item, if liquorice be chewed and kept under the tongue, it will stop the thirst and it will relieve roughness of the tongue and of the throat as we have said.

177. Lapasium: i.e. the dock; hot and dry in the third degree; there are three sorts of it, lapatium rotundum, i.e. the broad-leaved dock; lapatium acutum, i.e. the curled dock; and lapatium domesticum, i.e. the cultivated dock. Platearius says they have the dissolving, attenuating and opening virtues. If juice of dock, oil of walnut and pitch, equal amounts of each, be boiled in strong wine, and powder of the tartar of wine be put through them, and they be boiled again as with ointments, it will help with every sort of scabby head. If juice of dock and honey be mixed together and a spoonful be drunk fasting in the morning, it will kill the lumbrici, i.e. the long worms. Item, if juice of dock and juice of rue be put in the nostrils in small amounts in hot weather, it will clear the brain of excess phlegmatic humour.

178. Linga bouina: i.e. bugloss; hot in the first degree and wet in the second degree, according to Avicenna. If this herb be drunk regularly in wine, it will expel the burnt choleric humour. If the same herb be drunk in wine, it will stop loss of memory. If the same herb be boiled in wine, it will help with the hiccup that is caused by the melancholic humour. If the same herb be drunk in wine or in ale for twenty days, it will help with festering. Of mace of red clover of manna of pomegranate of horehound of marrow of mastix of honey of pearls of balm of melicratum of mint of annual mercury of yarrow of bog myrtle of myrrh of black nightshade of devil's bit scabious of devil's bit scabious of mummy of mandragora of myrobalans of crab apple of blackberry and mulberry of spignel of haws.

179. Mas: mace; hot and dry in the second degree; it is the skin of a tree, or the husk of the nut called muscata, and that is the truer view of it; it has the consuming, comforting and dissolving virtues; the best colour for it to be is off-red; the best taste for it to have is a sharp taste; it retains its efficacy for nine years. If it be boiled in strong wine and drunk, it will comfort the stomach, and if held in the mouth for a long while it will cleanse the brain. Item, if mace be boiled in juice of fennel until it just reaches boiling point, and the same amount of strong wine be put through it, and it be strained well, it will help with the cold dropsy, with the coldness of the stomach, and with the asthma that is caused by coldness, and it will expel the viscous phlegmatic humour from the chest and the brain. Item, if mace be pounded finely and the same amount of mastix put through it, and it be mixed with the oil of roses, and fresh wax be put in it, and it be applied to the upper part of the stomach as a plaster, it will help with the pain and the indigestion. Item, if powder be made of mace and it be put in food or drink, this will help with heart-burn.

180. Maccula trifolium: i.e. red clover; hot and dry in the first degree; it has the diuretic and comforting virtues. If it be boiled in wine together with its flower, it will comfort the stomach and stop its windiness. Item, if the same herb together with burnet be boiled in wine, it will open the oppilation of the kidneys and bladder. If the flower of the same herb be eaten, it will help with bad breath; it retains its efficacy for four years, in its flower and its seed. If the seed of the same herb be put in soups and food, it will give them a good smell, and will comfort the stomach powerfully.

Manna: temperately hot and wet; some people say it is the juice of a herb, and others say it is a heavenly dew that descends on diuretic herbs in the Holy Land; it has the virtue of cleaning the blood. If manna and cassia fistula be mixed together and given in the acute fevers, it will relax the bowels gently and stop the pain. Platearius says if manna be held for a long while in the mouth, it will stop the thirst and the roughness of the tongue. Item, if manna, sugar candy and liquorice be mixed together, it will be a suitable medicine in the acute fevers; of all sweet things, there is none so sweet as the true manna. The doctors say that the virtue and operation of manna are the same as those of cassia fistula; it purges the choleric humour in the first place, and the melancholic humour in the second place; it serves well for people with tertian fever and for people with the jaundice that is caused by the choleric humour. It makes up for the lack of appetite that comes from the increase of choleric humour and from distemper of the liver, and it comforts every illness that comes from the choleric humour. If it be given in warm water it will relax the abdomen and stop the excessive heat of the choleric humour.

182. Mala granata: i.e. pomegranates; cold and dry in the second degree; they are obtained in Spain; they have the comforting, styptic and drying virtues; they stop every flux of blood and every choleric vomiting. Ysaac says to apply the juice of pomegranates to the eyes which are affected by jaundice, and this will help them. Item, if the skin of pomegranates be finely pounded and honey be put through it, and this be applied to the eyes as an eye wash, this will clean them. Item, if juice of pomegranates, sugar and vinegar of white wine be mixed as an acid syrup and given to people with acute fever, it will comfort them. Item, if the skin of pomegranates be mixed with juice of plantain and applied as a pessary, it will help with the flux of menstruation. Item, if juice of pomegranates be taken and a linen cloth be dipped in it and put on the forehead and the temples, this will stop the flux of blood from the nose and the excessive heat of the acute fevers.

183. Marubium: i.e. horehound; hot in the second degree and dry in the third degree. If this herb be boiled in wine or in mead together with root of the yellow flag, this will help with the phthisis and weakness that are caused by cold matter. If the same herb be rubbed in water and a drink of it be given to a woman who is in labour, she will give birth to the baby forthwith. If the same herb together with raw honey be put in wounds, it will clean them and cure the festering. If the same herb be rubbed in wine, and it be drunk, this will cure the headache that is caused by coldness. Item, if an eye wash be made of the juice of the same herb together with wine and honey, it will clean cataract of the eyes. Item, if the juice of the same herb be put warm in the ear, it will expel the worms of the ear; it is not good for people with disease of the kidneys or of the bladder to use this herb. If this herb be boiled in wine and given against ileus and colic, it will help with them. If the same herb be drunk in wine, it will induce the afterbirth promptly.

184. Medulla: i.e. marrow; the best of all marrows is that of deer and calf, then the marrow of the bull, then that of goat, and after that the marrow of sheep; these marrows all have a softening effect; if they are not digested, they will reduce the appetite and trouble the stomach; according to Avicenna, they should not be eaten except with pepper, because, according to Ysaac, if they are eaten without pepper they will give rise to an aversion in the throat.

185. Masdix: i.e. the gum of a tree that grows in Greece. Hot and dry in the second degree. If mastix be pounded and white of egg be put through it, and it be applied as a plaster on the forehead and temples, it will stop the heat and redness of the eyes and the tears, and stop the flow of matter to them. Item, if powder of mastix be mixed with soft wax and applied as a plaster to the stomach, it will stop vomiting. Item, take the seed of fennel, pound it well and boil it in wine together with mastix, and drink it, and it will relieve the stomach of its windiness and pain; it should not be boiled much, and it should not be given hot.

186. Mel: i.e. honey; hot in the first degree and dry in the second degree; there are two sorts of it, white honey and red honey. The white honey is found in beehives, and the red honey is found in the trees. The white honey is put into the cold medicines, and the red honey is put into the hot medicines. It has the cleaning, smoothing and preservative virtues; it preserves anything that is put into it in its own efficacy and nature. If it be kept raw, it will retain its efficacy for forty years; it is hot and diuretic; there are three reasons why it is used for medical purposes. The first reason is that it is penetrating in bringing the virtue and power of the medicine to the parts of the body. The second reason is that it is sweet and overcomes the bitterness of any medicine. The third reason is that it has the virtue of preserving the characteristics of everything, whether hotness or coldness; honey serves better for people of cold complex than for those of hot complex, because it greatly increases the choleric humour; it serves well against the cold humours that occur in the stomach; this is how it serves: make the drink called mulsa, i.e. eight parts water and one part honey, because this dissolves and expels the cold humours from the internal organs. Item, honey and bile of bull rubbed on the face cleans it of exudations and drives away pimples from the face; it also serves to rub warm water and honey on the face as this will clean it in the same way. Item, Platearius says to mix honey and wine together and this will help with swooning; suppositories made of honey and salt serve well for people with hot fevers who are constipated.

187. Margarite: i.e. pearls; this stone is cold and dry, and it is found in shells; the way it grows is, when the shell-fish swallows, it takes in a lot of the heavenly dew, and it closes around it, so that the stone is formed that is called the pearl. The pearl which has a natural hole in it is best, if it be white in colour; it has the virtue of comforting the heart, and they are put in comforting electuaries called diamargariton. Take note, if you wish the pearl to be white, give it to eat to a pet pidgeon, allow it in her stomach for three or four hours, then open the bird and take the stone out, and it will be clean, bright and shiny after that.

188. Mellago: i.e. balm; hot and dry in the second degree; its efficacy is great both fresh and dried; it should be dried in the sun at first, and preserved in a cool place, and it will retain its efficacy for a year; it has the dissolving and consuming virtues. If it be boiled in wine or ale and drunk, it will help with swelling and pain of the abdomen, and it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen. If the smell of it be frequently applied to the nose, it will comfort the brain. If its foliage be boiled in wine and put hot on the top of the head, it will stop the flow of rheum and headache. If the same herb be put in a bath, and the woman be immersed in it up to her belly, it will provoke menstruation very well.

189. Mellicratum: i.e. a drink that is made of honey and wine, two parts wine and one part honey; this drink greatly comforts the nature. When hyssop and sage are boiled in this drink, it is of benefit against every illness of the chest. If roasted white bread be dipped in this drink, it will cure heartburn and swooning promptly.

190. Menta: i.e. mint; hot and dry in the second degree; it greatly comforts the stomach and the digestion. If it be given fasting in the morning it will kill the worms that are in the body internally. If it be boiled in water and a fomentation be made of it for the testicles, it will help with their swelling, and it will help also against hardness and swelling of the breasts. If mint and salt be pounded together and applied to the bite of a mad dog, it will help it immediately, and it will not be affected by poison thereafter. To prevent conception, put juice of mint in the vagina, and the woman will not become pregnant. If juice of mint be rubbed on cheese, it will not go off, however long it be on hands. If mint be dried, it will retain its efficacy for a year. If mint be boiled in vinegar and the teeth washed in it, this will relieve the pain, and consolidate the teeth, and it will help with bad breath. If powder of pepper and cinnamon be eaten with juice of mint as a sauce, it will comfort the digestion. Item, if mint be boiled in vinegar and drunk, it will stop vomiting. If tops of mint be boiled in vinegar and put as a plaster on the kidneys, this will clean the womb for the women. If a handful of tops of mint be boiled in wine and applied hot to the navel, it will help with colic and ileus.

191. Mercurialis: i.e. annual mercury; cold and wet in the first degree; it has a viscous character, and a softening virtue; it purges the choleric humour from the liver and the intestines, in the first place, and the melancholic humour in the second place. If the juice of this herb be given raw with sugar, it will gently purge the aforesaid humours. When it is boiled, it loses the laxative virtue. If the same herb be boiled in butter or in pig lard, and pressed through a cloth and given as a salve, it will help with the cough and illness of the chest. If mercury be boiled in pig meat and the meat and the soup be eaten before the purgative is taken, it will soften the intestines and the internal passages, and make them smooth. If it be boiled in vinegar and drunk, it will expand the spleen, if it has been contracted by excess of the choleric humour. Item, boil the same herb in water and put pig lard, honey and salt into it, and administer it as a clyster, and this will relax the intestines comfortably and gently.

192. Mellifolium: i.e. yarrow; it is hot and dry; it serves well against the urinary stone, and against the quotidian fever. Item, take three branchlets of yarrow and give it for three days to the patient; then, if he vomits he will not come through, and if he does not vomit, he will survive. The same herb serves well against arthritis and podagra. If the same herb be placed inside your shoe when your are going to meet someone, or to a public meeting, you will have the gift of the gab as long as it remains there.

193. Mirtuis: i.e. the bog myrtle; cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; it is better fresh than dried. If the seeds be dried in the sun, they will retain their efficacy for two years, while the foliage retains its efficacy for three years; it has the retentive virtue on account of its tartness, and the comforting virtue on account of its being aromatic; it is for that reason that it serves well against choleric vomiting, flux of the abdomen, and the flux of menstruation, when they are caused by weakness of the retentive virtue and sharpness of the humours. If the seeds of this herb be pounded with the white of egg, and it be applied as a plaster on the stomach, it will stop the vomiting. If the same plaster be put on the kidneys, it will stop the flux of menstruation. If the same herb be boiled in water and a bath be made of it, and the ill person be put sitting in it, this will stop the flux of dysentery and of menstruation. Item, take the seeds of this herb, roots of madder, agrimony, and meadow sweet, and roots of avens, boil them in water and put honey or sugar in it, and, if this be drunk in the morning and before going to bed, it will help the wounds.

194. Mirra: i.e. myrrh; hot and dry in the second degree; it is the gum of tree that grows in India; it is best when coloured red or golden yellow; it retains its efficacy for a hundred years; it is obtained in the summer time by striking the tree with an axe, causing the gum to flow out of it. If myrrh be placed on red coals, and the fumes allowed into the mouth, this will help with a bad smell on the breath. If powder of myrrh be held under the teeth and rubbed on them, it will consolidate them and it will also make the breath good. Item, if a pill be made of storax and myrrh and held in the mouth, it will prevent migration of the rheum, and it will help with catarrh. If the same pill be put on coals and the fumes be received into the mouth, it will comfort the digestion. If myrrh and fig apples be boiled in wine and drunk, it will powerfully comfort the digestion. If it be put on red coals and the fumes be allowed into the orifice of the womb, this will clean it and it will comfort the conceiving virtue. If the same fumes be allowed to the anus, it will help with tenesmus, as we have said.

195. Morella: i.e. the black nightshade; cold and dry in the second degree. If two drops of the juice of this herb be put in the ear, it will help with the pain caused in the ear by hotness. If a plaster of this herb be put on the forehead, it will help with headache caused by hotness. If the juice of the same herb be rubbed on a rash or on pimples caused by hotness, it will help with them. If the juice of the same herb and wheaten meal be put on erysipelas and canker, it will help with them. The same herb may be boiled in a tisane of barley and given against the hot impostumes that occur in the internal organs. Item, if a red flannel be dipped in the juice of this herb and applied over the spleen, it will stop its excessive heat; if it be applied to the joints, it will help with the podagra that comes from hotness, as we have said.

196. Morsus demonis: i.e. the bite of the devil i.e. scabious; cold and dry in the first degree. If it be rubbed in wine and drunk, it will comfort the stomach, open the oppilation of the liver and spleen, and dry the immoderate wateriness of the blood. If it be rubbed in water and drunk, it will clean out the exudations of the vagina. Item, take scabious, fumiter, heart's ease, bugloss, roots of tansy, roots of avens, hound's tongue and yarrow, pound those herbs, put them into strong ale, add skimmed honey ad lib.; if it be drunk in the morning and before going to bed, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen and of the vagina, and it will clean the blood suitably.

197. Muscus: i.e. a spice; hot and dry in the second degree; Platearius says what musk is, i.e., a liquid substance found in boils occurring on certain animals in India; those animals are like goats, and it is near their knees that the boils occur. There are three colours, a black colour completely, a black colour in part, and an off-red colour, the best being the off-red. If the smell of it be applied to the nose, it will help with swooning and every weakness of the heart; it has the comforting virtue because of being aromatic, and the dissolving virtue because of its own qualities. If musk be applied to the nose regularly, it will help with displacement of the uterus, and with every weakness of the animal virtue. If musk be placed in the vagina, it will induce conception. Item, if musk be put in oil until it melts, and wool or cotton be dipped in it and put in the vagina, it does the same; if it be held in the mouth, it will stop a bad smell on the breath. If musk be rubbed between the palms of your hands in a stream or lake, the fish will come to you, especially the pike. If powder of musk be rubbed on the armpits, it will help with their foulness, called hircus, as we said before.

198. Mumia: i.e. a type of spice which is hot and dry in the third degree; this is how it is obtained in Babylonia and in the country of the pagans and Saracens, i.e. when one of their lords is being buried, a great deal of myrrh, balsam, and other expensive and aromatic spices is put around him in the coffin; when the human body and these other things decompose, they turn into a fine powder; there is nothing in the world that smells better than it; when the coffin is exhumed, this fine powder is found amongst the bones; it has the constraining virtue, and the ability to stop a flow of blood; it serves well for people with haemoptysis, i.e. those who emit blood from the mouth, and also against the flux of menstruation. It serves well to inhale from this gum in the times of the bad, corrupt, air.

199. Mandragora: i.e. the root of a herb that is cold and dry; the degree is not to be found in the authorities; there are two sorts of it, a feminine sort and a masculine sort; some of the doctors say that it is to be found under gallows, and that it is the semen that drips from the gallows to the ground which causes it to come into being, and its root is in the shape of a human being. If the skin of this root be preserved, it will retain its efficacy for three years. It has the repercussive, clotting and killing virtues. If it be placed under a person's head, it will provoke sleep. If the powder of this root together with white of egg be applied to the forehead, it will help with headache, and it will provoke sleep likewise. If this powder be given in wine to drink, it will repercuss the hot internal apostumes. Many other merits of Mandragora are described in the books, but we will omit them here.

200. Mirbulani: the fruit of a tree that grows in India; there are five sorts of it, all of them cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree; every sort of them has the laxative virtue. The first sort of them is the citrine myrobalans; this is heavy, with a yellow colour; it purges the choleric humour principally, and the melancholic humour secondarily; this sort is appropriate for people with jaundice and tertian fever, and against immoderateness of the liver and spleen, and against the lack of appetite when this was reduced by excess of the choleric humour; it cleans the stomach and the intestines, and it expels the water of the dropsy called ascites and tympanites; it should be administered with whey of goat's milk or with juice of fumiter; none of the sorts of myrobalans should be boiled, they should be given cold, because to boil them deprives them of their efficacy. The second sort, called myrobalans chebuli, is much better than the aforesaid sort, it is less bitter, the styptic virtue dominates more in it, it slightly relaxes the bowel and purges the melancholic humour; it mostly creates the burnt humours; consequently, it is appropriate for people with false quartan fever, heartburn, and swooning caused by the melancholic humour, and against the oppilation of the liver and spleen, and the flux of piles, and against the darkening of the vision caused by the fumes of the melancholic humour; this sort of myrobalans is put into compound medicines with rhubarb and diuretic seeds against darkness of the vision as we have said. The third sort, myrobalans indi, has an effect between that of citrini and chebuli, because the choleric humour is not greatly purged by citrini, but the melancholic humour is greatly purged by chebuli. The fourth sort, myrobalans emblici, purges the melancholic humour principally, and the phlegmatic humour secondarily. The fifth sort, myrobalans bellerici, likewise purges the melancholic humour principally and the choleric humour secondarily. The doctors say that all the myrobalans purge from the liver, from the stomach, from the veins called the mesenteric veins, and from the extremities, as we have said before.

201. Mala masiana: i.e. crab apples; cold and dry; the degree is not to be found in the books of Platearius; they have the constraining virtue. Take these wild apples and the soft shoots of bramble, pound them and boil them in vinegar, and apply it to the kidneys or the groin, and it will help with dysentery. Sweet apples create a great deal of windiness. The styptic wild apples should be given after food, raw or cooked; they greatly serve to people recovering from illness who have indigestion in their stomachs; they should be given as follows, i.e., cut the apples across, take out the pips that are inside, and fill with these powders: powder of cloves, nutmeg, and lignum aloes, and if these are not to be had, put in powder of cumin on its own, or pepper; roast them and eat them after meals, and this will greatly comfort the digestion. Item, if the pulp of the same apple be roasted and mixed with alum and borax and put on canker, it will help with it for sure, as we have said.

202. Mora selsi: i.e. blackberries; they are cold and dry; there is another sort of them which is hot and dry, and which grow on trees; the berries that grow on brambles have the dissolving virtue, and they serve well against quinsy, elongation of the uvula, and scrofula. They may be put in the electuary called diamoron. If the juice of blackberries and honey be boiled together, they will serve instead of diamoron, and it will retain its efficacy for ten years. If the juice of blackberries be given on their own, or together with food, they will kill the worms of the stomach and the intestines, and they will relax the abdomen.

203. Melli: i.e. a herb; hot and dry in the second degree, and it is its root which is called by this name; it is because of its sweetness that it is called by this name; it has the diuretic virtue because of its fineness, and the attractive virtue because of its own qualities. If it be boiled in wine or water and drunk, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen, It should be boiled in water in the summer time for young people who have that oppilation. It should be boiled in wine in cold weather for old people who have the aforesaid oppilation. If powder be made of the roots of the same herb, and powder of the seed of fennel be put through it, and it be given in food or drink, it will soothe the digestion and comfort the internal organs. Item, if the same herb be boiled in wine and applied hot to the anus it will help with tenesmus. Item, if an electuary be made of powder of meu and honey, it will greatly comfort the digestion.

204. Mesbili: .i. haws; cold and dry in the first degree; they comfort the stomach, stop a choleric defecation, and provoke the urine; they serve better for medical purposes than for food, because they nourish the body but slightly, and, so far as they nourish, it is the gross sanguine humour that they generate; they should be taken before meals, and then they will comfort the stomach and all the nervous organs likewise. Of watercress of mustard of flower of water lily of catmint of walnut of nutmeg of almonds

205. Nastursium: i.e. watercress; hot and dry in the second degree; if it be boiled in water or with meat and eaten, it will clean the stomach and the respiratory organs of the cold humours. If it be boiled in wine and oil and eaten, it will help with stranguria and dysuria. If watercress be boiled in butter or oil and put on the navel, it will cure colic and ileus. If a fomentation be made of watercress for the anus, and its fumes be allowed to the anus, it will help with tenesmus; if it be applied hot to the navel, it will help with colic, as we have said.

206. Napeum, sinapium: i.e. the two names of mustard; it is hot and dry in the fourth degree; its seed is of greater efficacy than the herb itself; it attenuates the gross humours in the chest and in the brain, it provokes the urine and menstruation, and it drives away sorrow and depression for a person. If a plaster of this seed, dry figs, flour of white bread, honey and vinegar, all mixed together, be applied to the joints, it will help with any illness of the joints. The oil that is made from mustard is effective against every illness of the nerves and against paralysis. If the seed of this herb be held in the mouth, it will help with toothache caused by coldness. A plaster of mustard meal and pig lard will help with exudations and rash of the skin. If a plaster of mustard meal, dry figs, and honey be put on the head after it has been shaved, this will help with lithariga. Item, if a plaster of mustard meal, honey, and pig lard be put on the head, the hair will grow, and it will help with any baldness. If mustard be taken before the paroxysm of quotidian fever, it will help with it, as we have said.

207. Nenufar: i.e. the flower of the water lily; cold and wet in the second degree; the roots of the same herb are called ungula cabalina. The flowers of the same herb should be gathered in the month of July and dried in a cool place, and they will retain their efficacy for two years. If the flowers of this herb be boiled in water of liquorice, it will serve well against excessive heat of the respiratory organs; the same water is the right thing against the acute fevers, such as intermittent tertian fever, causon, and the likes. Furthermore, the face, temples, and pulses generally should be washed in that water in cases of acute fevers. If a plaster of the foliage of the same herb be put over the liver, it will stop the jaundice and the excessive heat of the liver. To thicken the hair which is falling out because of hot matter, pound the roots of this herb, put them into a bath, and wash the head in it; this herb is better in the hot countries than in the cold countries; the syrup of this flower serves well in the acute illnesses. This is how it is made: boil a quantity of the flower of this herb in water, strain it, and put sugar in it, and this will make a syrup. If the flowers of this herb be put in cold water for a night, and applied the following morning, without being pounded, to the forehead, it will induce sleep in the acute fevers, and it will stop the headache; if it be applied to the pulses, it will stop the heart from beating too fast.

208. Nepta: i.e. catmint; hot and dry in the third degree; if it be boiled in wine and drunk, it will provoke sweating all over. If the same herb be boiled and drunk and rubbed on the pulses, it will help with the paroxysm of quartan fever. If the same herb be pounded on its own and applied as a plaster to the hollow behind the knees, it will help with pain of the back and kidneys, and it will draw to itself the viscous humours that occur in those parts of the body. If the same herb be boiled in wine, it will provoke menstruation. If the same herb be boiled in wine and given against the skin disease that comes from coldness, it will not develop further. If the same herb be given in wine or in ale, it will help with the bite of a mad dog. If the juice of the same herb be drunk, it will kill worms. If the same juice be put in the ears, it will kill the worms in the ears. Pregnant women should not use this herb. If the same herb be boiled in wine or ale, it will help with the asthma that comes from coldness, tightness of the chest, oppilation of the spleen, pain in the stomach, and hiccup. If the same herb be finely pounded and put on the apostumes, it will help with their bad colour, and it will clean them.

209. Nux magna: i.e. walnut; cold and wet in the second degree; its foliage has an efficient styptic virtue, and so has the skin of this tree on which this nut grows, for which reason it stops every flux of blood. If the foliage of this tree be pounded together with rue and honey be put through it, it will help with pain of the nerves. The same oil which is made from the kernels of this nut will help with the canker which occurs near the eyes and in the breasts, as Avicenna says. If a person were to sleep in the shade of this tree, it would be the cause of producing many illnesses. If the juice of the skin of this nut be given together with sugar, it will help with stranguria. If the juice of the same tree be given together with vinegar in the fevers that come with shivering and coldness, it will promptly help with them. If the kernels of this nut be eaten with juice of rue, it will help with every poison, and if they be eaten regularly, they will generate hot choleric humours, especially in the hot complexes. If the kernels of walnut be pounded with honey through them, it will help with the hard apostumes that are produced by the melancholic humour, as we have said.

210. Nux muscata: i.e. nutmeg; hot and dry in the second degree; it is the fruit of a tree that grows in India; they retain their efficacy for seven years; this nut is best when it is heavy and firm with no holes in it; it has the comforting virtue from its being aromatic, and the consuming and dissolving virtues from its own qualities. Half of this nut may be given [in the morning} fasting against the coldness of the stomach and indigestion, and a good colour is imparted to the face with its aid. If nutmeg and mace be boiled in wine and given [in the morning] fasting, Platearius confirms the efficacy of this against the coldness of the respiratory organs or the internal organs. Item, if cumin and nutmeg be boiled in wine, it will have the same effect. If the same nut be held for a long time in the mouth, it will comfort the brain. Rhases says if nutmeg and cubebs and mace be eaten before meals, this will help with foul breath, and, if it be eaten after meals, it will cause drunkenness. Nutmeg should be put in the compound electuaries that comfort the brain and the heart, such as diapenidion, diaradon, diaciminum and diagalanga, and the likes, as we have said.

211. Nux longa: i.e. sweet almonds; hot and wet in the middle of the first degree; the bitter almonds are hot and dry in the end of the second degree; Galen says that there is an element of bitterness in all the almonds; they nourish in the same way as hazel nuts; they are gross in substance; they are not favourable to the digestion in accordance with the grossness of their substance, and they are harmful to the stomach, according to Ysaac. They serve well for people with tightness of the chest and dryness of the lungs and kidneys, they provoke the urine, and they cause oppilation of the liver, for which reason it said that bitter almonds should be given as medicine, and sweet almonds as food. The oil that is made of sweet almonds serves well for diseases of the chest, when given to eat with honey and sugar. Ysaac says that almonds are best when they are fresh and still retain their natural wetness, and they are bad when old. If they are eaten when they are still young, they will stop the excessive heat of the stomach and chest. When bitter almonds are eaten, they cause the body to grow thin, they dissolve the gross humours from the chest and lungs, they open the oppilation of the liver and spleen, they dissolve the gross windiness that occurs in the intestine called colon, they clean the exudations of the kidneys and womb, and they relieve constipation of the abdomen. If the skin that is on them outside be taken off them and put in the vagina, it will powerfully provoke menstruation; it will expel all putrid humours that are in the body; it will stop pain of the abdomen; it will provoke sleep. If it be given together with juice of mint, it will stop a flux of blood. If it be given with the juice of burnet, it will break the urinary stone. If it be mixed with vinegar and the face be washed in it, it will clean it of any exudations. If milk of bitter almonds be given together with wine, it will give great relief from a viscous fever. Of olibanum of opopanax of eggs of bone of stag's heart of barley

212. Olibanum: hot and dry in the second degree; it is the gum of a tree that is found in the city called Alexandria, and it is also found in the city called Damascus; it is best when clear in colour. It has the comforting and healing virtues, and it retains its efficacy for a long time when kept. If olibanum and mastix be mixed with wine and white of egg and applied to the temples and the forehead, it will stop the flow of the humours to the eyes and to the teeth. If it be held under the teeth, it will help with elongation of the uvula, and it will prevent the flow of the humours to the chest and to the lungs. If pills be made of the same gum, and five or four of them be given before going to bed, it will help with the acid eructation, and it will comfort the digestion. If the same gum be put on red coals, and the fumes allowed to the vagina, it will induce the foetus without delay. If powder of olibanum be put In vinegar until It dissolves in it, and a linen cloth be dipped in it then, and it be applied to women's breasts that are too big, it will marvellously reduce them. If raw olibanum be boiled in white wine and pressed through a linen cloth and applied as an eye-wash to the eyes, it will clear the sight.

213. Opoponax: opo is the same in Greek as sugh (juice) in Irish, and ponax in the same language is the same as luibh (herb) in Irish, because it is the juice of a herb that is obtained in the East. It is hot and dry in the third degree; Platearius directs to make small pills of it and to give them in a soft egg, and this will help with the breathing difficulty called asthma. Item, if it be put in juice of wormwood for a day and a night, and strained the next day, and sugar and honey be put in it, and it be drunk the next day fasting, it will help with the dropsy that comes from coldness, and every other cold symptom that comes from the fevers. If it be put on red coals and the fumes be allowed to the nose, it will help with lethargia. If the same thing be put in juice of the skin of the root of elder for a night, and it be pressed the following day, and it be given warm with sugar, it will help with dropsy and with the cold illnesses in general. If opopanax be put on red coals and the fumes be allowed to the vagina, this will provoke the after-birth and it will induce the dead foetus that is there. If a pessary be made of the same thing together with mugwort, and cotton be dipped in it and put in the vagina, it will induce menstruation. If opopanax be given with the juice of wormwood and honey, it will kill any worms that occur in people or in horses.

214. Ouua: i.e. eggs; every egg is hot and wet, and it said that there is wetness both in their yolks and their whites. When the yolk is roasted, it has the retentive virtue. Of all eggs, the eggs of hens are best, and they are more to be praised when they are fresh than when they are old. The eggs of birds who live on water are not to be praised, according to Avicenna, because bad humours are generated by them. He says also that the white of all eggs has the ability to counter poison, especially the white of hen eggs. Avicenna says that the best way to eat them is to boil them in water and to eat them soft; according to Avicenna, the yolk is recommended for nourishment rather than the white. If the yolk of eggs be eaten soft, this will help with roughness of the voice, and of the throat, and with tightness of the chest, and it will serve for people with pleurisy, and those with hectic fever or haemoptysis. Avicenna directs to boil an egg in vinegar until it is hard and to eat it, and this will help with dysentery.

215. Os de corde serui: i.e. the bone that is in the heart of the deer; it is cold and dry, but the degree is not to be found in Platearius' book; it occurs in the left side of the heart, and it is generated from the blood of the heart itself; it is a soft substance at first, until it hardens into a sort of bone; a similar bone occurs in the heart of the goat, and is sold as being this bone. The difference between them is that the bone of the heart of the deer is off-red, while the bone of the heart of the goat is white and soft; the bone of the heart of the deer retains its efficacy for thiry years, if it be dried in the sun first; it has the virtue of comforting the heart and of cleaning the blood. If the gratings of this bone be boiled in juice of borage and given to a person who suffers from swooning or heartburn, it will help him immediately. If the powder of the same bone be given in wine, it will help with the flux of blood of the piles; Avicenna describes many merits of this bone.

216. Ordium: i.e. barley; cold and dry in the second degree; in Platearius' book, it is highly recommended for use in medicine, because tisane of barley is made from it; it serves well for people with fever, as Hippocrates says in the book, Regimen acutorum morborum, and also in the first book of his Aphorisms. It serves against apostumes generally, whether hot or cold, i.e. barley meal and vinegar to repercuss the hot apostumes at the early stage, and barley meal and yolk of egg to mature them when they have developed. Barley meal, pitchand honey to mature the cold apostumes. Galen says that of all grains the barley is the grain which most nourishes accidentally, while wheat is the grain that most nourishes naturally. Ysaac says to boil barley, pound it in a mortar, and make a potage of it in goat's milk, and that potage is a food that is suitable for people with phthisis or hectic fever, because it renews the natural wetness; it increases the sperm and the urine and the spirits, as Ysaac says in the book De Dietis Universalibus. Of foliage of vine of parsley of wild thyme of black pepper of lousewort of pellitory of the wall of polypody of burnet of wall rue of leeks of fat of pears of lead.

217. Pampinus: i.e. foliage of the vine; it is hot and dry. If it be pounded and pig lard be put through it, and it be cooked in an oven and applied as a plaster over the spleen, it will help with its hardness and oppilation. If a pessary be made of it, it will provoke menstruation, the after-birth, and the dead foetus. If powder of the foliage of the vines with lard of hens put through it be applied as a plaster to the cold apostumes, it will help with them.

218. Petrosilium: i.e. parsley; hot and dry in the third degree; there are two sorts of it, the domestic sort and the wild sort; its seed and root serve best for medical purposes; its seed retains its efficacy for five years; it has the diuretic and comforting virtues; this herb is of benefit against windiness if eaten raw or cooked, it greatly comforts the stomach, and it gently relaxes the abdomen. If this herb be boiled with borage and mutton, it will serve powerfully against stranguria, dysuria and oppilation of the liver and spleen. If a plaster of the same herb be applied to the testicles, it will stop their swelling and pain.

219. Pulegium muntanum: i.e. wild thyme; hot in the second degree and dry in the third degree; it has the diuretic virtue. It should be collected when in flower, and it will retain its efficacy for a year if kept in a dark place. It will serve against illness, hot or cold, of the chest; also, it will help with pain and windiness of the stomach and intestines, and it will open the oppilation of the liver, the kidneys and the spleen. If it be boiled in wine, it will clean the passages of the urine, and it will cure stranguria and dysuria. The same herb serves well against illness of the joints in plasters and ointments. If boiled in wine, it will relieve women's disease.

Piper nigrum: i.e. the black pepper; hot and dry in the fourth degree; it retains its efficacy for two years. It has the diuretic virtue. If it be put powdered in wounds, it will stop proud flesh, and will be a sufficient caustic for them; it has the attractive and corroding virtues, according to Avicenna. If powdered pepper be put to the nose, it will provoke the sneezing that results in the cleaning from the brain of the gross humours. If powdered pepper and figs be boiled and eaten, it will clean the cold humours from the chest. If powdered pepper and anise be eaten with figs after a meal, it will comfort the digestion. Item, if powdered pith of black pepper be put in rose water and applied to the eye, it will release the cataract of the eye. Item, to make the following sauce to soothe the appetite: take sage, mint and parsley, pound them and extract the juice from them, put into it flour of white bread, roasted, and powdered pepper, mix them with vinegar or wine, and eat it together with the meal. People with the choleric humour or the sanguine humour should not use pepper, because it makes them susceptible to skin disease. There is another sort of it, the long pepper, which has a greater comforting virtue than the black pepper. Avicenna says that the long pepper is a catkin-like fruit that grows on the herb on which the black pepper grows. Platearius says that it is obtained on mountains in India, and this is how it is obtained: there are so many snakes and poisonous beasts on that mountain that it has to be burnt so that the poisonous animals leave it, and that it how it is obtained, and how it becomes black.

221. Pulicaria: i.e. lousewort, and there are two sorts of it, a big sort and a small sort; the big sort is cold and wet in the third degree, and the small sort is hot and dry in the third degree; it has the dissolving and corroding virtues. If it be boiled in wine with dry figs, it will expel the cold humours that occur in the respiratory organs, and it will help with straightness of the breath and every sort of asthma. A bath of this herb against exudations of the vagina. If powder of the same herb be put as a pessary in the vagina, and it will improve conception. Item, take a handful of the tops of this herb and boil it in wine, and apply it hot to the anus, and this will help with the swellings of the piles. Item, if the same herb be put on a hot stone and applied to the top of the head, it will stop the cold rheum, as Avicenna says.

222. Paritaria: i.e. pellitory of the wall; hot and dry in the fourth degree; this herb is called vitriora, vitrum being glass, because it will clean glass if rubbed on it; it is better fresh than dried; it has the attenuating, dissolving and corroding virtues; it serves well against pain and windiness of the stomach and intestines, and against stranguria and dysuria. If it be boiled in salt water and put on the navel, it will greatly relieve the illnesses we have mentioned. Item, if this herb be pounded and boiled with bran and tartar and applied as a plaster to the navel, it will stop the flux of the abdomen. If a bath be made of this herb, foliage of Traveller's Joy, lichen and roots of madder, and people with dysentery be put in it, it will greatly relieve them, as we said before.

223. Polipodium: i.e. polypody (a fern); hot and dry in the second degree; there are two sorts of it, a sort that grows on stones, and a sort that grows on trees, and it is the sort that grows on oak that is most in demand of them for medical purposes; it purges the phlegmatic humour principally, and the melancholic humour in the second place, especially from the stomach and the intestines; it serves well for people with the quotidian and tertian fevers which are caused by the lemon-coloured and yolk-coloured cholera; it opens the oppilation of the liver and spleen that is caused by viscous humours; it serves well for people with quartan fever and colic, and for those who have gross, dense, humours in the stomach and intestines. This herb should be boiled in soup, and that is how it should be administered to people of phlegmatic humour and melancholic humour, and that is also how it should be given to preserve the health. The substances that are used against windiness should be boiled with it, such as seed of anise, cumin and fennel; it is of benefit against arthritis, podagra, and every illness of the joints. Item, to make a syrup of it, take two or three ounces of the roots of this herb, well pounded, boil them in water with sloes, violets, and seed of fennel, anise, and cumin, boil well, strain, and put in sugar ad lib., and this syrup serves well to maintain the health and against disease of the joints.

224. Pibinella: i.e. burnet; hot and dry in the third degree; it has the diuretic virtue, and it serves well against stranguria and dysuria. If it be boiled in wine with its roots and seed, it will stop urethritis. Item, if the roots of this herb be finely pounded and cream be put through it, and it be applied as a plaster to swollen glands, it will help with them.

225. Pulitricum: i.e. a sort of maidenhair, the wall rue; moderately cold and dry; it has the diuretic and opening virtues; it gives relief from oppilation of the liver and spleen; it should not be given without other diuretic herbs along with it, such as roots of fennel and parsley; they should be boiled in wine and given against the illneses we have mentioned.

226. Porrum: i.e. leeks; hot and dry, its hotness in the third degree and its dryness in the second degree. The juice of the white lower part of the leek to be given, with the herb itself, to people who bleed from the mouth, and they will recover. If the tops of leeks be pounded and honey put through it, and this be put in foul wounds where there is much pus, it will help with them. The juice of this herb in warm tisane will stop coughing. If leeks be pounded and honey put through it and it be applied to the bite of a mad dog, it will help with it, and it helps with any poison. Juice of leeks drunk together with the breast milk of a woman will help with coughing. Juice of leeks with one fourth part of honey through it, if put into the nose, will help with headache. If there be pain in the ear, put one drop of the juice of leeks in the nostril farthest from the affected ear, and this will cure the pain. If leeks be eaten at the beginning of a meal, this will prevent drunkenness. When taken at the beginning of a meal, it has the laxative virtue. If eaten by women at the beginning of meals, they will have many children. If the roots of leeks be put on red coals and the fumes be allowed to the vagina, it will provoke menstruation. If the juice of leeks, that is, their roots, be applied to the nose, this will stop a flux of blood from the nose. If roots of leeks be boiled in wine and drunk, it will help with poison. If the bulb of the leek be boiled in the milk of almonds and eaten, it will induce sexual desire. There is a wild sort of the leek called chives, which is hot in the fourth degree and dry in the third degree, and it has the virtue of dissolving the cold humours, and it provokes the urine and menstruation when eaten raw. If the juice of this sort of the leek be put in the vagina, it will induce menstruation, as Ysaac says; when this herb is eaten in the morning fasting, it will generate windiness in the stomach, it hurts the nerves, it generates gross dry fumes that are harmful to the sight, and it causes grievous hallucinatory visions similar to nightmares.

227. Pingedo: i.e. fat; one sort of it is hot and dry, and another sort is hot and wet; the fat of castrated animals is better for medical purposes than that of animals who have not been so deprived; the older the animal is, the better will the fat be; the fat of hens and cocks is the best. If the fat of geese and bears be rubbed on the head that is bare, hair will grow on it. If the same fat be rubbed on lesions of the mouth, it will help with them. If the fat of fish be rubbed together with honey on the eyes, it will help with wetness of the eyes. If grease of deer be put in ointments for people with spasm, it will give them relief. If fat of goats be put in constrictive clysters against dysentery, it will serve excellently. It is said that fat of lions and bulls is hot and dry and fat of the other animals is hot and wet; Ysaac says that every fat is incompatible to the digestion, because it generates oppilation in the organs, as we have said.

228. Pira: i.e. the pears; they are cold and dry. If they be eaten after the meal, they will relieve the digestion. If they be eaten before the meal, they will relieve flux of the abdomen. If pears be pounded and boiled in rain water and applied as a plaster to the upper part of the stomach, they will stop the choleric vomiting. If the same plaster be put on the navel, it will stop the flux of the abdomen.

229. Plumbum: i.e. lead; it is cold and wet; it has the virtues of repercussing and cooling. If a thin plate be made of it and put on the parts of the body where there is excessive heat, it will help with them. To reduce the discharge from and inflammation of wounds, and to dry them, a surgical tent of lead may be put in the wound, or a thin plate with many holes in it may be put on the opening, outside, and this will greatly relieve them. To stop infection arising from a burn of fire or water, a plate of lead may be applied to it externally.

230. Quercus: i.e. the oak; cold and dry in the second degree; it has the constrictive and drying virtues in its wood, its foliage and its fruit. If the foliage of this tree be finely pounded and put in wounds, it will stop the flux of blood from the wounds and it will heal them. If the fresh foliage of this tree be boiled in water and drunk, it will stop dysentery and any flux of blood and, if it be applied to the anus, it will help with tenesmus. If the bark of oak be boiled in water and the water be drunk, and the ill person be put sitting on the bark, it will stop the illnesses we have mentioned. As regards the acorns of the oak, they have the ability to provoke the urine and to stop the flux, and there is a greater styptic virtue in the shell of the acorn than in the fruit proper, and in the cup of the acorn than in the shell, and it is said that, of all styptic things, it is the cup of the acorn of the oak that is the most styptic of them. Of horse radish of rosemary of rhubarb of red rose of madder of rue of things that are repercussive.

231. Rafanos: i.e. horse radish; hot and dry in the second degree. If its roots be pounded, put in vinegar for three days, boiled thereafter, have sugar put in it, and it be drunk with one-third water before going to bed and when getting up, it will serve against quotidian fever and false tertian fever, and this compound is called oxyzacara. That same syrup may be drunk against oppilation of the liver and spleen. If the foliage of the same herb be boiled in wine or in pig lard, and applied as a plaster over the liver, it will release its oppilation and hardness. If the same plaster be put on the navel, it will cure stranguria and dysuria. If the juice of the same herb be put warm in the ear, it will help with pain and deafness of the ear; any diuretic herb that has lost its efficacy, this herb will restore its efficacy if it be mixed with roots of this herb. If the roots of this herb be pounded and put in vinegar for a night and strained the next morning, and warm water be added to it, and it be administered as an emetic, it will purge the gross viscous humours that are in the stomach; a diuretic oximel is made of the roots of this herb together with roots of fennel, parsley, celery, burnet, maidenhair spleenwort, and hart's tongue fern, when it is boiled in vinegar and honey is put in it, and it should be drunk like any simple drink, as we have said. Gloss: Olibanum is made of frankincense anthos/an tús.

232. Rosmarinus: i.e. rosemary; hot and dry, but in what degree cannot be found in the authorities. It is its flower and foliage that are suitable for medical purposes; the name of this flower is dauntos anthos and it is from this that the electuary in which it is put is named i.e. dianthos; the foliage and flower of this herb retain their efficacy for a year. This herb has the comforting virtue because of its being aromatic, and the dissolving and opening virtues from its hotness, and the drying, corroding, cleansing, virtues from its dryness. If the flower of this herb be boiled in wine and given against swooning and heartburn, it will help with them. If the same flower be boiled in wine and drunk, it will comfort the brain and help with headache. Item, if the flower of this herb be boiled in wine and the fumes be allowed to the nose, it will greatly comfort the brain. If dianthos and mastix be boiled in wine, and a sup be held in the mouth for a long time, it will help with elongation of the uvula. Item, if the same herb together with cumin be boiled in wine and drunk, it will help with pain of the stomach and intestines. If the same herb be boiled in wine and put hot on the navel, it will help with stranguria and dysuria, it will provoke menstruation, it will clean the vagina, and it will comfort the conceiving virtue. The women of the city of Salerno are accustomed to boil the flower of this herb in common oil and to put it as a pessary in the genitals, and this makes them able to conceive, and they proceed to menstruate. Note that the nerves of the body are comforted by the rosemary, and, for that reason, it is suitable for people with paralysis.

233. Reubarbrum: hot and dry in the second degree; it is the root of a tree that grows in India; there are two sorts of it, barbarum which is called rhu barbarum, from the country named Barbara, and ponticum, called rhu ponticum, which is named from the island named Pontus, or perhaps from the pontic taste that it has; it is at its best when it is heavy without holes in it, and, when it is broken, it has foxy red fibres in it, and, when it has been wetted and you put it on your finger nail, the colour of it is deep yellow; it retains its efficacy for merely three years, and it does not have the laxative virtue from that time on; it purges the choleric humour principally, and the melancholic humour secondarily. Take two dragmas of the roots of rhubarb, and as much again of cassia fistula, and put them in the water in which has been boiled melons, citruls and cucumbers, and leave them there for a night, strain them the following morning, give them to drink the following morning, and this will comfort the excessive heat of the liver and spleen, it will help with the fever called hemitritaeus, and it will help with tertian fever, both simple and compound. Item, if powder of rhubarb be given in a spoonful of juice of endive, it will help with jaundice, and it will greatly serve to soothe the appetite when it is weakened by excess of the choleric humour. Its characteristic action is to comfort the brain and the heart, and it soothes the vision and it kills the worms of the intestines.

234. Rosa rubia: i.e. the red rose; cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree. If a plaster of this herb be put on a burn of fire or water, it will help with it. If the same plaster be put on the upper part of the stomach, it will stop any burning of the stomach that is caused by the increase of the choleric humour in it. If red rose be boiled in wine and drunk, it will stop the flux, and also the flux of menstruation. If fresh rose be boiled in water and pounded and applied as a plaster to the swelling, it will help with every swelling. If red rose be boiled in water and pounded, and white of egg be put through it, and it be applied as a plaster to the eyes, it will help with their redness. It is suitable for medical purposes whether dried or fresh. When the flower of the rose or the rose itself are dried, they retain their efficacy for three years; mel rosaceum is made of the rose, and this is how it is done: when this flower is put in honey for some time, and pressed thereafter, it will be mel rosaceum; oil of rose is made in the same way, put the same flower in oil for some time and press it thereafter, and this will be oleum rosaceum we dictated a chapterChapter 34 about the flower of the rose above.

235. Rubia maior, uarencia: i.e. madder; hot and dry in the first degree; it has the diuretic and comforting virtues. If roots of madder and mastix be boiled in wine, it will provoke menstruation and the urine, and it will be of considerable benefit against oppilation of the liver, the kidneys and the spleen. If the same herb be boiled in pig lard or in butter and applied as a plaster over the liver, it will open the oppilation of the liver. If the same plaster be put on the navel, it will provoke the urine and menstruation. If the roots of madder be boiled in water and the hair be washed in it, this will give the hair a fine red colour. If a plaster be made of powdered mastix, powdered madder, and new wax, and it be applied to the upper part of the stomach, it will help with its pain. If the root of madder be boiled in wine and drunk by a woman, this will induce the after-birth. Item, to make a liquor that will clean and heal a wound, take the tops of red cabbage, avens, tansy and seed of hemp, and roots of madder to the quantity of all of those, boil them in wine or ale, strain them, and put honey that has been purified by skimming into it, according to the quantity of liquor, boil them up again, all together; when it has cooled, add some yeast to it, give it to drink, and it will heal any wound.

236. Ruta, bisa no molea: i.e. rue; hot and dry in the third degree; if it be frequently drunk, it will comfort the stomach. If it be given to a woman in labour, she will give birth to a baby forthwith. If this herb be taken regularly, it will provoke menstruation, and it will dry the discharge. If the same herb be boiled in honey, it will help with the cough that comes from coldness. When this herb is drunk in wine or in ale, it has the merit of opening the oppilation of the liver and spleen, and of giving relief from arthritis, sciatica, swelling of the womb and intestines, and also from the worms that are parasites "in undutifulness" in the stomach and intestines. If rue and figs be boiled in wine and drunk by people with dropsy, it will help them. To sharpen the sight, mix together the juice of rue, fennel, bile of cock or of eagle, press them through a linen cloth, and apply it to the eyes; the juice of rue on its own will serve the same purpose. If juice of rue be put in the nostrils, it will stop the flux of blood from the nose. If this herb be put in a drink or in a plaster against the bite of a mad dog, or against any poison, it will help with it.

237. Repercusiua: i.e. everything that has the repercussive virtue is of a cold complex, according to Avicenna, and comforts the expelling virtue, such as galls, that is, the globes on the foliage of oak, and its acorns, henbane, poppy, portulaca, rose, water, foliage of the vine, duckweed, meal of barley, orpine, and the likes. Of elder of salt of sarcocolla of scammony of savory of senna of wild thyme of willow of spikenard of wild cabbage of sulphur of marigold of elephant bone of foxglove of orchid of sandalwood of stavesacre of hart's tongue fern of styptic things of asparagus of storax of sleep of thirst of sage of savin.

238. Sambucus: i.e. the elder; hot in the third degree and dry in the second degree. Its roots, foliage, flower and fruit are suitable for medical purposes. It is of the pith of the elder is made the oil named oleum sambucinum. The elder has the virtue of attracting the phlegmatic humour and the viscous humours; it opens the oppilation of the liver and spleen; it gives relief from colic, ileus, quotidian fever and tertian fever caused by the lemon-coloured and the yolk-coloured choleric humour. Principally, it purges the water of dropsy; if half a hen-eggshell of the juice of the root of this tree be given with wine, it will purge the illnesses we have mentioned. The root bark of this tree is commonly put in laxative oximels and syrups; furthermore, the foliage of this tree is put in plasters and in fomentations against swelling and pain of the organs caused by coldness. If the foliage of this tree be put in the kind of bath called stupha, it will give relief marvellously to people with dropsy. If the flower of the same tree be put in soup or in potage, it will relax the bowels without any danger. If the same flower be boiled in wine, the wine will relax the bowels. The juice of the berries of this tree with two thirds wine in it will relax the bowels quite safely.

239. Sal: i.e. salt; hot in the second degree and dry in the third degree; it serves well against repletion of the stomach that comes from cold humours. If it be boiled in vinegar and drunk as an emetic, it will clean principally. If salt be put in a little bag and heated before the fire, and put on the spleen, or on the stomach, or on any other place where he has pain, it will stop the pain immediately. If salt be pounded finely and boiled in honey until it is thick, and suppositories be made of it of the thickness of a candle, and it be given in the rectum, it will relax the bowel without danger; the use of salt serves well in cold complexes and against indigestion of the stomach.

240. Sarcacolla: i.e. the gum of a tree; hot and dry in the second degree. If it be mixed with white of egg and applied to the forehead and to the temples, it will stop the shedding of tears and the flux of blood from the nose. If powder of this gum be put in rose water for a night, and pressed the next morning, and it be applied as an eye-wash to the eyes, it will help with their darkness, and it will loosen their cataract. If it be put on coals and the fumes be allowed to the anus, it will help with tenesmus and the swellings of piles. If the powder of this gum be put in wounds, it will dry them.

241. Scamonia: hot and dry in the third degree; it purges the choleric humour principally, and the melancholic humour secondarily; to purge the choleric humour, there should not be given less than a scruple, but in the case of the other complexes two or three scruples may be given; it is suitable for the tertian fever provided there is not too much high temperature there; it serves well against intemperance of the liver, against jaundice, and against lack of appetite caused by excess of the choleric humour. It is of benefit against the forms of gout that come from hotness; it should not be given on its own, without being mixed with other medicines. Take note that it is not scammonia except when it has not been boiled, and, when it has been boiled, it is named diagredium. It is dangerous to give this medicine, because sometimes it adheres to the sides of the stomach, it provokes hiccup and vomiting, and it is bad for those who have a liver that is hot by nature or accidentally, as we have said.

242. Saturateia, utimbra:

243. Sene: hot and dry in the third degree; it is the foliage of a tree; it purges but little, and mostly it purges the melancholic humour and the viscous humours generally; it attracts from the extremeties, and, for that reason, it serves against mania, melancholia, quartan fever, splenetica passio, i.e. disease of the spleen, swooning, heartburn, pain of the nerves, sciatica, arthritis, podagra, gout of the hand, and the likes. It is our practice to put this herb in oximels, syrups, drinks, and plasters against the illnesses we have mentioned; a laxative medicine is sharpened by this: put two ounces of senna into them, and this will purge the peccant humours suitably.

Serpillum: i.e. wild thyme; hot and dry; if it be boiled in vinegar and a fomentation be made of it for the head, it will help with the headache that comes from coldness. If it be boiled in wine or in ale and drunk, it will cure the pain of the abdomen that comes from coldness, and it will provoke the urine and menstruation. If this herb be boiled in vinegar and a spoonful of it be given every day, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen. If the same herb be boiled in honey that has been purified by skimming, and drunk, it will help with the spitting of blood. If it be boiled in vinegar and rubbed on the forehead and temples, it will help with headache. If this herb be boiled in the juice of liquorice, it will help with a cough. If this herb be boiled in wine with anise and drunk, it will help with windiness of the stomach. If this herb be pounded with mint and wormwood, and a plaster of them be put on the upper part of the stomach, it will help with pain in the stomach and it will comfort the digestion.

245. Salisit: i.e. willow; cold and dry in the second degree, foliage, flower and wood. If the flower of this tree be boiled in vinegar and rubbed on people with excess heat of fever, it will give them relief. If the branches of this tree be put over the bed of fever patients, and pure spring water be sprinkled on the patient, it will give him relief. The water of the flowers of this tree greatly comforts people with tertian fever and causon; the foliage of this tree serves in cooling plasters to stop poison and pain of the organs, as we have said before.

246. Spicanardi: hot in the second degree and dry in the third degree; it is the flower of a tree which is found in India. There are two sorts of it, spica nardi, and spica celtica, and it is like an ear of barley, with an aromatic smell. If the powder of spikenard be put in wine and drunk, it will help with swooning and heartburn. If it be boiled in spring water and sugar be put in it, it will help people with fever. If powder be made of it and the smell of it be allowed to the nose, it will comfort the brain. If spikenard be boiled in common oil and put in the nostrils, it will purge the rheum from the brain principally. If the same thing be put in the ear, it will help with deafness. If spikenard be rubbed on the teeth, it will help with bad breath. If spikenard be put in a slender linen purse and put in the vagina, it will induce menstruation, and it will assist with conception. If the same suppository (lit. pessary) be put in the rectum, it will help with tenesmus; the Saracens make an oil of this tree on which the spikenard grows, named oleum nardinum, which greatly relieves the heart, as we have said.

247. Sdrusium: i.e. charlock; hot and dry in the second degree; it has the attenuating and diuretic virtues; it is suitable against oppilation of the liver and spleen, and against jaundice, and it provokes the urine and menstruation. It is suitable against the cough that is caused by coldness when boiled in wine and honey and drunk. The juice of the foliage of this herb, and woman's breast milk, with white sugar through it, if a plaster of this be put on the face, it will clean it of any exudations or bad colour that is there. If the juice of this herb be boiled together with rue in wine, ale, or honey, and a plaster of it be put on the head after it has been shaved, it will help with lithargia. If this herb be boiled in goat soup and drunk, it will help surely with lithargia.

248. Sulfur: i.e. sulphur; hot and dry in the fourth degree; it is an earthen metal, and is generated in very hot countries. If three scruples of sulphur be given in a soft egg, it will help with the asthma that comes from wetness. If sulphur be put on hot coals and the fumes be received in the mouth, it will help with cold illness of the chest. Item, take wax, common oil and white hellebore, boil them together and press through a linen cloth and put powder of sulphur into it, rub it on the head, and it will help with a scabby head, and it will help with a rash on the other parts of the body; it should not be given to dry choleric people, or to people with narrow chests. It may readily be given to people of phlegmatic humour.

249. Sol secium, sbonsa solis, ?eliotropia, sicorea, ingcuba, uerucaria: i.e. marigold; it is cold and dry, but in what degree is not to be found in Platearius' book; it serves for medical purposes when it is fresh; it has the ability to nourish against every poison; poisonous animals do not live in a garden in which it is planted. If a plaster of this herb on its own be put on the bite of a mad dog, the poison does not develop again thereafter. If this herb be drunk in wine or ale, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen. If a plaster of this herb be put on warts, it will help with them. If the flower of this herb be drunk in water for nine days, it will help with jaundice. If a plaster of the same herb be put on the apostume called anthrax, it will help with it.

250. Spodium: i.e. bone of elephant; cold and dry in the third degree; it has the repercussive and healing virtues. If this bone be in a person, it will stop the thirst. If the shavings of this bone be given in juice of plantain, it will stop the flux of the abdomen, and if it be applied as a plaster to the pulses, it will cool the excessive heat of the respiratory organs. If the powder of the same bone be put in red wine, it will stop the flux of dysentery and haemoptysis, and the flux of menstruation and of blood from the nose.

251. Sticatos: i.e. foxglove; hot and dry in the first degree; there are two sorts of it, sticados citrinum and sticados arabicum, the sticados citrinum being the better of them. If it be dried, it will retain its efficacy for a year, both flower and foliage; it has the diuretic virtue on account of its thinness, and the comforting virtue on account of its foliage or its aromatic smell. The flower of this herb may be boiled in wine against tightness of the chest and coldness of the stomach and intestines, and against oppilation of the liver and spleen, and against stranguria and dysuria, and the likes.

252. Satuirion, priamiscus, leporina: i.e. the orchid; it is called "balls"; it is hot and wet in the third degree. The roots of that herb are suitable for medical purposes; the roots of the herb are like the testicles of an animal, and, for that reason, it is called "balls"; it powerfully increases the generative fluid in women and men; it gives a false colour to women's faces when rubbed on them. If the roots of this herb be boiled in vinegar and honey, or oximel, and drunk at the time of every canonical hour, it will help with disease of the joints.

253. Sandaili: cold in the third degree and dry in the second degree; they are a sort of little sticks, and there are three sorts of them, i.e. sandalum album, which is white in colour, sandalum rubrum, which is foxy red in colour, and sandalum citrinum, which is yellow in colour, the last being the best colour for it to have; each of these sorts retains its efficacy for forty years. They have the comforting virtue on account of their own aromatic smell, and the altering virtue on account of their coldness, for which reason they serve well against the bad hot complexes of fever, and to stop thirst and excessive heat of the liver. If the powder of sandalwood be boiled in water and sugar be put in it so it be, as it were, a syrup, this syrup will give relief in the illnesses we have mentioned. If the powder of sandalwood be put in oleum mandragoratum and rubbed on the forehead, it will induce sleep in the acute fevers, and it will relieve headache. Item, if powder of sandalwood be mixed with juice of lettuce, and a red cloth be dipped in it and applied over the liver, it will stop the flux of blood that comes from the liver. If powder of sandalwood, oil of roses and vinegar be mixed together and a red cloth be dipped in it and applied over the liver, it will stop its excessive heat. Item, if the same powder be mixed with rain water and vinegar, and a red cloth be dipped in it and applied to the upper part of the stomach, it will stop vomiting. Item, if powder of sandalwood be mixed with the juice of plantain and put on an apostume at its early stage, it will repercuss it.

254. Sdafisagria: i.e. the seed of a herb that is hot and dry in the third degree; it draws the phlegmatic humour from the brain, if it be put on the teeth, and it serves against lithargia. If powder of stavesacre be put in the nostrils, it will provoke sneezing, which is a source of comfort to the brain. If stavesacre be boiled in vinegar and a sup of it be held in the mouth, it will help with elongation of the uvula. If powder of stavesacre be eaten with honey, it will kill worms of the abdomen.

255. Scolapendria, linga ceruina: i.e. hart's tongue fern; temperately hot and dry; it serves well against oppilation of the liver and spleen, because it has the attenuating and dissolving virtues. If it be boiled in wine, it will break the urinary stones. If an oximel be made of this herb and vinegar, and it be drunk for forty days, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen, and it will break the urinary stones, and this oximel serves well against jaundice.

256. Stipica: i.e. every herb that has the styptic virtue is usually cold and dry. These are the spices and gums that are styptic: gum Arabic, spodium, white and red sandalwood, mummy, bolus Armenicus, mastix, the skin of pomegranate, dragons blood, and the likes. These are the styptic herbs: vervain, plantain, water mint, juice of wormwood, juice of knotgrass, juice of the red rose, juice of unripe sloes, juice of tansy, hypocistis, and madder.

257. Sbaragius: i.e. asparagus; it is hot and dry; it has the diuretic virtue; this herb is suitable against the oppilation of the liver and spleen. It may be put in plasters and ointments against headache, and it certainly induces sleep.

258. Storax: i.e. the gum of a tree that is hot in the first degree and dry in the second degree; it is found in India; it has the attractive virtue, and it has a gross substance; there are three sorts of it, storax liquida, which is found in Calabria, storax calamita, so called from the Greek word calo (&kgr;&agr;&lgr;&oacgr;&sfgr;), and calo in Greek means the same as maith (good) in Irish, because this is the best sort of storax, and storax micor (?), which is obtained in India; each of these sorts retains its efficacy for ten years. If storax and red rose be boiled in water and pressed through a linen cloth, it will clean the brain. If a plaster of fresh wax, storax and common oil be put on the upper part of the stomach, it will stop pain. If a pill be made of storax and honey, and it be held under the tongue, it will help with catarrh. If storax be put on red coals, and the fumes be allowed to the vagina, it will provoke menstruation and it will help with hysteria. If storax be boiled in wine and the wine be held for a long time in the mouth, it will help with elongation of the uvula. If a pill be made of storax with honey, it will help with illness of the respiratory organs. It is suitable to put storax in ointments and plasters against coldness, because this will generally keep them effective. If storax be held under the teeth, it will consolidate them very well.

259. Sompnus: i.e. sleep, and these are the things that induce sleep, red poppy, opium, juice of henbane, mandragora, duckweed, cold water, houseleek, fleabane, coltsfoot, and the likes.

260. Sitis: i.e. thirst, and these are the things that stop the thirst, white sugar in one part vinegar and two parts water, to be held in the mouth, and tisane of barley in which is boiled violet, daisy, orpine, houseleek, seed of water betony, and the likes; there also serve against the thirst, to mix frequently in the mouth gum Arabic, a diuretic oximel, and cold water, or to drink hot water; no cold water should be drunk, because cold water increases the thirst, while hot water reduces it, as Avicenna says.

261. Saluia: i.e. sage; hot and dry in third degree; its foliage is suitable for medical purposes; it is best when fresh; it retains its efficacy for a year; there is a wild sort of this herb which is called eupatorium, that is, wood sage. There is a greater diuretic virtue in the wood sage than in the sage. Sage has the comforting, corroding and dissolving virtues, and this herb greatly comforts the nerves, as does castoreum. If sage be boiled in wine and given to people with paralysis or epilepsy, it will greatly comfort them. If the same herb be boiled in wine and a plaster of it be put on the part of the body which is shaking, it will help with it. If sage juice be put in a sauce or in other foods, and it be eaten by people with paralysis or epilepsy, it will greatly benefit them. If the foliage of sage be put in a bath against stranguria or dysuria, it will give relief, and it will clean the vagina. If the juice or powder of sage be put in sauces, it will increase the appetitive virtue. Item, take pellitory, sage, vinegar, and a little pepper, and eat them, and this will clean the stomach of the gross humours. If a fomentation be made of the foliage of sage, it will expel the aborted foetus. If this herb be put on the bite of a mad dog, it will help with it. If it be put on wounds, it will stop the bleeding. If this herb be boiled in wine, it will help with a chronic cough. If sage be drunk in wine, it will clean the vagina, and it will also help with pain of the penis.

262. Sauina, bracteos: i.e. savin; hot and dry in the third degree; its foliage is suitable for medical purposes; it retains its efficacy for a year; it has the attenuating virtue. If it be boiled in wine, it will relieve pain in the stomach and intestines that are caused by coldness, and of the chest likewise. If it be boiled in wine and drunk, it will help against stranguria. If this herb be boiled in wine, it will provoke menstruation and induce the aborted foetus. If the same herb be boiled in vinegar and its fumes be allowed to the anus, it will help with tenesmus and the swellings of piles. If the smell of it be received in the nose frequently, it will comfort the brain. Item, take tops of mint, savin and sage, eat them with salt, and this will preserve you from the cold illnesses and from paralysis in particular. Of tartar of wine of terra sigillata of turbit of wheat of silverweed of buttercup of spider's web of turpentine of tamarisk of tamarind of the soft shoots of vine.

263. Tartarum: i.e. tartar of wine; hot and dry in the third degree; it purges the phlegmatic humour and the viscous humours generally; it is of benefit against the cold illnesses that are caused by the gross humours. It has the virtue of excoriating the intestines, for which reason it should not be given on its own without other things with it. If it be dried and put in wet wounds, it will dry them. If powder be made of them and they be given to people who are too fat, it will wear down their excessive fatness. If an ounce and a half of them be given with honey that has been purified by skimming, it will relax the bowels for them ten times, as we have said.

264. Terra sigilata, terra Sarasenica, argentaria: i.e. the sealed earth; other people call it Saracen earth; it is cold and dry, and it is like a stone with a seal on it in the form of a cross. It has a strong retentive virtue. If a little of the powder of this earth be mixed with white of egg and put on the forehead, it will stop the flux of blood from the nose. If the same powder together with the juice of shepherd's purse be put in the nose, it will stop the same flux. If a plaster of the same powder together with oil of roses, white of egg, and vinegar be put on the navel, it will stop every flux of the abdomen. If the same plaster be put on the upper part of the stomach, it will stop vomiting. If the same plaster be put on the joints, it will stop the flow of rheum to them. Against swelling of the feet, ragwort may be boiled in wine and the same powder be put in it, and it will help them. If the same powder be put in warm water and rubbed on the head after it has been washed, it will make one's hair fine, with a good colour.

265. Tuirbit: hot and dry in the third degree; it is the roots of a tree that grows in India; it purges the phlegmatic humour; it has the attractive virtue; it is of benefit against colic and every disease of the joints, and it sharpens every purgative that purges the phlegmatic humour. If powder be made of it and put in wounds, it will heal them and help with ulceration and proud flesh of the wounds; it is of this that the electuary that is named diaturbit is made; not more than two dragmas of this should be given.

266. Triticum: i.e. wheat; hot in the first degree and moderately wet in the middle of the second degree. Wheats are distinguished according to the different times when it is sown, so that Ysaac says that the wheat that is sown in spring and autumn are temperate as compared with other times. Wheats are also distinguished according to their youth or their being old, so that Ysaac says of the old wheat that it nourishes but little and it is indigestible because its natural wetness is reduced by its being old, and its accidental dryness is increased; according to Ysaac, it is at its best when it is between youth and old age, because there is too much wetness in it when it is fresh, and some earthiness, so that windiness is produced in the stomach by digesting it. The bread that is made from clean wheat is hot and dry in the second degree because it takes in hotness from the fire; the juice that is made from wheat has the virtue of cleaning the chest and lungs, and it smoothens the roughness of the voice. A tisane may be made of it as is made of barley, and the tisane of wheat serves well to stop the flux, and the tisane of barley to stop the cough. If wheat be pounded and boiled together with oil, it will help with hard apostumes. If wheat be boiled in water together with rue, and pounded thereafter, and a plaster of it be put on the breasts, it will help with their hardness and pain. If wheat be pounded and boiled in juice of henbane, and a plaster of it be put on the joints, it will stop the flow of matter to them. If wheat grains be chewed and put on the bite of a mad dog, it will do no harm afterwards; the wheat that grows in good land nourishes better than the wheat that grows in poor land. The bran of wheat is moderately hot and dry, and it has the cleaning virtue. If a tisane be made of this bran, it will clean the chest of the gross viscous humours.

267. Tanasetum agreste: i.e. silverweed; cold and dry, but in what degree is not to be found in Platearius' book; it serves well against the flux of the abdomen. If it be pounded and white of egg or cream be put through it, it will help with excessive heat of parts of the body. If the roots of this herb be boiled in red wine and drunk, it will help with women's disease. If a plaster of the same herb together with white of egg be applied to the temples, it will help with headache that comes from hotness.

268. Tapsia: i.e. the buttercup; hot and dry in the third degree; it retains its efficacy for three years; principally, it provokes vomiting, and secondarily the flux of the abdomen. Item, if this herb be well pounded and boiled, it will help with podagra. It has the virtue of attracting the humours from the body internally to the external parts of the body. Item, take vinegar, the ointment named populeon, juice of the black nightshade, juice of this herb, flour of meal of barley, and milk of women's breasts, mix them equally, and apply it as a plaster to the joints, and this will help with arthritis, podagra, gout of the hand, and every illness of the nerves that comes from coldness.

269. Tela rania: i.e. the spider's web; cold and dry; it has the retentive virtue; it stops the bleeding of wounds, and it heals as we have said.

270. Terpintina: i.e. the gum of a tree that is hot and dry; it retains its efficacy for a hundred years; it has the dissolving, maturing, and laxative virtues. If turpentine together with meal of barley be put in plasters, it will ripen the cold apostumes, and dissolve the matter. If turpentine be put on red coals and the fumes be allowed to the anus, it will help with the swellings of piles. If the same fumes be allowed to a woman, it will help with hysteria and with displacement of the uterus.

271. Tamariscus: the skin of a tree that grows in India; according to Avicenna, it is hot and dry; it has the diuretic and cleaning virtues; it is of benefit against disease of the spleen, stranguria, dysuria, colic and ileus. If powder of the aforsaid tree be put in food or drink, it will give relief from the illnesses we have mentioned.

272. Tamuirindi, oxifencia, dactilus asetosus, dactilus indicus: the fruit of a tree; cold and dry within the second degree; it purges the choleric humour principally, and the other burnt humours secondarily, since it purges the choleric humour from the stomach and intestines, and from the liver; it is suitable against jaundice, oppilation of the liver and spleen, and against tertian fever. If juice of fumiter and tamarind be given to drink, it will help with the rash that comes on the skin, and also with the scabby head, as we have said.

273. Turio uitis: i.e. the soft tops of the shoots of the vine, and those of every tree and of every herb may be called by this name. If turiones of the vine be put in sauces, it will soothe the digestive virtue. If turiones of bramble, with white of hen-egg put through it, be applied to the eyes, it will stop their inflammation and pain, and also their tears. There is a styptic and tanning virtue in the turiones of the oak. Of varnish of vervain of violet of teasel of glass of grapes of wine of poison of the abdomen of worms of the sight of vomiting of things that burn of the sight

274. Uernix, bernix, elasia: i.e. the gum of a tree that is cold and dry in the second degree; there are three sorts of it, a yellow sort, a foxy-red sort, and a white sort, and it is the clear, white sort that is the best of them; it has the virtue of binding and compacting all the colours, this being what painters put on their pictures after all the colours, because it brings out the true shade of every colour, and the colours are made clear and bright by it. If varnish, frankincense and white of hen-egg be put on the upper part of the stomach, it will stop any vomiting, The powder of this gum will stop any flux. If the same gum be rubbed on wax, it will retain its efficacy for a hundred years without corruption.

275. Ueruena, herba Ueneris, peristeron: it is hot and dry; its dryness is greater than its hotness. If this herb be boiled in wine and drunk, it will help with the injurious poison of a mad dog, with the herb itself as a plaster. If the juice of the same herb be held in the mouth, it will help with disease of the mouth. If the foliage of this herb be put in a fresh wound, it will help with it. This herb may be drunk in wine or ale against any poison. If three roots and three leaves of this herb be gathered, saying a Pater noster with each leaf and each root, and it be drunk in water from a stream, this will help with tertian fever. If four leaves and four roots be gathered in the same way and drunk before the paroxysm of quartan fever, it will cure it. If you have vervain in your hand when you go to visit your patient, and if you ask him how he is, and he says he is well, he will recover, but if he says he is not well, he will die. If this herb be boiled in wine or mead against every illness that comes from coldness of the stomach or chest, it will serve beneficially for them. If vervain, betony and yarrow be dipped in water and drunk when fasting [in the morning] every day, it will break the urinary stone surely.

276. Uiola: i.e. the violet; it is cold in the beginning of the first degree and wet at the end of the second degree. If it be dried, it will retain its efficacy for two years, and it is better to gather it every year. Of the flower of violet and of sugar is made sugar of violets, of the same flower and of honey is made honey of violets, and of the same flower and oil is made oil of violets. Whichever it is desired to make, put the flower in the honey, oil, or sugar, leave it there for a period of time, and press it thereafter, and it will be as we have said. This is how one makes syrup of violets; boil the flower of violet in water, and when it is cold put sugar in it, and that syrup is appropriate against hot illnesses. Another way to make it: put flower of violet in water for a night and strain it the following day; then put sugar in it, and it will be a syrup. Another way to make it: pound the flower of violet and put it together with oil in a glass vessel, under the sun in summer time for fifteen days, and it will be an excellent oil which will give relief from every hot bad complex of the body. If oil of violet be rubbed on the forehead and temples, it will cure a headache that comes from hotness. This oil has four virtues, to make smooth what is rough, to cool what is hot, to soften what is hard, and to ease the stoppage and bind that affect the intestines. If violet and white of egg be put on hot apostumes, it will repercuss them at their early stage. If this herb be boiled in water and the feet and face be washed in it, it will induce sleep. Note that the violet should be boiled when making syrup of it more than the rose should, because its wetness is viscous and not capable of being dissolved, whereas the wetness of the rose is easily dissolvable and flowing. If violet be boiled in water and drunk, it will stop drunkenness, and to allow the smell of it to the nose will have the same effect. Macer says the violet which has a brown-red flower is suitable against epilepsy. Item, if flower of violet, saffron and myrrh be mixed together and applied to the eyes, this will help with swelling and redness of the eyes. Item, if violet be pounded and mixed with honey and vinegar and rubbed on the head after it has been shaved, it will cure its rash and exudations. If this herb be put on a hot stone and applied then to a swelling, it will stop its poison and pain. If this herb be boiled in water and the fumes be allowed to the vagina, it will help with lesions of the vagina. If the seed of this herb be given in wine, it will clean the menstruation. If a plaster of this herb be put on the podagra that comes from hotness, it will help with it. If this herb be drunk in water, it will expel the choleric humour that is in the stomach. The same herb may be boiled in whey against pleurisy, pneumonia, and every illness of the chest. If oil of violet be rubbed on the chest of a small child, it will cure the cough. If juice of the same herb be put warm in the ear, it will help with noise in the ear that comes from hotness. If the juice of this herb be drunk fasting, it will kill the worms. If this herb be given in wine fasting to a person who has lost the power of speech, it will help him as we have said.

277. Uirga pastoris, osaragi: i.e. teasel; it is cold and dry, but in what degree is not to be found; it has the retentive virtue; it is suitable against flux of the abdomen. A plaster of this herb, together with white of egg and meal of barley, on the navel, will stop flux of the abdomen. Powder of the same herb given in a soft egg will stop flux of the abdomen. If a plaster of this herb together with white of hen-egg be put on erysipelas, it will help with it. If a plaster of the same herb be put on the head, it will give relief in cases of frenzy.

278. Uitrum: i.e. glass; cold in the first degree and dry in the second degree. If powder of glass together with oil of walnut be put on the head, it will help with every scabby head. If powder of glass together with turpentine be mixed together, it will help with rash on the skin if it be rubbed on it. Item, if flower of the blackberry, powder of glass and oil of roses be mixed together and put on morphea, having first scarified it, it will help with it for sure, according to Platearius. If very fine powder of glass be mixed together with juice of fennel and applied to the eye, it will do away with the cataract of the eye.

279. Uua: i.e. grapes of the vine; they are hot and wet, unless their nature be changed by land or country; Ysaac says that they generate pure blood, and that they surpass all other fruits, except the fruit of the fig; Ysaac says that they are distinguished into four substances, the bone, cold and dry; the juice, hot and wet; the kernel, hot and dry, and the skin, cold and dry also; Galen says that the operation of the skin of raisins is the same as that of the skin of grapes, because they are indigestible and windy; Ysaac says that grapes stop the drunkenness of wine, and that every drunkenness that comes suddenly lasts but briefly, and every drunkenness that comes slowly lasts for a long time, as we have said.

280. Uinum: i.e. wine; it is hot and dry; it greatly nourishes the body and preserves the health if drunk in moderation, as Ysaac says in the Liber Dietarum Universalium, it soothes the digestive virtue of the stomach, the liver and all parts of the body in general; as Galen says in his book De sanitate tuenda, it is impossible, without wine, to soothe the operation of the digestive virtue properly when it is weakened, because no food or drink is known which more soothes the natural virtue and the digestive virtue than wine; it unites its own heat with the natural heat, and its own fluid with the natural fluids. It readily converts to very pure blood, it augments the spirits, it cleans the blood, it opens the oppilation of the liver and spleen, it clears the eyes, it drives out sorrow and sadness from the heart, and it soothes the parts of the body in general. Not only that, but it also soothes the soul, because it overcomes sorrow, mourning and sadness, it increases gladness, and it gives the soul strength to repent and to turn to God; it makes a person lively and vigorous; according to Ysaac, it is obvious that wine should be given in every age and season and complex and place, in greater or lesser quantity, according as the nature of the circumstances dictates. Ysaac says that adolescents and young adults should drink wine more than the old people, because, although wine suits the old people from the point of view of their complex, their brains are not able for it, on account of the weakness of their animal virtue, and the softness of their nerves. Wine works in different ways in people of different ages, according to Ysaac; it should be given to old people for medical purposes only, to young adults only as nourishment, and to adolescents both for nourishment and as medicine. The reason why it is a medicine for old people is that the hotness of the wine counteracts the coldness of old age. The reason why it is a food for young adults is that the wine and the person have the same complex and nature, as far as the hotness of each is concerned, and, because they are alike, the wine nourishes the person. The reason why it is both food and medicine for children is that their hotness and virtues and their body in general have not been yet fully developed, and their wetness is excessive, as we have said, and the wine corrects those things and is the right thing for the nourishment of the parts of the body. In winter time and in a cold district, wine should be given in substantial quantity. In summer time and in a hot district, it should be mixed with water, because the thinness of the wine carries the water to the body internally, refreshing and wetting it. Wines are distinguished by age, new wine is one year old, old wine is from four to seven years, and medium wine from two years to four. New wine is hot and wet in the first degree, for which reason it serves well against coldness; according to Ysaac, this is the drink that most serves to nourish the body; however, bad and corrupt humours are generated by it, and windiness in the stomach and intestines, because, as Galen says, new wine cannot carry the food to the parts of the body. Old wine is hot and dry in the third degree; it is somewhat sour and it nourishes but little; it quickly goes to the head and upsets the senses when it is drunk in a way that is not in accordance with the person's nature, unless it be mixed with pure water; this wine should be avoided by those whose senses are very acute and whose nerves are weak, unless the wine have plenty of wetness in it in order to counteract the sharpness and great hotness of the wine itself. Medium wine is hot and dry in the second degree, this it is that is suitable for people of every age, in every season, and whatever the complex, provided that it be given in moderation.

281. Uenenum: i.e. poison; these are the things that counteract poison, that is, the flesh of a snake, calamint, the juice of cabbage, common vetch, St. John's wort, pignut, imported spurge, salt, rue, garden cress, aristolochia, walnut kernels taken with rue, asparagus with its seed, balm of Gilead, vinegar, blood of the hare, milk of ass or mare, testicles of the deer, garlic, dittany, and the likes.

282. Uenter: i.e. the abdomen; the following are the things that stop the flux of the abdomen, and such things need to be hot and dry and to have a gross substance: red coral, terra sigillata, bolus Armenicus, shepherd's purse, roots of tormentil, ivy growing on trees, gooseberry, skin of the ash-tree, roots of the three brambles, plantain, juice of unripe sloes, oak galls, juice of willow, tragacanth, gum Arabic, gruel, alum, teasel, cinquefoil, blood of doves, ash of the horn of cow, powdered fur of the hare, ash of the horn of deer, and the likes.

283. Uermis: i.e. worms; these are the things that kill worms, that is, ambergris, wormwood, southernwood, bistort, garlic, rue, mint, garden cress, water mint, myrrh, centaury, thyme, penny royal, caraway, cockle, and, in particular, these are things that kill fleas.

284. Uisus: i.e. sight; these are the things that clear the sight, that is, aloes, rue, barberry, white poppy, alum, zinc oxide, the greater celandine, juice of centaury, juice of fenugreek, garden cress, ash of bats, the bile of any animal, specifically that of the eagle, flowers of copper, burnt copper, and the likes.

285. Uomitibus: i.e. vomiting; these are the things that induce vomiting, that is, the base of buttercup, spurge, white hellebore, seed of orache, and seed of horseradish. These are the compounds that provoke vomiting, that is, oximel, acidic syrup, and juice of the root-bark of elder. These are the things that prevent vomiting, that is, to apply styptic plasters of the following substances to the upper part of the stomach: mastix, frankincense, gum Arabic, mace, spodium, nutmeg, and galangal; those things should be boiled in vinegar, and a linen cloth should be doubled three times and put in it, and then applied to the upper part of the stomach. Item, take rose, myrrh, juice of camphor, juice of ribwort plantain, juice of vervain, and juice of mint, mix these juices with roasted white bread, and apply it to the upper part of the stomach, and this will stop the vomiting, as we have said.

286. Uritiua: i.e. the things that have a burning effect, that is, pellitory of Spain, stavesacre, black pepper, mustard, garlic, quicklime, the lesser spearwort, the latex of spurge, water crowfoot, roots of autumn crocus, tops of nettles unpounded, and the likes. Of sea holly of wateriness of blood of water of Ierapigra Galieni.

287. Yringi, socacul: i.e. sea holly; it is hot and wet; its roots greatly comfort the digestion, and they open the oppilation of the liver and spleen. If the root of this herb be boiled in water, and small discs be made of them, and they be pounded finely in a mortar and boiled in honey that has been purified by skimming until it is thick like an electuary, and these powders be put in it: powder of galangal, ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, sweet flag rhizome, mace, cubebes, dill seed and seed of anise powdered; putting these into the same electuary produces the electuary named Diaeryngium. Item, this drink may be made against disease of the kidneys, and against oppilation of the liver and spleen: take a handful of the roots of this herb, roots of fennel, parsley, burnet, celery, roots of carrot, hart's tongue fern, fresh maidenhair spleenwort, ox-eye daisy, root of mugwort, meadow sweet, tops of calamint and of sage, red rose, equal amounts of each, boil them in good worts, or in the liquid known as mulsa (i.e. eight parts water and the ninth part honey) and put the powder of the following seeds in at the end of the boiling: powder of the seeds of fennel, parsley, burnet, alexanders, pignut seed, and foreign burnet, boil it until a quarter of it has evaporated, strain it well, purify it with honey and sugar, and put powder of liquorice and yeast into it; if it be drunk in the morning and before going to bed, this drink will clean the vagina and the kidneys, it will facilitate conception and clean the womb, it will open the oppilation of the liver and spleen and kidneys, it will increase sexual desire and the genital fluids, and it will comfort the digestion. Item, if the same herb together with meal of barley or with knawell be boiled in wine, it will help with stranguria and dysuria, and it will be suitable against the illness called diabetes, as we have said.

288. Ycor: i.e. the wateriness of the blood; Galen says to put a drop of the blood on your fingernail after bloodletting, and, if it flows on the fingernail, the blood is watery, but if it does not flow, this is a good sign as far as the blood goes, but it is not good as regards the maintenance of health, because it indicates the increase of undigested humours in the body,

289. Ydor: i.e. water; Hippocrates and Galen say that it is compounded of two simple qualities, coldness and wetness, and that it does not contribute anything to the growth or nourishment, of the body unless it be compounded with other things. It counteracts everything that has hotness and dryness, and everything that counteracts hotness and wetness in this way is unable to nourish the body, because, as water quenches fire or as light overcomes darkness, that is how water quenches the natural heat. Nothing is nourished except by something that is like itself, but water is simple and the body is compound, Hence, since water does not have similarity with the body, the body is not nourished by it, as Galen says. It is compound things that grow and develop, and the opposite is true of simple things, so that, since water is simple, it gives no nourishment. To confirm that water is a simple, it is pointed out by Ysaac that every compound has a taste and smell, and as it is clear that water has neither taste nor smell, it is a simple.

290. Yarapigra Galieni: i.e. this is a noble compound that Galen prescribed; iera in Greek is the same as sacra in Latin, and sacra in Latin is the same as ni coisreactha (a consecrated thing) in Irish; this medicine is blessed and consecrated for illnesses of the head, and it purges the phlegmatic and melancholic humours; consequently, it is appropriate against epilepsy,apoplexy, melancholia, mania, migraine, scotomia, vertigo, and headache, it stops noise in the ear, it comforts the sight, it opens the oppilation of the liver and spleen and kidneys, it comforts the womb, it is suitable against sciatica, arthritis, podagra, colic, and ileus; there are other compounds called iera Rufini, iera logodion, and iera Constantini. Of ginger of sugar.

291. Zinciber: i.e. ginger; hot in the third degree and wet in the second degree; it comforts the stomach and it relaxes the intestines; it is suitable against troubles of the chest and lungs. If it be boiled in wine or ale, it will comfort pain in the stomach and intestines. If powder of ginger be sprinkled on the anus, it will help with tenesmus that is caused by coldness, and also the swellings of piles. If powder of ginger be put on some foods, this will give relief to people afflicted by swooning,

292. Ziucra: moderately hot and wet in the first degree; it has the virtues of relaxing the bowels, softening, and cooling; it makes the choleric humour more acute by reason of its sweetness, because, as Ysaac says, everything acid stops acuteness of the choleric humour, and everything sweet increases it. If small suppositories of honey, sugar and salt be given in the acute fevers, this will stop the excessive heat. There are three sorts of sugar, white sugar, yellow sugar, and sugar candy. White sugar is suitable for syrups and compounds made against acute fevers. Sugar candy stops the thirst and excessive heat of the stomach; it is suitable for people who are labouring In hot weather, for people with phthisis, hectic fever, or coughs, when given in electuaries, food, or drink; everything that is corroded or reduced by wetness is restored by sugar. To make an electuary of it, take white sugar, a pound or two, and soften it in cold water until it has all melted, put it in a brass pot to boil, and put the following comforting spices in it, that is, ginger, cinnamon, galangal, and nutmeg, boil them as appropriate, and this electuary will have the virtue of comforting the heart and all the parts of the body.

 Colophon

So we have achieved a succinct and beneficial fulfilment of this book, drawn from the Antidotaries and Herbals of the city of Salerno, according to the united studium of the doctors of Montpellier. Those masters have stated that everything that is begun in the name of God deserves to be completed in the name of God.

And that is how this book was completed by Tadhg Ó Chuinn, bachelor in physic, in the month of October, on the feast-day of Saint Luke, the Apostle, and in the year of Our Lord one thousand, four hundred and fifteen, to be precise. The End, Amen.

This book was written out by Aedh Buidhe Ó Leighin, and I believe, if I were not dejected, that ... (the rest of the sentence was obliterated).
Abietis (lat. abietis), fir tree. abrotanum, see suramunt. absinthium (syn. centonica, pointicum, uormont; lat. absinthium, ponticum), wormwood, Artemisia absinthium Webb, also, Artemisia maritima Webb, a main source of the drug, santonin, known as worm seed. Chapter 3. acalife, see neanntog. acantum (syn. semen urtice, ros na neannta; lat. urtica), seed of nettle, Urtica dioica Webb, and Urtica urens Webb. accacia, see airne. accetum, see finegra. accride, see meacan righ. acedula, see samadh. adann (syn. albagia, portulaca, pes pulli; lat. portulaca), coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara Webb. Chapter 7. It appears from Fischer, p. 279, and Alphita, p. 149, (s.v. Portulaca) that portulaca and pes pulli both stood for purslane, Portulaca oleracea CTW, a variety of which was cultivated as a pot-herb, but which was not indigenous in Britain or Ireland. From Alphita, p. 140, (s.v. Pes pulli) and Agnus Castus (Brodin, 1950), it appears that, in England pes pulli stood for coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara. The chapter headed Portulaca in Circa Instans is the source of the Irish text; the synonym pes pulli is given by Macer Floridus, and this may have misled people into thinking that the Circa Instans paragraph dealt with coltsfoot; hence adhann (coltsfoot) is given in the text as the Irish for portulaca/pes pulli (purslane). adarc, a horn. adbar (lat. materia), matter, a substance; a cause. adnaicid, to bury (a person). adoghmar, producing a high temperature (< ad-daí, fadódh). ae (lat. epar, iecur), the liver. Occurs only in nom. ae; gen. pl. na n-ae; and dat. pl., ona h-aeibh. As to the use of the plural in this term, see Sheahan (1938) s.v. aeibh. ae aba (syn. epatica, lat. epatica), common liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. Chapter 116. There has been some doubt (e.g. Ogden) as to whether what was intended by liverwort was Anemone, subgenus Hepatica (perhaps Anemone hepatica L., i.e. Hepatica nobilis Mill.), but the plant that is illustrated in Livre des simples medecines is Marchantia polymorpha. Circa Instans says Epatica ... est autem herba quedam in aquosis locis &ersir; precipue in lapidosis locis crescens, minuta habens folia, terre &ersir; lapidibus adherentia. Culpeper, p. 217, in transmitting an older tradition, indicates that it is the bryophyte which is intended: Common Liverwort grows close, and spreads much upon the ground in moist and shady places, with many small green leaves, or rather, as it were sticking flat to one another, very unevenly cut in on the edges, and crumpled; from among which arise small slender stalks, an inch or two high, bearing small star-like flowers at the top. The roots are very fine and small. The first element in the Irish name is clearly the liver. The second element may be Thurneysen's áu áo ó (1946, §338), an ear or lug, which Marchantia polymorpha displays so clearly. Against that, the plant is called epatica fontis in Livre des simples medecines, though simple epatica in the Modena manuscript. ael ur (syn. albesdon, calx uiua; lat. calx viva), quicklime, calcium oxide. Chapter 20. aenda (lat. simplex), simple (as opposed to compound). aentaibh, see entaib. aer, air. aerdha, of the air, incorporeal. affodillus, see creamh. agaidh, see aiged. agailteach. (Chapter 8). A mess of earthworms (agaill). In another copy (NLI G11), the word is written egalsach. agairg (syn. agaricus, fungus; lat. agaricus), Polyporus officinalis, a bracket fungus that grows on larch i.e. white agaric or larch agaric. Chapter 12. It was named from Agaria in Sarmatia, which is in Russia, and, although it grew well in subalpine areas in Europe, the Europeans felt that the Russian product was the best, and it was still being imported from Russia in the 19th century. The distinction between the masculine and feminine sorts can be traced back to Dioscorides. It is believed that the female sort was the fresh, unprocessed, fungus, while the male sort consisted of the fruit-bodies with the upper scaly crust and the lower layer of hymenial tubes removed, i.e., of the homogeneous sporophore flesh only. The terms "male" and "female" were frequently employed before the time of Linnaeus for distinguishing between allied species. The reason why Agaricus is applied to a quite different fungus in botanical terminology is that Linnaeus despised the fungi, and did not bother to study the pre-existing names with the care that he took in the case of the flowering plants. (Buller, 1914–16). agnus castus, see meas torc allaid. agrimonia, see marbdroigin. aibill uisce (syn. flamula, lat. flammula) (Chapter 126), water crowfoot, Ranunculus species. Chapter 126. For the Continental, flammula was usually Clematis flammula, though it was also used of Ranunculus aquatilis and Ranunculus sceleratus. The main use that was made of it was as a caustic. Platearius describes this property of the plant: Dicitur flammula quia incensivam habet virtutem ... Ad cauterium sine igne vel sine ferro faciendum, conteratur flammula &ersir; super locum ponatur, et dimittatur per diem; postea invenietur cutis combusta. Despite the entry in Alphita (Mowat, p. 63), flammula was understood in England to mean Ranunculus flammula: e.g. Agnus Castus, the Grete Herball, and William Turner. Aibill uisce (the water flame) does not, however, indicate Ranunculus flammula, for which the Irish is glaiser lena (see Chapter 286). It is better understood to mean water crowfoot, and to cover a number of species of Ranunculus that grow in flowing water, such as Ranunculus peltatus Webb, and Ranunculus aquatilis Webb. As to Ranunculus in general, see fearban. aicideach, artificial or induced, as opposed to natural. Thus, curtar co haicideach a ngarrgaibh e for plantata (Chapter 16); nadura ... aicideach, Chapter 266, for naturalem ... accidentalem. aigead, aigeidithi, acid, acidic, usually referring to vinegar. aighean, oven. aiged, aghaidh (lat. facies), the face. ailbi (lat. albus), white. ailginech (lat. leniter), co h-ailginech, gently. ailim (syn. alumen, stipteria, sucarium; lat. alumen), alum. The term seems to have been used to include various astringent substances. The text, Chapter 25, says that there are three sorts of alum, rotunndum, licidum, scissum, and it is the scissum sort that we use. Licidum appears to be an error for the humidum of Avicenna's text. The three sorts may be: rotundum: possibly corundum, i.e., native aluminium oxide, next to the diamond the hardest known mineral; in its amorphous form it makes both real and artificial rubies and other precious stones. humidum: this may be alum cake, i.e., aluminium sulphate, which is soluble in water; scissum appears to be the more common "potash alum", K&sub2;SO&sub4;. Al&sub2;(SO&sub4;)&sub3;. 24H&sub2;O, which is a white crystalline solid, and is used as a styptic. aillium, see gairleog. aillium agreiste, see creamh. aillsi (lat. cancri (pl.), fagedaenica, mordax), ulceration, the process by which an ulcer spreads and which involves the death of minute portions of tissue round its edge. Fagedaenica appears to be from &phgr;&agr;&ggr;&egr;&igr;&ngr; and &dgr;&agr;&iacgr;&ngr;&ugr;&mgr;&igr;, indicating eating away. aimrideacht (lat. sterilitas), sterility. aimser (lat. tempus, etc.), time, season. aineid, dill, Peucedanum anisum (=Anethum graveolens), an Asiatic plant, occurring in Europe only casually as a garden escape. Chapter 33. The word takes its Irish form in Chapter 287 only; the other occurrences are of the Latin form, anetum. ainis (syn. anisum, ciminum dulse; lat. anisum, ciminum dulce), anise, Pimpinella anisum. Chapter 35. An Asiatic plant, much cultivated in Eastern and Southern Europe. ainmeasardha, ainmeasardhacht, immoderate, immoderation. ainmfeoil (lat. caro superflua / caro mortua), proudflesh. Ainfbeoil an fabra (chapter 13) is proudflesh of the eyelash, i.e. a stye. ainmighe (lat. animal), animal (both noun and adjective). ainmidteach, co h-ainmidteach, specifically. ainminnt, (lat. quadrupes), animal. ainnteas (lat. calefactio, fervor, siccitas, caliditas, calor), excessive heat. ainntetair, antitair (lat. antidotarium), a book of compound medicines. aipidtheach (lat. maturandi), ripening. aipighidh (lat. maturare), to ripen, or bring to maturity. aipsint, see absinthium, for which the word is a synonym. airedha, see oiredha. airgead (lat. argentum), silver. airgead beo (lat. argentum vivum), mercury, quicksilver. Chapter 39. airgead luachra, meadowsweet, Filipendula ulmaria Webb. airgibh, see ara, temple. airne (sugh na n-airne n-an-abaidh, syn. accacia, sucus prunellarum; lat. acacia, succus prunellorum immaturorum), sloes, the fruit of the blackthorn, Prunus spinosa Webb. Chapter 2. airtire (lat. vena), artery. aisling (aislingthi troma, lat. somnia terribilia et timorosa), dream; in Chapter 226, what is intended may be visual hallucinations. aitheirgid, recur (of poison) (Chapter 31). aithfegad, an aithfegad, as compared with (Chapter 266). aitnim liag, lodestone (i.e. magnetic iron ore which possesses polarity). aitrige, repentance. aixis (lat. accessio), paroxysm or crisis in a fever. alacon, see dubcosach. alagsandrum, see elistront. alapin, see scilla. alapsa, see galla. Alaxanndria, the city of Alexandria, in Egypt. albagia, see adann. albedarug, see colambin. albesdon, see ael ur. alga (d'algaibh an bheoil &ersir; na teangadh, lat. fixuras oris), thrush-sores (Chapter 104). allapisia (lat. allopicia). The reference in Chapter 30 is an luibri re n-abar allapisia, rendering lepram que dicitur allopicia (Circa Instans), and, if we are to take this literally, the disease in question is lepra alopecia (see luibhri), and not the ordinary alopecia. Lepra alopecia is distinguished as follows in Lile Eg 34r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 22): Et is iat so comurthai an leanna pecaigheas .i. da mbia o fuil deirg bidh dath na haighthi ac dul a ndeirgi dorcha &ersir; att isin aghaid maille re moran do ballaibh dearga creachtacha asa tic sugh nemhneach &ersir; deirgi na sul &ersir; inntogh na n-abhradh &ersir; fuil ac teacht asa sroin les gach cuis da loighed &ersir; bith baladh bren trom arin corp uile &ersir; an fual ac dul a ndeirgi &ersir; a tighi ... Maseadh, da roibh o fuil deirg aderur allapisia ria... However, it is likely that the disease in mind is the ordinary alopecia, described at Lile Eg 48r & v (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 1): Is eadh is allopicia and tuitim an fuilt maille re crechtaibh gan lanna gan truscar ... Signa, in tan do-chifeam in folt ac tuitim gan cuis follus facam an fuilid lanna no truscar mar bun ann, &ersir; muna fuilid, facam an fuilid crechta fa bun an finnfaidh &ersir; ma ata is allopicia hi, &ersir; da mbia in dath ac dul a ndeirgi is o fuil dearg truaillidhe ata &ersir; da mbia ac dul a mbuidheacht is o linn ruagh &ersir; da mbia ac dul a mbaine maille re sileadh no rena cosmailibh is o linn finn &ersir; da mbia ac dul a nduibhe no a nglaisi is o linn dubh. See maili. allus (lat. sudor), sweat. allusal, see cepa. almont (syn. nux longa; lat. amygdalum), almond, Prunus amygdalus CTW (=Prunus dulcis Miller). Chapter 211. The variety Prunus dulcis it the sweet almond (na h-almonta millsi), and the variety Prunus amara is the bitter almond (na h-almonta serbha). A native of West Asia, it is widely cultivated in the countries bordering the Mediterranean. Almond oil (bainne almoint) is a fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds. aloes (syn. aloe, epaticum, cicotrinum; lat. aloes), aloes. Chapter 22. This is the solid residue obtained by evaporating the liquid which drains from the transversely cut leaves of various species of the liliaceous genus, Aloe. The juice is concentrated by boiling, and solidifies on cooling. The best species used was Aloe perryi, from the island of Socotra, off the horn of Africa for which reason the island received the attentions of Alexander the Great. As the Irish text says, epaticum refers to the colour of one sort of aloes. Cicotrinum seems to be an amalgam made up of Socotra and citrinum (=yellow), as the name of another sort. Beck (1940) p. 41 discusses the exceptionally long chapter on aloes in Circa Instans. alphur, see fuinnseog. alsiteis, ascites, dropsical swelling of the abdomen. Lile Eg 164r (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 5): Et is iat so comarthadha alsites .i. puls bec minic &ersir; da ngluaister an medon do-ni fodur mar buidel leath lan d'uisce, mar aderadh 'co ac co ac'. See idroipis. alt (lat. articulus), a joint (of the body). d'altaibh an droma (lat. spina), the backbone. altea, see leamhadh. alumen, see ailim. amarisga (lat. amarissa), see maelan muilithi. ambra (syn. spearma ceti, coimpert an mil mor; lat. ambra, dicitur sperma ceti), ambergris. Chapter 26. This streaky grey or brown waxy substance is found in the intestines of sperm whales, or floating in the sea where the whale has eliminated it, and lumps up to 100 lb have been found. It is thought to be the remains of the beaks of squid eaten by the whale. It is used in perfumes to give them a longer life, and, on its own, it has a fragrant odour like musk. From the time of the first visitation of the bubonic plague in 1348, ambergris was used as protection from plague. Complicated recipes including ambergris existed for aromatic balls to be carried in the hand to neutralize the corrupt air that was believed to bring the plague, and for syrups for internal use. Rooms where the plague had visited were fumigated with it. It was, however, very expensive, and it was therefore available only to the wealthy: Riddle (1964). The term spermaceti is now applied to a solid wax obtained from the oils derived from the head and blubber of certain whales. ambrosiana see iubar sleibe. amedum, see amillum. ameid (lat. amidum), starch. See amillum. Chapter 29. amillum (syn. amedum; lat. amidum, amilum), starch. Amedum occurs in an Irish form, ameid, q. v. amprismorum, refers to the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. an-abaigh, unripe. anabulla, see gerr an eighmhe and titimaillus. anacardi, marking nut, species of Semecarpus, especially Semecarpus anacardium. Sometimes called cashew nut, a term that is now applied to a species cultivated in the West Indies. anal, breath. anam (lat. anima); in medical usage, more akin to mind than to soul. anastropa (elsewhere written as anastropha), gastric spasm. Lile Eg 143r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 13): Is eadh is anastropha and ... innarbadh luath an bidh trit na ballaibh uachtaracha. ancula alba, see scabiosa. andicum (lat. Indicum), Indian. andiuia (lat. scariola), the cultivated endive, Cichorium endivia CTW. anetum, see aineid. anisum, see ainis. anmainde (lat. debilitas, defectio), weakness or debility. anmuindigidh (lat. debilitas), weakens. anmann (lat. macilentus, debilis), weak. anntoil, lust. antera (syn. flos rose, blath an rosa), the anthers of the rose, i.e., the little sacks that contain the pollen. Chapter 34. Circa Instans says, s.v.Rosa, ... detur etiam pulvis in ovo sorbili. Antera dicitur, scilicet flos rose, scilicet quiddam quod interius reperitur. Rufinus (Thorndike, 1946, 273) from Synonyma: Rose semen eius anthera; eis utimur. From Greek &agr;&ngr;&thgr;&eegr;&rgr;&oacgr;&sfgr;. antrax (lat. anthrax), "a malygne pustle" (Wulff, 1929). Lile Eg 27r & v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 19, Rub. 1): Is eadh is antrax &ersir; is carbonclus ann neascoidi beca no gorain neimnacha &ersir; bith an loscadh nisa mo a carbonclus &ersir; is uime sin bis in t-inadh dubh mar smeroid. Antrax vero, linn ruagh is mo tigernaigeas ann &ersir; is amhlaidh aitintear iat ar son co mbi moran do dhathaibh ar tus timchill an gorain a modh cercailli mar ata dath buidhe &ersir; dath dearg &ersir; dath liuidus &ersir; dath dubh ... Is uime aderar anntrax on focal so antrum .i. clais, ar son co ndenann clais mar a mbi &ersir; is uime aderar carbonclus on fhocal so carbo ar son co loiscinn mar smeroid teinntighi &ersir; co ndubhann asa haithle. See filun. antribulata, see intribulata. an-umal (lat. inobediens), a problem for. apium, see meirsi. apoplexia (lat. apoplexia), apoplexy. Lile Eg 75v & 76r (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 26): Is eadh is apoplexia and easlainte incinne bacus mothughadh &ersir; gluaiseacht don corp uile co luath obann maille re guth mor roimpi arna denamh o duintibh a fidhisibh &ersir; a cabhanaibh oiredha &ersir; neamh-oiredha na hincinde ... Da ngairtear tu cum othair &ersir; co faicfir gluaiseacht mar do beadh codlad trom domuin air a cosmaileas an codalta re n-abur subeth &ersir; ac sranfartaigh, gair ina ainm e do guth ard &ersir; tairring a fholt &ersir; fill a mer &ersir; faisc co laidir iat &ersir; goin le snathaid no le steil e &ersir; muna fregra tu ar aon cor is fer apoplexia e. apostolicon (lat. apostolicon), a compound medicine. See Introduction, Chapter 4 p. 52. aqua rosasium (lat. aqua rosacea), rose water. ara (lat. timpora), the temples (of one's head). Nom. pl. na hairgi; gen. pl., na n-airgeadh; dat. pl., arna hairgibh. araibicum, Arabic. Araip, Arabia. aran (lat. panis), bread. arasca, see tataba. argallamh (syn. auripimentum, arsenicum; lat. auripigmentum), orpiment, the yellow mineral, arsenius trisulphide (As&sub2;s&sub3;), Chapter 37. An amphora full of this substance was found in the shipwreck at Ulu Burun, off the southern coast of Turkey in Asia, dated to the 14th century BC. One of its uses in ancient times was to give consistency and colour to the wax on a writing tablet, by mixing the wax with 25 per cent orpiment. (Bass, 1987). argentaria, see talamh selaithi. argimonia, see agrimonia. arigentum vivum, see airgid beo. aroistoloia, see stoinsi. aron barba, see geadhar. arracia, see eilitreog. arrachtus (lat. audacia), courage. arrsaideacht, normally, (old) age (lat. vetustas); in Chapter 227, "very old" (lat. decrepitus). arrsaigh (lat. vetus), old. arsenicum, see argallamh. artamesia, see buatfallan liath. artetica (lat. arthetica), arthritis. Thomas of Cantimpré (1973 i 71): Nota autem divisionem artetice quadruplicem; artetica proprie vocatur gutta que tenetur in articulis. Sciatica passio vocatur a scia, scie; cyragra a manibus, podagra a pedibus. aru (lat. renes, nefreticus), kidneys. asafetida (lat. assa fetida), asafoetida, an oleo-gum-resin obtained by incision from the living rhizomes and root of Ferula foetida and other species of Ferula. Chapter 40. The plant is about nine feet tall, and grows in Persia and to the north of India. The substance has a strong and unpleasant smell of garlic, and a bitter taste. asal (lat. asinus), donkey. ascal (lat. subassellae), armpit. asma (lat. asma), asthma. Lile Eg 118r (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 8): Is eadh is asma ann docamhail anala maille re foghar, mar ata disnia ina docamhail anala gan fodhar. An lucht asma, vero, bith an n-anal co luath mar do beith neach ac rith no ac saothar no amail do beith neach ac rith no ac saothar no amail do beith neach aca muchadh &ersir; an lucht ara mbi disnia bith an n-anal amail anail duine ara mbeith muchadh no amail anail lobuir foirfi &ersir; cuiridh an férsa deifir eatorra: Disnia se celat canit asma malumque reuelat, .i. celidh an disnia i fen &ersir; labhraidh an asma &ersir; foillsigidh a holc. asola (= esula), see eisbeorna. asuir (lat. lazulum), azure, a sky-blue colour or pigment. ataighidh, dwell. athair talman (syn. mellifolium; lat. millefolium), yarrow, Achillea millefolium Webb. Chapter 192. Rufinus (Thorndike, 1946, 191): Millefolium alio nomine ambrosia et supercilium Veneris el etiam centonium minus dicitur. Gambam facit aliquantulum longam; eius folia minutissima ut feniculus vel abrotanum; eius flos albus in corona rotunda ut pastinaca; foliis utimur. Nam eius flores interficiunt lumbricos propter amaritudinem quam habent. Nam aliqui flores sunt albi, alii crocei et alii violacei, et sunt omnes in coronis rotundis in sumitatibus ramusculorum ut semina feniculi. atarrach, to change. athanasia, see lus na frannc. athasar, see poiliol ruibel. athgabaidh, retakes possession. atnuaigidh, renews. atruigidh, changes. att (lat. tumor, inflatio), swelling. attairrngteach (lat. attrahendi, attractivus), attractive, drawing. attarraing, drawing. attcomaill (lat. tumor), swelling. Att and attcomaill are both used to render tumor. Comall (<con-alla) is to fulfil, and its use in this context may contain the concept of the filling of a space (cf. DIL, 2 do-alla, 1 ellach II) (eDIL s.v. 2 do-alla or dil.ie/17179). It is suggested that att is swelling in general, and attcomaill is a swelling which is regarded as that of a distended cavity, such as a dropsical swelling of the abdomen (i.e. ascites), or a cyst. Thus, attcomaill na sul would be a Meibomian cyst of the eyelids, and attcomaill na cos &ersir; na lamh would refer to dropsy in the feet and hands. attriplex, see eilitreog. auansia, see macall. auellana, see cno gaeidilach. auena, see coirci. auricula muris, see liathlus beag. auripimentum, see argallamh. aurum, see or. Babileoin (lat. Babilonia), Babylon. bainne (syn. lacc; lat. lac), milk. Chapter 160. Bainne cic (lat. lac mulieris, etc.), human milk. Also used of almond oil, see almont, and of the latex of spurge, bainne gearr na heigmhe, Chapter 286. Also, a drop. baistillerach, bachelor, i.e. one who has taken the first degree at a university. baithid (lat. extinctum fuerit, abluatur), immerses (a [hot] metal in a liquid). Normally, drowns. baitis, batas (lat. caput), the top of the head. baladh (lat. odor), smell; deaghbaladh, lat. redolet; drochbaladh, lat. fetet. balanon, see measoga daracha. ball, (lat. membrum, pars), any part of the body; na baill spiradalta, lat. spiritualia, the respiratory organs; na baill feitheacha, lat. nervi, the nerves. ballan, nipple. balsamita, see cartlann. balsamum (lat. balsamus), balm of Gilead, a substance containing resin and benzoic acid, obtained from Commiphora opobalsamum. Chapter 51. baluart, see ualuart. banaltra (lat. lactans), a nurse, i.e. a woman nursing a baby. bancia, see meacan righ. bannda (lat. femina), feminine. banndacht (lat. vulva, matrix, genitalia). The female reproductive system as a whole was the matrix, Irish maclac (i.e. the baby's place), but those terms were often used for specific parts of the system. Banndacht was usually reserved for the vulva. barba filicana, see cruach padraig. barba Iouis, see teneagal. Barbara. An tir darub ainm Barbara, lat. in barbarie regione; this may refer to the ancient port of Barbarike, via which rhubarb was formerly shipped to Europe from Tibet. barba siluana, see glaiser coille. barba sina, see lus na laedh. barbarum, see reubarbrum. bardana, see meacan tua. barr, top. Of herbs, lat. turio, folia. Barr bainne, cream. bas, bos, the palm of the hand. bás (lat. mors), death. basilicon, see colambin. batas = baitis, q. v. batlach, an unsophisticated person; icslainte na mbatlach, lat. tyriaca rusticorum, poor man's theriac, a facetious name for garlic. Theriac was originally a cure for an injury inflicted by a wild animal, but came in time to mean a panacea. beach, a bee. beanaid, takes; of plants, a buain (lat. colligitur), to gather (plants); boin sudh asdu, extract the juice; an ainmighi as na beantar, the animal "out of whom was not taken", i.e., who was not castrated. beannaithi, blessed. bearbaidh, boils. There is some confusion between heating, cooking, boiling and infusing. Irish terms are bruithidh and bearbaidh. Latin, calefacere, coquere, decoquere, bullire, elixus. Decoction meant boiling the plant in water for a time and macerating it for a time afterwards. Infusion meant pouring boiling water over the plant and covering it and leaving it to stand for a while. Other methods that were used to extract substances from the plant were maceration, which was to soak the plant in cold water for a time; and extraction of juices, by parboiling the fresh plant very briefly, and then subjecting it to pressure in a press. In each case, the liquid was finally strained through a finely woven cloth. bearraid (lat. abradere), shave. beata, life. beiridh, carries, bears; beiridh a brigh, it retains its efficacy; beiridh a toirrceas, beiridh leanamh, she gives birth; beartar an leanamh uaithi, the baby is taken from her (in birth). bel: an orifice, normally a person's mouth, lat. os; bel an gaili, strictly, the entrance or cardiac orifice of the stomach, but usually referring to the outer surface thereover (lat. furcula pectoris, os stomachi); bel an maclaig, see maclac; bel na n-isgad, see isgad. bellirisi, see mirbulani. benedicta, a compound medicine. See Introduction, Chapter 4 p. 52. beodacht (lat. solicitudo), liveliness. In the context of Chapter 280, a lively interest. berberis, the barberry, Berberis vulgaris Webb. bernix, see vernix. beta, see biatus. bethadhach, beast. betonica, see bitoine. biadh (lat. cibus), food. biadhamail, biadhamlacht (lat. glutinositas), treacly and substantial. This term is used in Lile (e.g. 181va, line 25; LM Pt. 7, Ch. 3) to render muccilago. biatus (syn. beta, pleta, cicula; lat. sicla), beet, Beta vulgaris Webb. Chapter 58. bibolica, see fotlact. bidellium (lat. bdellium), bdellium, a gum resin resembling myrrh, of which several varieties are recognised. Probably from Commiphora roxburghii (from India) or Commiphora africana (north-east Africa). bilar, see bilur uisce. biliria, see fotlact. bilonia, see coinneall mhuire. bilur muire (syn. ipofilia), brooklime, Veronica beccabunga Webb. Chapter 159. See local. bilur uisce, bilar (syn. nastursium; lat. nasturcium), watercress, Nasturtium officinale Webb, and Nasturtium microphyllum Webb. Chapter 205. As to the cultivated cress, see gaill bilur. binid, rennet, i.e. a substance used to curdle milk when making cheese, usually the curdled milk found in the stomach of an unweaned calf. bisa, see ruibh. bismalua, see leamhadh. bitnua (syn. fugo demonum; lat. ypericon), St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum Webb. Chapter 138. bitoine (syn. bitonica; lat. betonica), betony, Stachys officinalis Webb. Chapter 63. blaesc, blaisc, plaesc (lat. testa), shell (e.g. of egg). blanca, a compound medicine, See Introduction, Chapter 4 p. 52. blas (lat. sapor), taste. blath (lat. flos), flower; blath an rosa, see antera; blath na raibhe uisce, see raibh uisce. blath in luaidhe (syn. cerusa; lat. cerusa, flos plumbi), flower of lead, ceruse, i.e. white lead, basic lead carbonate. Chapter 82. See luaighe. blath na fuinnseoigi, see fuinnseog. blath na time (syn. epetimen; lat. epithimum), the dodder that parasitises thyme, Cuscuta epithymum Webb. Chapter 117. bligid (lat. mulgere), milks. The references in Chapter 160 indicate that there is a point to using milk immediately on its being expressed. blonaig (lat. assungia, axungia, adeps, pinguis), the lard or soft fat of an animal. bo (lat. adj., vaccinus), cow. bocaidi (lat. adj., hyrcinum), a male or puck goat. bocan, see fuil bocain. bog (lat. calidus, tepidus, (cera) liquefacta), warm, soft. bogaidh: softens (lat. mollire); relaxes (lat. laxare, relaxare, lenire); in Chapter 29, no go mboga an gran (lat. putrefactum) appears to refer to the freeing of the starch from gluten, which remains in a sticky mass, while the starch separates on standing from the milky washings. bolg: belly; occurs only in bolga an daergalair, (lat. condilomata quasi glandule, emorroidas, thenasmon), the swellings of piles. bolgam, a sup. boltanugadh (lat. olfactus), smell. bolus Armenicus, see uir sleibi Armeinia. bonn (lat. vole manuum et pedum), the sole of the foot. borax (lat. borax), borax. In Chapter 61, the Irish text, following Circa Instans, states that this is the gum of a tree. However, the Irish author adds, apparently on his own account, as leis daingnid na cerdada na mitaill ele re ceili, which suggests that he was aware that borax, sodium borate, occurs as a native salt. borraiste (lat. borago), borage, Borago officinalis CTW. bos, see bas. bo-samhadh, see samadh. bracadh (lat. humiditas), a liquid substance. In Chapter 197, it refers to musk. bracteos, see liathan locadh. braen, a drop. braighid (lat. collum, guttur), throat. braitlis, unfermented worts. bran (lat. furfur), bran. branca ursina, see gallfotannan. brat (bratt &ersir; finn na sul, lat. pannum oculorum), a fibrous web, like a piece of cloth (i.e., = pannum). In relation to the eyes, it probably refers to trachoma, a disease due to a virus, which is characterised by pale-coloured nodules, rather like boiled sago, on the conjunctiva (mucous membrane) which lines the eyelids. The cornea becomes covered with a hazy film. The disease is chronic, persistent, and severe, and is the greatest single cause of loss of sight. breid (lat. pecia), a piece of cloth. breith, the womb. bren (lat. fetidus), bad-smelling. brenaidh (lat. putrescere), (of cheese) goes bad. brenanalaighi (lat. fetor oris), badness of breath. brentas (lat. fetor), a bad smell. brici (in aigid ... a fathadh &ersir; a brici, lat. tuberositatibus desiccatis), freckles, spots, blotches. In Lile, the term breicnighi (its present-day form is bricíní) covers a wide field, from freckles to symptoms of serious diseases. It appears that the name lentigo is from lens, apparently in reference to the (double) convex form of the seeds of lentil, and the description indicates wide, round discoloured lumps. The true lentigo looks like the eruptions that occur at a certain stage of enteric (=typhoid) fever, but lentigo also appears to include the rash of scarlet fever and the acne associated with dyspepsia. Lile Eg 100v-101r (LM Pt. 3, Ch. 24): Lentigines sunt infecciones cutis faciei ut plurimum .i. is eadh is breicnighi ann salchur croicinn na haithche ni is mionca, &ersir; uair and croicinn an cuirp uile. CAUSE: tic an salcur so uair and co hinmedonac &ersir; uair eli co foirimilleach. Go foirimilleach mar is follus in tan ticid o ro-teasaideacht greini no o aer truaillidhe cona cosmailibh. Et mas co hinmedonach teguit, tic sin o faothugadh, no o tosach na fola mista, no fola an daergalair, no o fostugadh na n-imarcach eli do gnathuigheadh d'fholmugadh, no o maitheas na brighi ag glanadh an cuirp ona imurcachaibh, no o mailis an leanna ac dul a foirimill. SIGNA: da mbe o cuisibh foirimillacha no o fostoghadh na n-imurcach do cleachtadh d'innarbudh, aithintear sin o fhoillsiughadh an othair &ersir; madh o fhaethughadh bes, aithintear sin o etromugadh an othair &ersir; o scur an fhiabruis, &ersir; madh o maithes na naduir bes, beith gan gere can teinneas, &ersir; madh o mailis in adhbuir bes, bith maille re droch-aicidibh eigin do shir, mar ata tochus &ersir; teinneas &ersir; anbfhuinne tochluighthe &ersir; a cosmaile. Et da mbia salcur an croicinn o fuil deirg bith ac dul a ndeirgi, &ersir; da mbia o linn ruagh, ac dul a mbuideacht, &ersir; da mbia o linn finn, ac dul a ngile, &ersir; da mbia o linn dubh, bidh ag dul a nguirme &ersir; a nduibe, &ersir; madh o fuil truaillidhe bes, bith dath an croicinn mar fuil mairbh. PROGNOSTICACIO: da ti brecnighi &ersir; salchur croicinn a fiabrus roim comurtaibh in dileaghtha &ersir; in la nach la faethuighthe, is ro-olc &ersir; is marbtach in comurtha &ersir; is uime sin is coir croicinn na droingi sin d'fechain co minic. CURACIO: da mbia salcur san aghaidh &ersir; in corp linta no tighernas ac fuil deirg ann, leigtear cuisli a cefalica, &ersir; da mbia sa corp uile, leigtear a mediana &ersir; ainnsein a sophena, &ersir; is mor foghnus fuiliugadh arna colpadhaibh no idir na slinnenaibh no fon smeig, maseadh folmuighthir in linn fona riachtanas a les, &ersir; is ro-minic adubhradh so, maseadh dentar stufadha &ersir; tabartar opiatadha foiniar a tus an adhbuir, &ersir; adubramar moran aran adhbar so sa cet leabur. Et ar nglanadh an cuirp co imslan, dentar uinniminte &ersir; coimilta &ersir; uisceadha &ersir; a cosmaile do glanadh in croicind. Et is iat so na neithi adhburdha da ndentar sin .i. min eorna &ersir; min milium &ersir; fenugrecum &ersir; lupinorum &ersir; almont tserbha &ersir; raibh &ersir; ael &ersir; uitreolum &ersir; nitrum &ersir; mirr &ersir; sal armoniacum &ersir; porcellana &ersir; sligen geala muirighi &ersir; cruel &ersir; be e geal &ersir; dearg &ersir; amidum &ersir; caindi &ersir; penidie &ersir; licoris &ersir; bainne figidh &ersir; arsenicum arna tairring &ersir; airgidluim &ersir; domblas ae en beris a cuid ar eigin &ersir; uisce tartarum &ersir; uisce rafanus &ersir; gedhar &ersir; dragontia &ersir; lili &ersir; blatha truim &ersir; blatha ponaire &ersir; fumiter &ersir; maiorana &ersir; co hairithi sa fuil mairbh nua, oir an tan is arrsaidh hi is eigin fuiliughadh do denumh, &ersir; gum na ruibhe fiadhain &ersir; croicinn citruini &ersir; finegra finn &ersir; sugh brain &ersir; min risi &ersir; bainne duille na figidh, no a barr, no na figedha, no an t-uisce ara mbearbtar; fortachtaigidh an t-uisce ara mbearbtar figidh arna ol, oir glanaidh so salcur an croicinn, &ersir; ni headh amhain acht furtachtaidh an naduir d'innarbadh na n-imurcach a foirimill; &ersir; fedtar trosisci do denum do aen ni no do moran dib so fo riachtanas a les na neithidh rannuidhe. Et an tan bus ail a ngnathughadh, a cumasc le huisce blatha ponaire no re bainne &ersir; a coimilt don aghaidh san oidhche &ersir; a hinnladh sa lo arna marach le huisce brain; gidheadh, do budh maith in gach ni dib so, ar nglanadh an cuirp, an croicinn do bogadh le deathach uisce ara mbearbtar malua &ersir; bismalua &ersir; caith eorna &ersir; coirce. Et do rinnemar comraiti fada aran maisiughadh sa cet leabur &ersir; co ndingnam caibidil specialta a ndeireadh na hainntidare de &ersir; is uime sin scuirim annso de. CLARIFICACIO: dleaghar a tuicsin da mbia an corp línta co huilidhe co ndleaghar cuisli do leigin a basilica &ersir; muna bia an línadh a comor sin &ersir; an salchur do beith isin corp uile leigtear mediana &ersir; madh isin aghaidh bes leigtear a cifalica. An .2. ni dleaghar do tuicsin .i. curob mionca &ersir; curob mo tegmus an truailliughadh so o linn dubh &ersir; is doigh da tegmadh o leannaibh eli nach lentigines co dilis iat oir bidh lentigines do shir ac dul a riabhcacht eigin &ersir; bith an salchur ballach mar lentes &ersir; mar sin bhid lethan cruinn &ersir; a ndath ac dul a riabhcacht; gidheadh bith gne do linn dubh ro-reamur &ersir; is uadha sin do-nitear gorain &ersir; scabies &ersir; mala mortuum isna ballaibh ichtaracha &ersir; an uair is nemreimhe na sin e teid cum na haidche &ersir; ni heidir a discaileadh &ersir; is uime sin do-ni lentigenes. Linn ruagh vero, is urusa a discaileadh muna bia arna remhrughadh o cumasc no o loscadh. brigh (lat. virtus, vis, efficacia, proprietas), virtue, power, effect. brisc, brittle. (na) brisclain (syn. tanasetum agreste), silverweed, Potentilla anserina Webb. Chapter 267. brisidh, breaks (lat. frangere, findere); to pound with a mortar and pestle (lat. terere, conterere, contundere, fiat pulvis); of the voice, gairbi in gotha noc brisis o fuaraideacht, (lat. clarificat raucam vocem); to burst a boil (lat. rumpere); of a cracked lip, an aigid brisidh an beoil (lat. contra ragadias .i. fixuras labiorum). bron (lat. tristicia, capitis strictura), sorrow. bru, gen. brond (lat. venter, alvus, stomacus), the abdomen. Chapter 282. bruchtadh (lat. eructuatio), belching. brughadh, bruise. bruisingni (lat. ad ungues reparandos), decaying or flaking fingernails. This may be the pannaricium (cf. pannosus, ragged, tattered) of Lile Eg 45r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 28): Is eadh is pannaricium and neascoid teinn teasaide bis a mbun na n-ingean, uair and maille le creacht &ersir; uair eli maille le sileadh neimhneach, &ersir; ni bhi an mer gan guasacht in tan sin ... Et da mbia creacht and leigestar hi le haloe &ersir; le tuis &ersir; le harcenicum. The reference to orpiment (arcenicum) tallies with the last sentence in Chapter 37 of the present text. bruithidh (lat. coquere, decoquere, elixare, apozima, pistare) cooks. See bearbaidh; cf. Chapter 25, bruit mil &ersir; finegra &ersir; beirb noco mbia a tigi meala; Chapter 103, beirb ar fin &ersir; ar ola ... a bearbadh ina haitle noco ndeaca an fin fo bruit (lat. usque dum reducatur ad oleum). Bruithidh is much used in the first half of the text, but it is not used at all after Chapter 103. bruitida (lat. impetigo, serpigo), pimples. Lile Eg 27v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 19, Rub. 1): Impetigo serpigo formica miliaris et formica deambulatiua sunt pustule parue corrumpiens &ersir; inficientes cutim .i. na neithe so ader is gorain beca iat truaillis &ersir; tshalchas in croicinn do-nitear o linn ruagh loisce seim nis mo &ersir; is uime sin tshiblaid &ersir; gluaisid; fasaid ar fud an cuirp no in croicinn &ersir; do-citear uair and etillac do denum doibh &ersir; uair eli cumsanadh an en inad &ersir; uair and gabhuid moran don croicinn &ersir; uair eli beagan &ersir; gairtear a coitcinne emberbes no ignis uolatilis &ersir; bit maille re teasaideacht &ersir; re tennis &ersir; re deirgi &ersir; re truailliughadh &ersir; uair and creachtnaigid &ersir; cnaidit &ersir; is uime sin fedtar a n-airemh idir eslantibh an croicinn. See carraighe. bruscar (bith ana bruscar min, lat. facile pulverizatur), a heap of raggedy small pieces. bruscus, see gilcach sleibhe. bruth (lat. excoriatio, scabies, prudor, pruritus mordax, prurigo, scrophae, ulcus, serpigo, impetigo), an itchy sore. bruthadh; don ball arna bruthadh, for the sore part. See bruth. buaid, a beneficial characteristic. bualadh (lat. percussio), a blow, a beating. bualtrach, cow dung. buatfallan liath (syn. artamesia, mater herbarum; lat. arthemisia), mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris Webb. Chapter 42. buidheacair (lat. icteritia), jaundice. Lile Eg 166v, 167r (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 6): Is eadh is buideacair ann salchar uilidhe an croicinn ... Et atait tri gneithi ar yctericia .i. citrina &ersir; uiridis &ersir; nigra ... Mad o cuisibh tinnscainteacha bes, do gabur sin o foillsiugadh an othair, &ersir; mad ona haeibh beas bith maille re truaighi in coirp uile &ersir; re truimidheacht na leithe dheis. Et madh o sparan an domblais bes, tic co hobann, &ersir; madh hi an tslighe teid cum na n-inne bes duinte, bid an feradh geal &ersir; bith dath na haidhchi buidhi &ersir; bid seirbi beil &ersir; tart ann &ersir; mad hi an tslighe teid cum in gaili beas duinte, bith an fual dathi tiugh crochdha &ersir; bith an t-ingl– dathi lés. Et mad on tsheilg bes bith cruas &ersir; truimideacht isin tsheilg &ersir; is follus comarta eli leanna duibh. Et dleaghar a tuicsin nach tic buideacair buidhi na crochda on tsheilg coidhche acht dubh do shir gidheadh fedaidh buideacair dubh teacht ona haeibh &ersir; on tseilg &ersir; is iat a comartaighi idirdealaca oir an buideacair tic ona haeibh ni comdubh hi &ersir; in tan bis on tsheilg &ersir; ni follus cruas na truimideacht isin tsheilg an tan sin. buighean (lat. vitellus), yolk (of egg). buigi (lat. mollicia), softness. buighi (lat. citrinus), yellow. buighri (lat. surditas), deafness. builing (lat. panis), a loaf (of bread). bun, the lower part, above ground, of a plant. bunait na feitheadh, the place of origin of the nerves. The treatment for paralysis in Chapter 152 compares with Rosa Anglica (Wulff, 1929, p. 266), and also with Lile Eg 77v, where bunadhus na feithidh is used in the course of rendering debemus considerare quod medicamina apponantur in origine neruorum (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 27). From Thomas of Cantimpré (1973 i 40), the place in question appears to be the (back of the) head: Nervi oriuntur a cerebro, unde omnis sensus a nervis est. Statim enim quando leditur aliquod membrum, dolor cerebrum tangit. Ex origine enim duorum principalium nervorum due tele super cerebrum contexuntur. burneta, see lus creidhe. bursa pastoris, see lus an sbarain. butirum, see im. Cabun, a capon, i.e., a castrated cock. cadas (lat. bombax), cotton. Hairs on the seeds of a shrub, Gossypium herbaceum, were harvested in Egypt, where the shrub was cultivated. caelaid, to make slender. caer, berry; caera na fineamhna (syn. uua; lat. uve), grapes; Chapter 279; caera an iubair craigi, see iubar craigi. caera (lat. ovis), a sheep. caertann curraig (syn. fu, ualerian; lat. fu, valeriana) wild valerian, Valeriana officinalis Webb. Chapter 137. caibidil, chapter. cail (lat. qualitas), quality. The four qualities are teasaideacht, fuaraideacht, tirimideacht, fliuchaideacht, i.e., hotness, coldness, dryness, wetness. caileach (lat. gallus), a cock. cailgid, to sting. caili, thinness; cuirig an corp a caile, lat. extenuant. cailicin (lat. caligo), (of the eyes) mistiness. cailimint (syn. calamentum vel calamentum maighis; lat. calamentum, nepeta), calamint, Calamintha sylvatica Webb. Chapter 68. cainci acuidh; Hogan (1900) gives "eyebright" for this on the authority of Cameron's Gaelic names of plants; i.e., Euphrasia species, Webb. The term occurs four times in the present text, three times in relation to the eyes: Chapters 96, 154 and 168. Euphrasia, for which the Modena manuscript gives the synonym luminella, was much used for eye troubles, as the Modena manuscript indicates. It may not be without significance that cainci coilli is also used for the eyes. cainci coille (syn. galitr[ic]um; lat. gallitricum), the cultivated clary, Salvia sclarea. Chapter 144. The term may have been originally for Salvia horminoides Webb. See cainci acuidh. cainel (syn. cinamomum; lat. cinamomum, canella), cinnamon, the dried middle layer of the bark of coppiced trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, of Sri Lanka and southern India. Chapter 85. It is thought that, prior to the thirteenth century, cinnamon was derived from Cinnamomum cassia from China, the bark of which is now known as Chinese cassia lignea. cainndi: siucra cainndi, sugar candy. See siucra. caiserban bec (syn. morsus demonis, greim an deamhain), devil's bit scabious, Succisa pratensis Webb. Chapter 196. Another name for the plant may be leadán curraigh (Hunt, 1986–87, p. 129 [242]). caisi (lat. caseolus), cheese. caith, chaff, husks. caitidh (lat. comedere, sumere, mandere), to eat, consume. caitine, catkin. Used to describe pepper. The inflorescence produced on the vines of Piper nigrum is a spike of about 20-30 sessile flowers, which develop into sessile fruits. Calabria, in Italy. calamentum, see cailimint. calamus aromaticus, the rhizome of sweet flag, Acorus calamus Webb. Now mainly used as a source of calamus oil, employed in perfumery. calmaigidh (lat. mollire, confortare, corroborare), to make steady. calo, represents &kgr;&agr;&lgr;&oacgr;&sfgr;, beautiful, fair; good. calx viva, see ael ur. camamilla (lat. camomilla), flowerheads of chamomile, Chamaemelum nobile Webb, collected from cultivated plants and dried. It appears that the wild chamomile, Chamomilla recutita (listed in the Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland) was used as a substitute for the true chamomile, oil of chamomile being distilled from the flowerheads. Cameactis, see ualuart. camphorata, see suramunt. campora (lat. camphora), camphor. In the Middle Ages, this referred to Borneo camphor, obtained from Dryobalanops aromatica. capillus veneris, see dubcosach. carapotisi (syn. caera an eighinn), berries of ivy. Rufinus (Thorndike, 1946, 116) says: Scissi idem edera: xilocissi, id est, lignum edere; carpocissi, id est, fructus edere; oppocissi, id est, gumi edere. &kgr;&agr;&rgr;&pgr;&oacgr;&sfgr; + &kgr;&igr;&sgr;&sgr;&oacgr;&sfgr;. carauaidh, caraway, Carum carvi Webb. carbad (lat. caro gingivarum), the gums. carbuncalus, carbuncle. For the account in Lile, see antrai. cardiaca, cardiaca passio (lat. cardiaca, cardiaca passio): normally, this is heartburn, as the association with digestion problems e.g. in chapters 85 and 179 shows, but the frequent association of it with sincoipis in the present text shows that it may also have been applied to painful symptoms of what were true heart conditions. Even today, heart diseases can be recognised only by a trained observer. carraighe (lat. scabies), favus, one type of tinea or ringworm (i.e. inflammatory affections of the skin produced by moulds), consisting of a hard, dry, scabby or scaly formation, occurring on the scalp, skin and nails. Lile Eg 52v (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 8): Tinea est scabies capitis cum scammis &ersir; crustis .i. is eadh is carraighi ann scabies an cinn maille re lannaibh &ersir; re crustadhaibh &ersir; re scris an finnfaidh &ersir; re dath luatha &ersir; re brentas &ersir; re fechain adhuathmar. Asiat cuisi na heaslainti so leanna truaillidhe do berar a broinn no tegmas a ndiaigh droch-follamhnuighthe an leinbh, no ona bhuime no ona athair no ona mathair do beith carrach innus co mbi uair and maille re sileadh &ersir; re favus &ersir; re salchur &ersir; uair and ina n-egmais, acht curob mionca bis tirim na fliuch, o truailliughadh dasachtach &ersir; o loscadh na leannann. Lile Eg 40v and 41r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 24): Is eadh is scabies and, salcur croicinn maille re lannaibh &ersir; re tochus uair and, &ersir; uair eli tirim &ersir; uair eli fliuch &ersir; uair eli maille re sileadh, &ersir; bis nisa mionca isna ballaibh foirimillacha &ersir; uair eli gabus moran don corp ... Gentear salcuir examhla do reir meide no loighid an truallighthe, maseadh tic allus ara mbi baladh trom ar tus and, &ersir; da meidighthear an truailliughadh do-nitear pruritus .i. tochus, &ersir; da mbia nis laidiri na sin do-nitear scabies tshalach, &ersir; da meidighthear nisa mo na sin do-nitear empetigo &ersir; serpigo mar a mbi loscadh is mo &ersir; ni bhi sileadh andsin &ersir; da mbia in truailliughadh nis mo do-nitear morphea &ersir; do-nitear lubra asa haithle ... Da mbia an scabies o fuil deirg bith an t-inadh ac dul a ndeirgi maille re fliuchaideacht &ersir; re tochus mor &ersir; re hailgis mor aca denum, gidh teinn e fa deireadh, &ersir; madh o linn finn tsaillte beas bidh lanna &ersir; sileadh ann &ersir; tochus dasachtach &ersir; ailgis aga denum, &ersir; teinneas dasachtach ina diaigh. Et madh o linn dubh bes bidh an t-inadh ina timcill uile ac dul a nduibhi &ersir; bid na gorain &ersir; an scabies tirim maille re becan silidh &ersir; uirulencia, &ersir; mad o linn ruagh bes bith an t-inadh a dul a mbuidheacht maille re tochus mor &ersir; re tirmaideacht &ersir; re bristibh. See bruitida. cart, a quart. cartlann (syn. balsamita, mentastrom; lat. sisimbrium), watermint, Mentha aquatica Webb. Chapter 64. caruaighe, see carauaidh. casadh, a twisting. casia fistula (lat. cassia fistula), cassia pods, the dried ripe fruits of a leguminous tree, Cassia fistula, indigenous to India. casnaidheach (lat. pulvis), small chips. castoirium, beaver oil, or castor, an odorous, oily substance, the secretion of abdominal glands of the beaver, Castor fiber. cat, a cat. cathair, city. catapusia, see gran oilella. catarrus (lat. catarrus, frigidum reuma capitis), catarrh, inflammation of any mucous membrane, especially of the air passages in the head. cat braigid (an aigid scinannsia &ersir; tuitme an tsine tseaain &ersir; na cat mbraigid, lat. vitium faucis), scrofula of the neck, disease of glands of the neck arising from a tuberculous constitution. Lile Eg 32r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 21, Rub. 1 & 2): Fecham anois dona neascoidibh fuara... &ersir; in cuid bis o linn finn bith cuid dibh bog fliuch so-tadhaill &ersir; bith cuid eli daingean cruaidh &ersir; gach cruaidhe da mbid is fuairide iat... De nodis &ersir; glandulis .i. is o linn finn arna teachtadh &ersir; arna cruadhughadh &ersir; arna daingniughadh do-nitear na neascoidi so &ersir; leigestar iat o tri modhaibh. An cet modh dibh, a fascadh co laidir no gabtar platta daingean luaidhe &ersir; dluithighthear co daingen laidir ru e &ersir; ceangailtear e dibh asa haithle &ersir; dentar frichnamh da fascadh co laidir. An .2. modh o fedtar a leiges .i. le leigesaibh loiscteacha... An .3. modh ara leigestar iat .i. tairringtear an croicinn do gach leith &ersir; gearrthar air &ersir; fenntar gacha leith iad &ersir; beantar an cochall bhis ina timcill amach leo uile &ersir; leigestar ainsein iad mar na cneadhaibh eli &ersir; bid da innillus aga leiges. An cet innillus dibh gan eni d'fagbhai1 don cochall oir do fhasfadh aris da fagthai. An .2. hinnillus da mbid feithi noid sreanga a ngar doibh gan a ngortughadh... De scrofulis: is o linn finn gloinidhe &ersir; o linn dubh gentear scrofule &ersir; is annsa feoil mbuig is mo geintear iat &ersir; is uime sin imdaightear iat isin braghaid &ersir; isna hoscallaibh &ersir; is annamh do-gen scrofule 'na aonar gan a mbith moran ar en slighe gidheadh bith en scrofule reamhur mor ina enar uair and &ersir; uair eli timairctear nodi imdha cengailti re cheli &ersir; do-citear mar turpanturpan: grapes on their stalk an airde. Et is annsna macamhaibh is usa iat &ersir; isna dainibh oga is deacra. See 2, easbadh. catimia, see slaidteach. catughadh (lat. resistandi), fight against. cauda purcina, see gurmaill. caulis ortentis, see praiseach and coblan. causon, ardent fever. &Kgr;&agr;&uacgr;&ohgr;&ngr; = burning. Lile Eg 15r & v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 3): Is eadh is causon and fiabrus cointinoideach do-nitear o linn ruagh astigh dona soithibh bis a mball uasal no an inadh a foccus don croidhi... Lastar an corp co laidir o sho-lasamhnacht leanna ruaigh, &ersir; ar a beith nisa mo isan gaili &ersir; isna haeibh &ersir; isna hinadhaibh a foccus don croidhi &ersir; is mar so deifrighis se o terciana... Loscadh, curob is uime sin is annamh tegmas se dona seandainibh &ersir; da tegma is comurtha millti &ersir; is ro-minic tegmus dona dainibh oga... Is iat comurtai causoin loscadh &ersir; lasadh ro-mor isin corp uile maille re hanmhuinni &ersir; re do-fhulang &ersir; re moran d'aicidibh marbtacha mar ata frenisis &ersir; neamh-codladh &ersir; codladh domuin uair eli &ersir; duibhe &ersir; feodhacht na teangadh &ersir; sincopis &ersir; ictericia &ersir; tremor &ersir; flux brond &ersir; fostughadh uair eli &ersir; puls bec ro-luath &ersir; fual dearg seimh, gidheadh examhailtear an fual co minic... Is ro-luath crichnaightear in easlainte so &ersir; madh follus gach en deagh-comurtha ina tossach tic cum slainte sa .4. la no leth astigh de &ersir; mas iat na droch-comurthai bus follus and teid cum bais fan aimsir cetna &ersir; uair ann faidhightear conuig an .7. la. Et ni heidir an easlainte so d'faidiughadh oir ni fuilinginn an naduir fad na heaslainte &ersir; athmultacht na ndroch-aicideadh ... Cibe da tegemha tremor a causon &ersir; radhbuile do teacht ina cenn, leighesidh e. ceangal (lat. constringere, conglutinare), to bind. ceann (lat. caput), head. Gu ceann tri mbliadhain, lat. per triennium. ceannsughadh (lat. reprimere), overcome. cearc (lat. gallina), a hen; en circe, (lat. pullus), a chicken. cearrmocan (syn. eruca; lat. eruca), the great water parsnip, Sium latifolium Webb. Chapter 123. On the Continent, eruca meant Eruca sativa (= Brassica eruca), but the English Agnus Castus (Brodin, 1950) and the Grete Herball (Rydén, 1984) both understand it as skirret (i.e. water parsnip). The main Irish authority for cearbhacán being skirret is Peter O'Connell. The 15th century King's Inns MS 17, fo. 32, equates cearrmacan with peaistinica (i.e. parsnip), per King's Inns Catalogue, p. 49. cebuli, see mirbulani. (ar) cedlongadh (lat. in mane, mane ieiuno ore), fasting, before breakfast. See David Greene, Celtica 2 (1952) 146. cefaili, a form of headache (cephalia); Lile Eg 56v (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 10): Dleaghar a fis gu tegmann tennis ger laidir sa ceann cu huilidhe da ngairtear cephalia no ouum no dolor galiatus, noch bis maille re bemnigh &ersir; re gearradh cona cosmailibh, innus nach fedann in t-othar guth ard no solus d'fhulang, &ersir; is uime sin bis mian tochta &ersir; uaignis &ersir; dorcadais aigi. ceim (lat. gradus), degree. ceinnsceatrach (lat. sternutatio), an emetic for the head, usually something to cause sneezing. ceir (lat. cera), wax, usually beeswax. ceirin (lat. cataplasma, emplastrum, unguen, sinapisma), a plaster. The term is wide enough to include a poultice and a compress. celedonia, selidonia (lat. celidonia), greater celandine, Chelidonium majus Webb. Chapter 79. centauria, see dedga. centinodia, see gluinech bec. centonica, see absinthium. centum capita, see creamh. ceo, of the eyes, haze. cepa, see uinneamhan. cerd, npl. cerdada, a metal-worker. cerefolium, see comann gall. cerusa, see blath in luaidhe. cetfaid (lat., Chapter 280, mens, sensus), senses. ciarach (lat. cera liquefacta), melted wax. cibapirum, see raibh. cic (lat. mamma, mamella), woman's breast. ciclamin malum, see cularan. cicorea, see rudus. cicotrinum, see aloe. cicula, see beta. cimbularia, see curnan caisil. ciminum dulse, see ainis. cin (o cin leanna finn, lat. ex abundantia flegmatis), fault. cinamomum, see cainel. cinis, see luaith. cinn adhairt, pillow. cinoglosa, see finscoth. cintac, guilty. cirta, combed. citonalens (i.e. citovalensCf DMLBS sv citovalens at http://logeion.uchicago.edu/citovalens.), see sidubal. citragha, for citrago, i.e., the cultivated balm, Melissa officinalis Webb. Chapter 84. Orufont in Chapter 84 is a mistake: it means horehound, Marrubium vulgare Webb, as in Chapter 183. Balm and horehound are closely related, and much alike, but they are easily distinguished from one another. See mellago. citrinus, yellow, specifically, lemon coloured. citruilli, see sitruilli. claechlaid (lat. alterare, obliviscere), changes. claired, clary, a spiced or medicated wine. Claretum was a type of preparation and not a single recipe. Other similar terms for spiced or medicated wines were pigmentum (see piement) and gariofilatum. claman lin (syn. cuscuta; lat. cuscuta), the dodder that parasitises flax, Cuscuta epilinum CTW. Chapter 101. For another dodder, see blath na time. clann, progeny. clannmar, productive of progeny. cleite (lat. penna), a feather. cliabh (lat. pectus), the chest. clisteri (lat. clister), clyster, enema. clobus (syn. gariofilus; lat. gariofilus), cloves, the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, a tree 10 to 20 metres high which is indigenous to the Molucca Islands. (Synonyms are Eugenia caryophyllata and Caryophyllus aromaticus). Chapter 146. cloch (lat. lapis, calculus, testa), a stone; also used of a brick. cloch lia, a whetstone. cluas (lat. auris), the ear. cnaib, hemp, Cannabis sativa CTW, formerly cultivated for its fibre, for its oil, and for medical use. cnaidid (lat. consumere, corrodere; cauterium sine igne), to corrode; to burn diseased tissue by chemical action. cnaidteach, cnaiteach (lat. consumendi), corrosive. cnaim, cnam (lat. os, ossis; cartillago), a bone. cnaim craige an fiada (syn. os de corde serui; lat. os de corde cervi), the bone of the stag's heart, a concretion of some sort from the male deer. Chapter 215. cnaimh na heilefinte (syn. spodium; lat. spodium), spodium (< &sgr;&pgr;&ogr;&dgr;ó&ohgr;, to burn to ashes), ivory which has been reduced to a fine powder by a dry heat. Chapter 250. cnapanach (lat. nodosa), knobby. The reference in Chapter 143 is to the rhizome of galangal. cneadh (lat. vulnus; when festering, ulcus, fistula), a wound. cneasaighidh (lat. consolidare, conglutinare), heals. cno, cnu (lat. nux), nut. cno francach (syn. nux magna; lat. nux), walnut, Juglans regia CTW. Chapter 209. cno Gaeidilach (syn. auellana, nux parua; lat. avellana), hazel nut, Corylus avellana Webb. Chapter 46. cnuasach (lat. colligere), to gather (plants). coblan, cabbage, Brassica oleracea CTW, which was, of course, cultivated. In Chapter 281, sugh praisce coblain suggests that the cultivated cabbage was known as praiseach cobhláin, echoing the Latin brassica and caulis. See praiseach. codion, see popin. codlad (syn. sompnus; lat. somnus, sopor), sleep. Chapter 259. cogal (syn. gitt; lat. git) corn cockle, Agrostemma githago Webb. Chapter 149. cognamh (lat. commasticare, masticareatterere), chew. coididiana (lat. quotidiana, unaquaque die febrem), quotidian fever. Lile Eg 19v-20r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 7): Is eadh is cotidiana and fiabrus do-nitear o linn finn morgaighthi &ersir; da morga se leath astigh dona soithibh do-ni cotidiana cointinoideach &ersir; madh leath amuigh dibh do-ni cotidiana interpullata ... Isi is cuis don fiabrus so uaingis &ersir; linadh urlaicteach &ersir; is uime sin as urusa les teacht a ngemhridh &ersir; a seandainibh &ersir; a macamhaibh &ersir; a ndainibh fliucha fleadhmaiticeacha &ersir; an iascaireadhaibh &ersir; a ndroing aca mbi bruchtach goirt &ersir; ac an lucht aga mbi catarrus ac tuitim cum an gaili &ersir; tic co cumair o gach ni o ngentear linn finn &ersir; mar gentear moran do gneithibh na fiabrus eli fo examlacht an adhbhair is mar sin isin fiabrus so. Tinnscnaidh cotidiana fire maille re fuacht bec na mball foirimillach &ersir; re puls bec foluightheach &ersir; an tan tic cum a staide ni hard a teasaideacht acht min folaightheach &ersir; bith an puls examail do sir &ersir; crichnaighthear e maille re becan alluis &ersir; bith an fual isill ina tossach. coilera (lat. colera), linn ruagh (q. v.), yellow bile, the choleric humour. Coilera citrina, lemon-coloured; uitilina, yolk-coloured. coilerdha (lat. colericus), choleric. coilica (lat. colica passio), colic, i.e., an attack of pain in the abdomen of a spasmodic nature. Lile Eg 152r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 18): Is eadh is colica and easlainte eigin bis isin .2. hinde iochtarach da ngairtear colon, maille re deacracht innarbtha an fheraidh tar na ballaibh iochtaracha &ersir; maille re teinneas mor &ersir; re bruidernach. Dleaghar a tuicsin timcill an adhbuir si, gin co fuil and acht en inne cointinoideach, ni lughaide gabhaid anmanna examhla do reir a n-inntoigh &ersir; fillti &ersir; reamhuire &ersir; a caile, innus co ngairtear duodenum don cet inni &ersir; ieiunium don .2. hinne. An .3. inne fada caol aderur ileon ris &ersir; is annsin cuisightear ilica passio. An .4. hinne orobus. An .5. hinne gairtear colon de &ersir; is annsin cuisightear colica passio, ar bfhuil ar n-inntinn andso. An .6. hinne deighinach aderur longon ris ... Atait cuisi imdha ag an easlainte so ... o gach uile biadh reamhur do-dileaghtha is deacair d'innarbadh sis &ersir; tegmaidh o brisidh &ersir; o casadh &ersir; o lagadh sifac &ersir; o tuitim na n-inneadh a sparan na n-uirgidh ... coillidhe (lat. agrestis, silvestris), wild (as opposed to cultivated). coillti (lat. castratus), castrated. coimceangal (lat. constringendum, glutinosus), binding. coimedacht, having the same size as. coimedaidh (lat. conservare, preservere, custodire), preserve. coimilt (lat. ungere, fricare, terere, macerare, mixta), to rub. In compounding a medicine, perhaps, to pound a substance while it is immersed in a liquid. coimlinaigh (lat. resumere), to restore. coimpert (lat. coitus), begetting. Also, see next. coimpert an mil moir, see ambra. coimpleasc (lat. complexio); I have translated this as complex – it means a person's constitution, the mixture of qualities (see cail) in him. Droch-coimpleasc (lat. discrasia) is distemper, or a diseased constitution. coin adairci (lat. deformes maculas, pannum faciei); if coin is < DIL's 2 cúa, the term would mean horny flesh. Where an aigid ... fathfaigh na haidhce occurs in Chapter 145, the copy in MS G11 has coin airci; the meaning of fathadh is not free from doubt, but it seems to mean wrinkles (cf. pannuceus). coinneall, a candle. coinneall mhuire (syn. bilonia, molena; lat. tapsus barbassus), mullein, Verbascum thapsus Webb. Chapter 59. coinnlidhe (lat. clarus), brilliant. coirci (syn. auena; lat. avena), the cultivated oats, Avena sativa Webb. Chapter 47. coirci lo[ ] [This word needs to be checked with the MS] (syn. genciana; lat. gentiana), the great yellow gentian, Gentiana lutea. Chapter 147. Much used in medicine and as an aid to digestion, this plant grows wild in the mountainous areas of continental Europe and is gathered in autumn. The Irish name appears to be cuirce loca, locks in an assemblage of tufts, in reference to the appearance of the flowers, which are arranged in whorls in the upper leaf axils. It may be noted that gentiana was sometimes explained in England as baldmoney or baldemoigne, a term that was normally used of Meum athamanticum CTW. See, however, Chapter 203 and melliLuibhleabhrán line 2709 has Coirc lachan, "gentiana," M.,, line 2711 coirce locha, M. coiriandrum, see coriandrum. coirt, bark. coirtithi, coirtitheach (lat. constringendi), constricting. The term alludes to the bark of the oak, which was used in tanning and was regarded as constricting. coiscidh (lat. stringere, coercere, sedare, amputare, valet contra, repellere, inhibet, compescere, restringere, siccare, extinguere, constringere, excludere, extenuare, sistere, conferre, auferre, retinere, prohibere, discutere); I have consistently translated this, admittedly rather awkwardly, as stops. coisreactha (lat. sacra), consecrated. colafonium, see picc greagach. colambin (syn. albedarug, colubrina, basilicon; lat. colubrina), columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris Webb. Chapter 18. The Irish text is based on Macer Floridus' chapter on Colubrina, which refers to a species of Arum, but the Irish author took it for the columbine. Albederagi and basiliconis are both given in Alphita p. 6 as synonyms of columbine. coll, hazel. See cno gaeidilach. colocindida (lat. coloquintida), colocynth, the dried pulp of the fruit of Citrullus colocynthis, obtained from the eastern Mediterranean region. Chapter 88. colon (lat. colon) the intestine, colon. See coilica. colubrina, see colambin. colum (lat. columba), pigeon, dove. comann gall (syn. cerefolium; lat. cerefolium), the cultivated chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium CTW. Chapter 81. comhaentaighidh (lat. similis est), agrees with or unites with. combrugad, bruising. combuaigrid (lat. conturbare, percutere), disturb. comdlutugad, consolidation. comfurtachtaigidh (lat. confortare, conferre, valere, curare, utilis esse, prodesse, adiuvare, relevare), comforts, supports or strengthens. comra, coffin. comsuigiugadh (lat. compositio, confectio), "to place together" (cum + ponere), compound. comtrom>, the equivalent of. concoire, = lus na cnam mbriste, q. v. conconidum (syn. sil in labriola; lat. laureola, coconidium), ‘&ogr; &kgr;&ngr;&iacgr;&dgr;&egr;&igr;&ogr;&sfgr; &kgr;&oacgr;&kgr;&kgr;&ogr;&sfgr;, the seed of spurge laurel, Daphne laureola CTW. Chapter 74. See lauriola. congmail, to retain. congna an fiadha (syn. cornu serui; lat. cornu cervi), hartshorn, the horn or antler of a stag, used as a source of ammonia. Chapter 76. The Latin term is also used of a plant, buck's horn plantain, Plantago coronopus Webb. conidium, for conconidum, q. v. conium, see mong mher. consolida madior, see lus na cnam mbriste. consolida media, see easbuc beoain. consolida minor, see noinin. constipasion (lat. constipatio), constipation. contrardha (lat. contrarius), contrary. copan, a cup; used of the cupule of the acorn, Chapter 230. copog (syn. lapasium; lat. lapacium), dock. Chapter 177. The species of Rumex referred to in the text are: copoc cruinn, syn. lapasium rotundum; lat. lapacium rotundum; Rumex obtusifolius Webb. copoc corr, corrcopog, syn. lapasium aqutum; lat. lapacium acutum; Rumex crispus Webb, Chapter 163. copoc coitceann, syn. lapasium domisdicum; lat. lapacium domesticum; Rumex alpinus CTW. samhadh, syn. acedula, oxilapacium, rumex; lat. acidula; Rumex acetosa Webb and Rumex scutatus CTW. (bó-samhadh, lat. acidula; Rumex acetosa Webb.) copurrus (syn. dragantum, lat. dragantum). Chapter 109. W. T. Stearn (Opsomer, 1984, p. 152, s.v. Fragantum) says: Name corrupted from Chalcanthum which indicates blue copper sulphate and green iron sulphate produced in Cyprus; white vitriol is zinc sulphate and yellow vitriol a pyrite; couperose or copperas is a medieval name for the sulphates of copper, iron and zinc. The Erlangen copy of Circa Instans says of dragantum Idem quod vitreolum vel calcantum. Sunt autem quatuor maneries. Indicum quod in India reperitur et est album, et Arabicum quod in Arabia invenitur et est citrinum, et Ciprinum quod in Cipro insula reperitur et est viridis coloris; et est terra francigena, sive atramentum quod in Gallia reperitur. Illud est eligendum quod est viridis coloris... The substance referred to in the Irish text would appear to be the pale green crystals, dath solus uaine, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, FeSO&sub4; · 7H&sub2;O, as evidenced by the statement at the end of the chapter that, when heated, it becomes red (i.e. ferric oxide, Fe&sub2;O&sub3;). corallus rubius, see cruel. corcair (lat. purpureum), purple. coriandrum (lat. coriandrum), coriander, the dried, nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum, an umbelliferous plant about two feet high with white or pinkish flowers. It is widely cultivated. Chapter 95. cornan caisil, curnan caisil (syn. cotilodion, cimbulairia, umbelicius ueniris; lat. contilidon, cimbalaria, umbelici veneris), wall pennywort, Umbilicus rupestris Webb. Chapter 83. cornu serui, see congna an fiadha. corona regia, see eachseamur. corp (lat. corpus), the body. corrcopog (syn. lapasium acutum; lat. lapacium, lapacium acutum), Rumex crispus Webb. Chapter 163. See copog. cortaidi, stiffness; in Chapter 42, it appears to refer to stiffness after unaccustomed exercise. cos (lat. pes), foot. cosachtach (lat. tussis), cough. cosc, see coiscidh. cosmaile, similar things. cosmaileas (lat. similis), similarity. cosmailid, is similar to. cotilodion, see cornan caisil. craeb, branch. craighi (lat. cor), heart. crann (lat. lignum, frutex, arbor), wood, shrub, tree. crann na mbulas, the bullace or wild plum, Prunus domestica Webb. Cultivated varieties produce damsons and plums. crann na spinan, gooseberry bush, Ribes uva-crispa Webb. crasola, see toirpin. creacht (lat. vulnus, ulcus, fissura, apostema), lesion; creachta na scaman, pulmonary tuberculosis. creachtnaithe, of excoriating. creamh (syn. affodillus, centum capita, aillium agreiste; lat. affodili, allium), wild garlic, ramsons, Allium ursinum Webb. Chapter 11. The Irish author has run the chapters (separate in Circa Instans) on Affodili and Allium together. creatan, trembling; the reference in Chapter 162 may be to the catarrh and feverish state which sometimes follow a chill. credicus, see milbocan. Creidi (lat. Creta), the island of Crete. criadh (lat. terreus), earthen. crich (lat. regio), district. crimh muice fiadha (syn. scolapendria; lat. scolopendria), hart's tongue fern, Phyllitis scolopendria Webb. Chapter 255. crin, crina (lat. siccus), old (preserved dried(plants) ). crith (lat. paraliticus), trembling. croch (syn. crocus; lat. crocus), saffron. Chapter 97. Crocus orientalis is the true saffron, the dried stigmas and tops of the styles of Crocus sativus, which was originally cultivated in Greece and the Middle East. During the Middle Ages, most of the saffron in Western Europe came from Southern Italy, and it is believed that cultivation of it in England began in the reign of Edward III (1527–77): Stannard (1963) 206. Crocus ortensis is safflower or dyer's saffron, Carthamus tinctorius CTW, the flowers of which were sometimes used instead of the much more expensive saffron. Stannard (1968) p. 159 considers that Circa Instans creates two different plants whereas in fact he says the "species" hortensis and orientalis are not distinct species at all; but the other authorities do not take that view. There seems to be grounds for thinking that, for the purposes of dyeing, Reseda luteola Webb was used, rather than cultivate or import either of the aforesaid species. In the Ulster Journal of Archaeology 9 (1861–62) p. 149, T. H. P. states Your correspondent ... asks if the old Irish dyed their linen with saffron. I believe that there is no doubt that crocus in the old accounts merely implied the colour and not the dye-stuff; and that the Irish yellow was dyed with the Reseda luteola, the yellow weed, in Irish Buidhe Mór. Referring to urine (known as máistir in this context) he adds Another ingredient (not very euphonious to ears polite) mentioned as being used for this purpose was probably only employed to heighten or to fix the colour. Whatever about the use of the term crocus, his general suggestion is supported by Brodin (1950) p. 216: It may be assumed that saffron became known to the people of Western Europe through the Arabians, especially since the word saffron is Arabic; and by the fact that the first cultivation of the plant in Western Europe, by the Arabs in Spain, is dated to the tenth century. crochdha (lat. croceus, roseus), the yellow colour of saffron. crocaire, gallows. crocan, a pot. crocus, see croch. croicinn (lat. (of a person) cutis; (of a plant) cortex; superficies), skin. croithidh (lat. aspergere, superaspergere, superponere), sprinkle. crotfull, shell (of a nut). cruach padraig (syn. barba filicana, plantago maigheor; lat. plantago), great plantain, Plantago major Webb. Chapter 52. cruadhaighidh, hardens. cruaidh (lat. durus), hard. cruas (lat. duricies), hardness. cruel, coral; cruel dearg (lat. corallus); cruel geal. Chapter 93. cruinn (lat. rotundus), round. cruithneacht (syn. triticum; lat. triticum), wheat, Triticum aestivum CTW. Chapter 266. Conditions for wheat are minimal in Ireland – it is understood that they had improved in the Middle Ages, but had begun to fall off again at the time of the writing of the present text. Fischer (1929) p. 250 says that the growing of wheat increased considerably in Germany between the 9th and 13th centuries; in addition, a substantial amount of spelt, Triticum spelta, and a little einkorn, Triticum monococcum, and emmer, Triticum dicoccum, were grown. crumh (lat. vermis), a worm. crupan (lat. tortio), cramp. cruthaighidh, produces, brings into being. cubebis (lat. cubebe), cubebs, or tailed pepper, are the dried, full-grown fruits of Piper cubeba, a native of Indonesia, Borneo and Sumatra. Chapter 98. cucain, the cupule of an acorn. cu confaidh (lat. rabidus canis), mad dog. cucuirbita (lat. cucurbita), the white-flowered gourd, Lagenaria siceraria. Chapter 100. cucumeris (lat. cucumeris), cucumber, Cucumis sativus. The wild squirting cucumber, Ecballium elaterium CTW, the juice of which is a powerful cathartic, was also used, but it was usually distinguished by the addition of an epithet meaning wild. cudrum, equal. cudum, appears to be a form of atrophy of the hair. The DIL quotes a manuscript in which cudum is equated with asperitas. Lile Eg 50r (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 3): Asperitas est truncacio seu fissura capillorum .i. is eadh is gairbhe in fuilt ann gearradh no scoltadh an fuilt tegmus don fearaibh &ersir; dona mnaibh aca mbi coimpleasc te isin aois oig. Dleaghar a fhis co tegmann suigighthi granna don folt re n-abur a coitchinne sirones no pole no ratacio, oir do-citear iat mar do beadais arna ngearradh no arna n-ithe do lochaibh &ersir; bid uair and arna scoltadh &ersir; is ris an suigiughadh sin aderar gairbhe in fuilt, &ersir; is o linn ruagh loiscthi gearrus in ceo cuisightear e; &ersir; is uime sin do-citear ruaine don folt nis sia na in ruaine eli, mar do-gearrfadis lochaidh co neamh-comhtrom e, &ersir; ise is adhbur do sin oir in tan bis saigh te sa ceo cnaiidh cuid don ceo &ersir; loiscidh e, &ersir; is uime sin nach eidir a fhaidiughadh nis mo tre easbadh in adhbuir &ersir; os co heacudruma loisctear e is uime sin bis ceann an finnfaidh co heacudruma, maseadh ni hiat na cinn bis arna ngearradh acht do-citear a mbeith gearrtha o nach fasann an finnfadh nis sia. No do fedfainn a rad curob amuigh gearrtar iat on loscadh &ersir; co hairithi o mainneachtna in fuilt do fritholamh. Et scoiltear fos iat in tan bis in ceo ro-reamur loiscthi innus co ndublaighthear ina ceannaibh iat, maseadh gan fechain da snadmadh laidir &ersir; gan fecain da ceangal &ersir; da lenmuin laidir &ersir; da figur chail cruinn, gearrtar &ersir; garbtar &ersir; cnaitear &ersir; scoiltear ruaineach in fuilt oir claochlaidh linn ruagh loisci a cursa nadura. cuid (lat. cibus), a meal. cuideog (lat. vermibus inventis in pingui terra), earthworm. cuigidheach, creeping cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans Webb. See pentafilon. cuile (lat. culex), a fly. cuilinn tragha, cuilinn dumac (syn. yringi, socacul), sea holly, Eryngium maritimum Webb. Chapter 287. cuimin (lat. cuminum), cummin, the dried, ripe fruits of Cuminum cyminum, a small umbellifer, indigenous to Egypt, used as a spice. cuirrceogc (lat. rusticis, qui quedam ligna componunt, in quibus apes colligunt), bee-hive. cuirrineach (lat. ventris dolor), noisy action of the stomach, due to flatulence. The term occurs as a gloss in Lile Eg 134r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 6), Eructuacio est uentositas fumossa ex indigestione stomaci procurata .i. is eadh is bruchtach and gaothmhaireacht deathmar arna cuisiughadh o neamhdileaghadh an gaili &ersir; arna teilgin cum rann uachtarach an beil on brigh innarbthach arna calmughadh. Dleaghar a thuicsin timcill an adhbuir so curob amhlaidh gentear an gaothmaireacht o teasaideacht anbfann discaileas in t-adbur cum na mball uachtarach no cum na mball iochtarach no a anmuin an inmedon &ersir; mas cum na mball uachtarach do-ni bruchtach &ersir; mas cum na mball iochtarach &ersir; a beith maille re fogur do-ni peditus (.i. brom) &ersir; da mbe gan fogur do-ni trulla (.i. gao) &ersir; da n-anann an inmedon &ersir; an gaethmaireacht do beith ceangailte re fliuchaideacht do-ni rugitus (.i. cuirrineach) &ersir; muna bia do-ni torsiones (.i. tornaidh) &ersir; a cosmaile do reir mar teid an gaethmaireacht trit na hinadhaibh fairsinga no cumga &ersir; mar bis reamur no semh. cuis, cause. cuisle (lat. vena), 1. vein; 2. blood-letting or phlebotomy. cularan (syn. ciclamin malum; lat. quassamus, panis porcinus, malum terre), pignut, Conopodium majus Webb. Chapter 69. cumha (bron &ersir; cumha &ersir; toirrsi, lat. tristiciam angustiam), the pain of loss. cumhacht (lat. virtus, vis), power. cumhang, narrow. cumascaidh (lat. miscere, permiscere, conficere, commiscere, distemperare, immiscere, admiscere, iugare, ponere cum, temperare, iungere), mix. cumga, cumgacht (cumga an cleibh, lat. constrictio pectoris; cumga na hanala, lat. asma) constriction, narrowness. cumra (lat. dulcis), sweet-smelling. cumscughadh, shaking. curnan caisil, see cornan caisil. cuscuta, see claman lin. Dactuili (syn, dactulus; lat. dactilis), dates, the fruits of the date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera. Chapter 102. dactulus, see Dactuili; dactilus asetosus Indicus, see tamuirindi. daergalar (lat. emorroydes), piles; Lile Eg 155r, v (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 21, Rub. 1): Bit deich n-easlainteadha arin timtireacht ... mar ata, emoroides &ersir; neascoididha &ersir; fistula &ersir; cur in tsuighi amach &ersir; tochus … Do gabur gneithi examhla emoroide do reir examlachta an leanna pecaigheas, oir do-nitear gne dibh o fuil deirg &ersir; gairtear uuee dibh ar son co mbit a cosmaileas caoiri fineamhna, &ersir; do-nitear gne dibh o linn ruagh &ersir; gairtear morales dibh a cosmaileas smera in tan tinnscnas deargadh, gne eli da ngairtear uerucales do-nitear o linn dubh, &ersir; gne eli o linn finn, gne annamh sin, &ersir; bith mar lesaibh geala. daingnigid, (lat. confirmare, consolidare), to make firm or hard . 1. dair (lat. quercus), normally the Irish species, Quercus robur Webb and Quercus petraea Webb, and their hybrids. Chapter 230. 2. dair, conception (by a cow); co tigid so-dair, lat. naturalem excitat calorem, they become receptive of the bull. dairin germander speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys Webb; the term may be based on the Latin, quercula. damh (lat. taurinus), an ox. daman allaid (syn. rania, lat. aranea), spider. Chapter 269. dauntos (lat. antos) in Chapter 232, the reference is to the flower of rosemary. The gloss, dan tus dentar olibanum, seems to be a pun on anthos and an tus (incense), inspired by the aromaticity of rosemary. dasacht virulence. dasachtach, violently. dath, (lat. color), colour. daucus see milbocan. deaghbaladh (lat. aromaticus, redolens, suavis), pleasant smell; usually renders aromatic. deaghcomhartha, a good sign. deaghdath, a good colour (of the hair). dealbh, a painting. dealg (lat. spina). deallraitheach (glan solus deallraitheach, lat. magis depurate), shining. deamun (lat. demon), an evil spirit. dearc, the eye, perhaps specifically the eyeball. deargadh(in Chapter 175) to make red hot. deargadas (lat. rubor, redness. See deirge. dearglaech, i.e. derg líac. Red lichen growing on rocks. The general name for lichen growing on rocks is lus líac. The DIL, s.v. 1 lía, quotes corcair líac and corcair lossa líac, the latter name presumably referring to the purple dye made from lichen, probably Ochrolecia parella. Dye was also made from species of Umbilicaria. deascaidh (syn. fex, tartarum; lat. fex, tartarum), this word is used both for the lees, i.e. the sediment in the bottle, and for tartar, i.e. potassium hydrogen tartrate deposited in the form of crust in wine-casks during fermentation of grape-juice. Chapters 141 and 263. deatach (lat. fumus, fumositas), fumes, smoke, steam. deathmuireacht (lat. fumus), giving rise to fumes. ded the teeth. dedga (syn. centauria; lat. centaurea), centaury, Centaurium species; the text recognises two species, gne mor &ersir; gne bec, of which dedga dearg is common centaury, Centaurium erythraea Webb; from Threlkeld p. 37-8, the other appears to be dedga buidhe, yellow-wort, Blackstonia perfoliata Webb. Chapter 80. deichfir (lat. discernitur), difference. (co) deiginach, lastly. deir (syn. serpigho), an aggravated form of ringworm on the face, for which an ointment containing mercury is recommended (Chapter 39). See the account of serpigo s.v. carraighe. deirge (lat. rubor), redness. Deirge na sul or deargadas na sul (q. v.), the eye being red or bloodshot, usually refers to conjunctivitis, i.e. inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eyeball. dens leonis see serban muc. dera (sileadh na nder, lat. fluxum lachrymarum, Chapter 240), tears. The disease involved appears to be epiphora, a condition in which tears, instead of passing from the eye down into the nose, run over on the cheek. It is due to blocking of the tear-ducts. See Stokes (1898) p. 337, Epifora .i. sl. [?leg. sileadh] doilli; which would mean the weeping of blindness. dergnat, a flea. dermad, forgetting. diabeitis; Lile Eg 176r (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 13) appears to describe diabetes mellitus: Is eadh is diabetica passio and dortadh ainmeasardha in fhuail. Dleaghar a tuicsin co mbi ita ard a ndiabetica passio &ersir; co n-ibtear moran and &ersir; mar do gabur e do-berar les an fual, &ersir; is cosmail e ris an tochlughadh mar a ngabtar moran an bidh &ersir; innarbtar neamh-dileaghta e, mar is follus a caninus apetitus ... Atait comarthai na heaslainte so follus, oir do-berar an fual a cainndiacht moir &ersir; co minic. Comarthai na cuis vero, oir an tan bis o teasaideacht moithightear teas isna hairnibh &ersir; teinneas &ersir; bruidernach &ersir; comarthai eli teasaideachta. Et madh fuar beas an chuis, moithightear fuacht mor isna hairnib &ersir; isna ballaibh foirimillacha in tan sin, &ersir; gortuightear e o neithibh fuara &ersir; furtachtaightear o neithibh teasaide. Da mbia an easlainte so co cointinoideach ar neach &ersir; gan furtacht, truaighidhtear in corp &ersir; na luirgni &ersir; anbfhainnightear e &ersir; berid cum millti.. diadacht, godliness. diaeringe, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diagalanga, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. dialtia, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diamargaireton, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diamoron, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diantos, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diapapaver, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diapinidi, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diaradon, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diarria, diarrhoea. dias, an ear (of corn). diasiminum, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. diaturbid, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. dicuirigh (lat. resolvere), removes or displaces. diegreidium, (lat. diagridium), it is thought to have been the dried compound of the juices of species of Euphorbia and scammony. Chapter 105. See gearr an eighme. diets cainicalareis, (lat. dies caniculares), the dog days, so called after the most brilliant star in the sky, Sirius, the dog-star, in the constellation of Canis Major, the rising of which occurs about the end of July, considered in the Mediterranean area to be the hottest and most unwholesome period of the year. diesene, a compound medicine; see Introduction, Chapter 4. Dietis Uneuersalibus,,Ysaac Iudaeus' book, Liber dietarum universalium. dileaghadh (lat. digestio), digestion. dileas, the special quality of a thing. diptannus, see litronta. discailidh (lat. dissolvere), dissolve. discailteach (lat. dissolvendi, resolutiva), dissolving. disinteria (lat. dissenteria)), dysentery; Lile Eg 144v (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 14): Is eadh is disinteria and flux folmar [sanguineus] na brond maille re scris &ersir; re creachtnughadh na n-inneadh. disnia, dyspnoea, difficult or laboured breathing. See asma. disuiria (lat. dissuria)), dysuria; Lile Eg 177r (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 16): Minightear curob inand disuria &ersir; fostoghadh ainndeonach an fuail .i. an tan sanntaigheas neach a fhual do tabairt &ersir; nach fedann, no an tan nach fedann &ersir; nach sanntaighinn. Dleaghar a tuicsin co mbactar innarbadh an fhuail co huilidhe uair and innus nach innarbtar en red dhe &ersir; uair eli laighdightear e oir ge fostaightear co hainndeonach e re haimsir ni lughaide innarbtar e asa haitle e maille re docamhail &ersir; uair eli truailltear a indarbadh &ersir; tic co hanorduightheach mar is follus a stranguria. dithsiroip, (lat. sirupus acetosus), a syrup to which vinegar has been added. diuid, (lat. simplex), simple, or on its own. diureticach, (lat. diureticus), diuretic, promoting the passing of urine. Chapter 107. dleagaid (lat. necesse est), should. dluth, dense; in Chapter 39, of mercury, it has brigh tollus na ranna dluithi remra, lat. virtutem penetrandi, the ability to penetrate the dense gross parts of the body. dluthughadh, (lat. conglutinandum, consolidandum)), to make firm (e.g. a broken bone when being knitted). do-baladh (lat. fetor), a bad smell. docamail, difficulty. do-cneasaighthe, unhealable. dochtuir (lat. medicus), a learned authority; a medical doctor. do-dileaghtha (lat. ad digerendum durus), indigestible. do-discailti, not dissolvible. doinn-dearg (lat. subrufus), brownish red. doirt, pour. Doman Thoir (lat. terra remota), the East. domblas ae (lat. fel), gall or bile, a thick, bitter, golden-brown or greenish yellow fluid, secreted by the liver and stored in the gall-bladder. Chapter 134. dorcha (lat. subniger), dark in colour. dorchadas (lat. nigredo; (of the eyes), caligo, pannus, debilitas, darkness. dorcaigidh, (lat. facit evenire tenebrositatem visus, caligo), darkens. dorn, the hand; lan duirn, (lat. fasciculus), a handfull. 1. dragantum, see copurrus. 2. dragantum, (lat. dragagantum), tragacanth, gum obtained by incision from the stems of species of Astragalus, thorny shrubs growing in mountainous districts of the Middle East. Chapter 104. dragma, a dram, one-eighth of an ounce; in the text, the word is written out three times, and is represented by a symbol ten times. See unsa. dreach, the face. dris, (lat. rubus), bramble, the tri drisighi appear to be the blackberry, Rubus fruticosus aggregate Webb (see smera), raspberry, Rubus idaeus Webb (see maethan conairi), and the stone bramble, Rubus saxatilis Webb. droch-aer, bad air. droch-blasta (lat. amarus), having a bad taste. droch-coimpleasc, see coimpleasc. droch-dath (lat. color, icterici), bad colour. droch-feoil (lat. mala caro), bad flesh. droch-linn (lat. malus humor), a bad humour. drucht (lat. ros), dew. druim, the back; ar druim + gen., over. druis (lat. venus, libido, virtus coitus et erectio virge), sexual desire. dubacus, melancholy. dubadh (lat. denigrare), blacken. duban, (lat. reneskidney. dubcosach (syn. alacon, politricum, capillus ueniris, lat. capillus veneris). Chapter 15. The term dubcosach appears to have been used both of the maidenhair fern, Adiantum caplllus-veneris Webb (which nowadays occurs in the Aran Islands and the Burren, Co. Clare, and only very rarely elsewhere on the West coast) and the maidenhair spleenwort, Asplenium trichomanes Webb (which is common). It looks as if the Burren people did a good business in the sale of the maidenhair fern, because John Keogh (1735) tells how it was brought in sacks from the Burren to be sold in Dublin. It is of interest that the text (Chapter 225) describes ruibh cloithi, wall rue, Asplenium ruta-muraria Webb, as gne don dubhcosach. Stearn states (Opsomer, 1984, p. 44) that the Greeks applied the term &aacgr;&dgr;&igr;&agr;&ngr;&tgr;&ogr;&ngr; to three species, Adiantum capillus-veneris Webb, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, and Asplenium trichomanes. duille (lat. folium), leaf. duilleabar (lat. folia, ipsa herba), foliage. This word is not written out fully at any point in the text: invariably, it is written as duill-, and it is possible that it should be read as duilli. Duillebar na fineamhna, foliage of vines, Chapter 217. dunadh (lat. opilatio, constrictio), a block. eabar (lat. sumere, propinare, bibere), drink. each, a horse. eachseamar. There are two chapters (94 and 180) on eachseamar in the text, both based on the same chapter in Circa Instans, the chapter on Mellilotus. Platearius says of this latter: Herba est cuius semen simili nomine appellatur, corona regia etiam dicitur quia formatur ad modum semicirculi ... Semina cum ipsis [corticibus] in medicinis ponuntur quia adeo parvum est á adherens quod vix potest separari. The English Agnus castus adds some detail: Mellilotum is an herbe that men clepe mellito, or honysukkle or iii lewyd gres. or mel siluestre. This herbe ha&yogh;t lewys lyk to the iii lewyd gres. but the lewys of this herbe is more euene-long and therof of are iii specis. the ton bery&yogh;t a &yogh;elw&yogh; flour, the tother a red flour the thrydde a quyt flour ... the Rede sukkele. that ha&yogh;t a quyt cheuuron in the lef, this herbe is comoun. and it groweth in medewys and in other placis and it is hot and drye.The editor, Brodin (1950), identifies the three species as 1. Melilotus officinalis or Melilotus altissimus, 2. Trifolium pratense, 3. Melilotus albus. In the present text, Chapter 180 equates eachseamar with maccula trifolium, and I take it here to refer to red clover, Trifolium pratense Webb, and that this was the plant that it normally referred to. Threlkeld, p. 159, gives seamar capuil for this species. In Chapter 94, eachseamar is equated with corona regia, and I take it to refer there to Melilotus officinalis Webb. That species is very rare in Ireland, but it was cultivated in the past, as Threlkeld, p. 101, says it was in his time, and eachseamar came to be applied to it when it was. It smells of hay. eag, death. eanbruith (lat. brodium, iuscellum), soup, broth. eang, ing (lat. pannus), a strip of cloth. earrach (lat. ver), the season of spring. 1. easbadh, deficiency. 2. easbadh (lat. parotidas, glandulas que nascuntur iuxta anum, scrophas, scrofulas siccas), swollen glands, usually mumps. See the passage quoted from Lile s.v. cat braigid. Mumps is an infectious disease due to infection with a virus, characterised by inflammatory swelling of the parotid gland (in front and below the ear) and other salivary glands. The reference to easbudha in Chapter 52 suggests the presence of an epidemic of mumps from which one wishes to protect the child.It appears from the Latin text of Chapter 42 that the term easbadh also includes external piles. easbog beoain (syn. consolida media), ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare Webb. Chapter 90. There is no doubt about the meaning of the Irish name, but on the Continent consolida media was sometimes used for bugle, Ajuga reptans Webb. easlainte (lat. querela, vitium, causa, egritudo, morbus, passio), illness. easlan noun, (lat. aeger), a sick person. ebulus, see ualuart. ecsamail, see examail. edach (lat. pannus, plagella, spongia), cloth. edan, etan (lat. frons), the forehead. edera (arborea), see eiginn (na crann). edus, a kid, young goat lat. haedus). eigheann talman (syn. edera terrestris, ground ivy, Glechoma hederacea Webb. Chapter 112. eiginn (na crann) (syn. edera arborea, funis pauperum; lat. edera nigra, ivy, Hedera helix Webb. Chapter 111. funis pauperum means the poor man's twine. eighinn na sceithi; I take this to be traveller's joy, Clematis vitalba Webb. eigrim (Gaedhilach) (syn. pibinella; lat. pimpinella, sorbastrella), burnet, Sanguisorba officinalis Webb. Chapter 224. eilifint, elephant. Chapter 250. eilifreog, eilitreog (syn. arracia, attriplex; lat. atriplex), orach, Atriplex patula Webb. Chapter 38. The term appears to have been applied also to Atriplex hortensis CTW when it came to be cultivated. eillin (syn. elena campana; lat. enula campana), elecampane. Inula helenium Webb. Chapter 115. With reference to the mention in Chapter 115 of coughs and the respiratory organs, elecampane was traditionally used to treat consumption, and in 1885 it was shown to contain a bacteriocide destructive to the tubercle bacillus. eipilensia (lat. epilepsia, caduci), epilepsy. Lile Eg 71v, 72r (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 25): Is eadh is epilencia and galar oiffigeach na hinchinne bacus mothughadh &ersir; eirghi don corp uile &ersir; maille re buaidirt ro-moir an gluasachta ar son duinteadh do-nitear a cabhanaibh neamh-oireadha na hincinne. Asi cuis na heaslainte so linn no gaethmuireacht reamhur duinis fighisi neamh-foirfi na hinchinne &ersir; toirmiscus sibhal na spirad cum na mball &ersir; is uime sin coimeignightear neach cum tuitime ar lar a cetoir &ersir; ni moithighinn en red &ersir; ni fedann beith ina sesam ar aon modh acht is eigin do loighi muna ba hepilencia ro-bec hi ... &ersir; bith gluasacht na lamh &ersir; na cos co hudmall an-orduightheach &ersir; mar an cetna do gluasacht na hanala &ersir; is uime sin tre foireigin &ersir; tre an-ordughadh gluasachta na hanala bith cubhar do sir fon mbel. eirghi, getting up. eirisipialas, see teine diadh. eisbeorna (syn. esula; lat. esula), spurge, Euphorbia species Webb. Chapter 118. See gerr an eighme.. eitic (lat. ethica febris), hectic fever; Lile NLS 19v, 20r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 9): Is eadh is hectica ann fiabras cointinoideach aon-fhoirme gan cion leanna, darub subigheacht in croide &ersir; na boill daingne. Dleaghar a fhios go bfuilid da ectica ann .i. ectica maille re fiabras &ersir; hectica gan fiabrus, da ngoirtear hectica na harrsaidheachta, ina mbi tirmeacht ro-ard &ersir; in teasaideacht &ersir; an fuaraideacht cudroma no gar do cudromacht, ionnus nach bi tosgughadh ro-mhor ag ceachtur dip, &ersir; uair eli tosguidhe in fuaraideacht &ersir; in tirmeacht go mor mar is follus isna sendaoinibh &ersir; uair ann tegmuidh an eitic arsaidheachta so isna macaomhaibh &ersir; isna daoinibh oga ... Is comurtha ar fiabrus hectica teasaideacht is mo do beith isna hairtirip na isna hionadhaibh ele ina ttimchioll. Maseadh in tan bis fiabrus cudroma en-foirme gan examlacht do theacht ann da leith fein in cet la no in .2. la no in .3. la &ersir; an croicionn do dhul a bfeoigheacht, is comartha sin ar a dul isin cet gne, &ersir; is decair in gne sin d'aithne do reir Auicenna, &ersir; is urusa a leighis &ersir; ise a adhbhar sin oir fedaigh si beith gan tirmeacht mar foillsighios Galienus De Differentiis Febrium. Annsa .2. gne vero do gabtar in tirmeacht follus &ersir; gidh be uair do-berar biadh inte lasaidh nisa mho &ersir; luathaightear an pulsa mar is follus isin aol bheo in tan croitear uisce fair. In .3. gne vero bid na suile cabhanach an croicionn righthi &ersir; an bhru cenguilte don druim &ersir; in pulsa te folamh cruaidh mar shreing arna righeadh &ersir; bi an fual mar ola &ersir; da ndoirtir ar cloich e do-ni tairm bodhardha. Et isiad so comarthaidhe etic na harsaidheachta .i. in puls do bheith bec mall &ersir; in fual do beith tana isill. eitne (lat. nucleus, medulla), kernel. elasia , see vernix. elifansia (lat. elephantia). The reference in Chapter 134, on the face of it, suggests that this is the form of lepra called by Bernard of Gordon lepra elephantia (see luibhri). However, it is more likely to be elephantiasis, a disease that involves a gross overgrowth of the skin and subjacent textures. That disease is caused by repeated inflammation of the skin and obstruction of the lymphatic vessels, commonly by infection carried by mosquitoes. As regards lepra elephantia, Lile Eg 34r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 22), referring to lubhra: Et is iat so comurthaidhe an leanna pecaigheas ... Et mad o linn dubh bes bith an aghaidh ac dul a nduibhe buaidheartha innus da mbe an t-aor ro-teasaide no da ngluaisi no da ngaba fearg e; co mbi an dath dearg buaidheartha ac dul a nduibhi &ersir; da mbe in t-aer fuar no eagla da gabail; bith an dath liuidus buaidheartha ac dul a nduibhe; &ersir; bith moran do cnapanaibh isin corp uile &ersir; bid besa melancolica aigi &ersir; bidh stupor &ersir; bodracht ann &ersir; bith an fual sem isill. Maseadh ... da mbia o linn dubh, aderar elefancia. elistront (syn. alagsandrum, masedonica, petrusidinum, peirsilli alastroint; lat. petrosilinum), alexanders, Smyrnium olusatrum Webb. Chapter 19. The Irish text uses both Ysaac and Platearius for Chapter 19 on this drug, and it also uses the same chapter (re Petrosilinum) of Platearius for Chapter 218 on Petrosilium, peirsille. Platearius says Petrosilinum ... est autem duplex, domesticum &ersir; agreste quod sinonum dicitur, and this may give a clue about the apparent confusion between alexanders and parsley. Petroselinum, like the English parsley, appears to have been used as a generic name for a number of Umbellifers. elleborus, see tataba. emagrania (lat. emigranea, from &eeacgr;&mgr;&igr;&kgr;&agr;&ngr;&iacgr;&agr;, a pain on half the head). Lile Eg (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 10): [53v] An .6. fodhall oireadha .i. co mbi teinneas and tachmuigideas in ceann uile &ersir; teinneas tachmuigidheas cuid de &ersir; in tan tachmuigidheas co hullidhe e aderar cephalia no ouum ris &ersir; in tan bis a cuid de da mbia 'na leath aderar emigranea ris &ersir; da mbia a cuid bus lugha na sin aderar clauus ris &ersir; aderit na tuatadha in tan sin curob cronughadh no aibhirseoireacht bis orra oir taibhrightear doibh beith aga ngoin le tairringnibh no le snathadaibh ... [56v] Is eadh is emigrania and teinneas bis a leith in cind co foirimillach no co hinmedonach &ersir; is maille re periodus is mionca bis. emaroighideis (lat. emorroidas), haemorrhoids. ematites (lat. ematites), haematite, native iron oxide, F&sub2;O&sub3;, an ore of iron, red in colour. Chapter 121. ematoica, (syn. seili fola,) (lat. haemoptysis), spitting of blood. Lile Eg 114v, 115r (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 6): Is and so labhurtar don tseli fola cuirtear tar an mbel. Do-nitear an easlainte so uair and o cuisibh foirimillacha &ersir; uair eli o cuisibh inmedonacha. O cuisibh foirimillacha vero an tan tegmas do neach uisce fuar d'ol ina mbia an peist re n-abur sanguissugha innas co leanann don carbud no don braghaid &ersir; co ndoirtinn fuil. Et tic an fuil uair eli le hingar no le sileadh cleibh in tan codlas neach fa deallradh an re &ersir; co hairithi an tan tic deallradh an re a fuinneogaibh no a pollaibh caola no cumga osa cinn. Et tic an sili fola a caitim imurcach na mbiadh nger mar atait uinneamhain &ersir; gairleog &ersir; cartlann, no o caithemh na mbiadh saillti no aigedach. Et tic uair o tuitim &ersir; o bualadh &ersir; o leimnigh &ersir; o eighem &ersir; o gaire ro-mor &ersir; o feirg &ersir; o fuath &ersir; o sceatrach tsaothrach &ersir; o cosachtaigh laidir. Et atait neithi cuidigheas an easlainte so do denum mar ata teasaideacht imurcach &ersir; fuacht imurcach &ersir; a cosmaile mar ata rith &ersir; saothar &ersir; coimriachtain &ersir; neamh-codladh &ersir; moran da cosmailibh. O cuisibh inmedonacha vero tic uair and on ceann &ersir; teid cum na srona &ersir; cum an carbuid &ersir; cum an ochta &ersir; tic uair eli on olmach [feólbach] &ersir; on carbud &ersir; o rannaibh eli an beoil &ersir; tic uair eli on gaile &ersir; ona haeibh &ersir; tic on tseilg &ersir; tic o fostughadh na fola mista no o emoroydes &ersir; tegmaidh an easlainte so co gnathach dona dainibh da mbeantar ball da mballaibh in tan linaid iat co himarcach &ersir; do-nitear an easlainte si uair eli o cin an ochta mar ata neascoid an ochta in tan tsilis rann da hadhbhar tar na sreabhannaibh amach &ersir; tic uair eli o creacht an scamain no an ochta &ersir; tic uair eli o oslagadh no o brisidh no o gearradh no o cnai no o geire &ersir; do-nitear an t-oslagadh sin o tennadh do-nitear o gaotmuireacht no o linadh leannaighi. emblici, (lat. emblici), emblic, (or amla, the Indian Gooseberry) the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica, one of the five sorts of myrobalans. Chapter 122. See mirbolani. ementa (lat. femininum), feminine. emitritius (lat. emitriteum), hemitritaeus (referred to in chapters 101 and 233), a fever compounded of a continuous and an intermittent fever. The name comes from hēmi half, and tritaios, on the third day. Lile NLS 19v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 8): Hemitriteus vero fiabras comsuighighthe o fiabras cointinoideach &ersir; o fiabras interpolata e, &ersir; fedur a tabairt cum tri gnethe ara mbidh ni so-althionta. Maseadh is amhlaidh cuisighthir in cet gne don emetriteus o quotidiana cointinoideach &ersir; o tertiana interpolata, &ersir; in dara gne o tertiana cointinoideach &ersir; o quotidiana interpolata. An .3. gne cuisighthir o quartana cointinoideach &ersir; o tertiana interpolata.. empima (lat. vomitum sanguineum), empyema. Lile Eg 116r, v (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 7) : Gairtear empima don tseli ingair bis a cabhan an cleibh no in scamain ... Is eadh is cuis do in catarrus tuitis on ceann cum an ochta &ersir; cruinnigheas a cabhanaibh folma an cleibh &ersir; in tan nach innarbtar as sin e &ersir; nach glantar le cosachtaigh dileaghtar annsin e madh eigin &ersir; impaidtear a sileadh &ersir; is don cruinniughadh silidh sin gairtear empima &ersir; do-nitear empima ar modh eli .i. an tan bristear na neascoideadha roim geneamhain foirfi an tsilidh &ersir; uair and taireis geneamhna foirfi an tshilidh &ersir; ritheas a folmaigeacht an cleibh &ersir; is iat so na neascoideadha o ndentar empima .i. squinanncia &ersir; pleurisis &ersir; perpleumonia &ersir; rithidh andsin moran fola co minic a cumasc an tshilidh &ersir; cuisightear an easlainte so uair and ona leannaibh &ersir; ona dethachaibh tic on corp co huilidhe &ersir; cruinnightear a folmaigeacht an cleibh no an scamain &ersir; impaightear a sileadh iat. Et do-nitear an easlainte so uair eli o creachtaibh an cleibh &ersir; an scamain &ersir; ona cuisibh is cosmail ru &ersir; bith a fis agad, ac labairt a modh foirleathan, gach uile tshileadh cruinnigtear a folmaigeacht an cleibh gan cumdach dleaghar empima do radh ris gidheadh is and is disle empima do radh ris an tan tic on scaman. Bith a fis agad curob iat a cuisi is comartha don easlainte so gidheadh fedmuid cuid eigin da comartaibh do cur and so oir an sileadh bis andsa cliabh in tan tinnscnas in cliabh no an scaman do cnai &ersir; do creachtnugadh bith an t-othar andsin maille re fiabras ciuin &ersir; a beith nis mo san oidhche ina sa lo &ersir; maille re deirgi na ngruadh &ersir; re teasaideacht na lamh &ersir; na cos &ersir; bith lesach arna cosaibh &ersir; bith an cosachtach maille re cumsanadh fallsa &ersir; tromdacht a ndiaigh an bidh &ersir; a cosmaile. en, a bird; en circe (lat. pullus), a pullet, a chicken. endiuia, indiuia (lat. endivia, scariola), the cultivated endive, Cichorium endivia. Chapter 114. There is some confusion between endivia and scariola, and at one point Circa Instans says endivia ... que alio nomine scariola dicitur. However, in Chapter 91, a recipe includes andiuia &ersir; scairiola, and scairiola is separately identified s.v. (d')entaib, aentaib, all together. eolach; na heolaidh, the experts. eorna (syn. lat. ordium, lat. ordeum), barley. Chapter 216. Two species were cultivated, eorna mhór, Hordeum vulgare, and eorna bheag, Hordeum distichon, both of which occur as relics of cultivation but do not persist or become naturalised. The ways in which barley was used are indicated by the terms: min eorna (lat. farina, [once, polenta] ); Chapter 130; plur mine eorna (lat. contrita polenta, pasta); plur mine eorna (lat. contrita polenta, pasta); uisce eorna (lat. aqua ordei, optime ordeum ut fiat aqua spissa sicut ptisana); caith; aran. Circa Instans (Erlangen copy, Wölfel p. 89): Polenta fit ex farina ordei et aqua. Far autem sic fit: Ordeum mundatum in molla ponitur et conteritur mola aliquantulum sublevata, ut quasi operetur farinam. Ordeum mundatum decoquatur in aqua donec accedat ad spissitudinem et subrufum colorem et talis aqua optima est. Farina ordei polenta el us dicitur ... In aqua decoquatur farina et fiant inde pultes. epatica , see ae aba. epaticum, see aloes. epitimen, see blath na time. erbulair herbal. errnia (lat. dolor testiculorum), hernia. Lile Eg 183r (LM Pt. 7, Ch. 7): Don maidm shicne. Atait .7. ngneithi ar eirnea an mheid ata ar lathair. An cet gne aderar uentosa .i. gaothmuireacht ria. An .2. gne aderar aquosa .i. uisceamhail ria. An .3. gne humoralis .i. leannaidhi. An .4. gne carnosa .i. feolmar. An .5. gne uaricalis. An .6. gne zirbalis. An .7. gne intestinalis oir an tan atas sparan na n-uirghidh gan neascoid gan fiabrus gan teinneas mor do-citear co mbi brisidh ruptura and an tan sin &ersir; is uime sin as eidir hernea do gairm mar ainm generaltea de oir is cosmuil re brisidh firinneach e &ersir; do-nitear an tan sin uair and o gaoith &ersir; uair eli o uiscemhlacht, uair eli o linn &ersir; uair eli fasaidh feoil let amuigh do naduir and &ersir; uair eli lintar na cuisleanna d'fhuil melancolica &ersir; do-nitear uair eli uarices reamhra a reimhe meir uair and &ersir; uair eli tuitidh zirbus .i. an meathradh bis ar muin na n-inneadh &ersir; oir atait na hinneadha arna timcilliughadh do zirbus &ersir; do sifac &ersir; do mirac &ersir; uair eli lactar na sreabhainne sin &ersir; do-nitear hernia inginalis in tan sin &ersir; uair ele bristear iat &ersir; tuitid na hinneadha a sparan na n-uirgidh in tan sin &ersir; isi so as hernia fhirinneach and &ersir; uair eli oslaictear dindimus &ersir; boctar &ersir; tuitidh sis. Do-nitear crepatura uair and o cuisibh foirimillacha &ersir; uair eli o cuisibh inmedonacha. O cuisibh foirimillacha mar ata saothar &ersir; coimriachtain &ersir; leimneach &ersir; gach ni cosmail ru &ersir; a ndenum deis linta ro-moir inmedonaigh oir is urusa sifac do brisidh in tan sin &ersir; bristear e fos o cosachtaigh tshaothrach &ersir; in tan fostoigtear o cuis eigin an sileadh do, bi ullamh cum a innarbtha. Madh cuis inmedonach beas and bith sin o bogadh no o linadh cona cosmaile. Madh hernia gaothmur bes and bidh cuirineacht and in tan sin &ersir; gluaistear an gaothmuireacht on taobh co celi. Madh hernia uiscemhail bes and teid co hurusa roim an tadhall &ersir; bith maille re linadh droch-leannann &ersir; tic cum na ndaoine bis ullamh cum idropisi. Humoralis vero aitintear hi ar son co mbi an corp linta &ersir; bit gan teinneas &ersir; teid roimh an tadhall &ersir; bith buigi innte inmedonach idir an ngne uisceamhail &ersir; in gne feolmur. Sa gne feolmur vero do-citear an togh testiculus arna medughadh gan teinneas gan neascoid. Uaricosa vero bith cruaidh fada a cosmailis tslaitíne. Sirbalis vero ni inntoighinn tar ais ge loigheadh neach faon. Intestinalis vero impaidh co lor a usacht da loightear faon. Ata deithfir idir an lagadh &ersir; an sineadh oir da mbe neach ina sesamh ara bonnaibh &ersir; a anal do dingi cum na mball iochtarach da tuitid sin co hurusa sis le dingi na hanala is brisidh ata and &ersir; muna dernait is sineadh. Maseadh an tan do-chifeam at salach blein a cosmaileas uighi, &ersir; bimaid cunntabartach an brisidh no an sineadh ata and, dleaghmaid in tan sin in t-othar do suighiughadh &ersir; in t-at do cur asteach le laimh &ersir; a dingi le &ersir; eirgidh ina seasamh ainnsein &ersir; aithnighim de cosachtach do denum no a anal do dinghi &ersir; da tuite an t-at is brisidh ata and &ersir; muna derna as sineadh. An tan vero bis dindimus arna bogadh &ersir; bis a pholl mor edluith is urusa les na hinnibh tuitim a sparan na n-uirgidh in tan sin. eruca, see cearrbocan. esula, see eisbeorna. es ustum, see umha (loiscthe). etan, see edan. euforbium (lat. euforbium), officinal spurge, the imported dried latex of the North African species, Euphorbia resinfera. Chapter 119. See gerr an eighmhe. eupatorium, see iubar sleibe. examail, examlacht (lat. diversitas)), diverse, diversity. examlaidhid (lat. diversus), is distinguished. Fabra, eyelash. fail (lat. singultus, cardiacum), hiccup. See singultus. fairrgi (lat. marina), the sea. fairsingidh (lat. enlargare), expands. faiscid, presses, squeezes. fastidium (lat. abominatio), nausea. Lile Eg 136r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 8): Is eadh is fastidium and aduathmaireacht in bidh &ersir; in dighi maille re hurlagadh eigin &ersir; re hailgis eigin cum sceathraighi o truailliughadh an bidh &ersir; na leannand sa gaile. faithne (lat. verruca), wart. farcan (lat. fungus, spongia), a bracket fungus on a tree. See agairg. The true sponge was known and used, but certain funguses looked like sponges, and, as is indicated in Chapter 17, were used as sponges. Buller (1914–16) p. 55 says that various forms of the name "sponge" were and are applied in Italy to species of fungus, including the edible Morchella esculenta. farina, see eorna. fas, growth. fascadh, vn. of faiscid, to press or squeeze. Fascadh tri edach, to press through a cloth, to strain (lat. colare). fathadh (lat. pannum superfluum), wrinkles; cf. pannuceus. feadan (lat. fistula, embotum), a pipe or funnel. Feadan linnidhan (lat. fistula), an ulcer, described in Lile Eg: [27v] (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 19, Rub. 1) Is eadh is fistula and crecht cabhanach domuin maille re sileadh do-nitear o linn finn morgaighthi truaillidhe loiscthi ... [29v] (Rub. 7) Is eadh is fistula and, creacht cabanach salach, lethan astigh &ersir; cumang amuigh, duintear uair and &ersir; osclas uair eli, &ersir; foillsightear fistula trit na haicidibh sin. feadanacht, the entry into an ulcer; linnidha &ersir; feadanacht, lat. fistula, humositas. See feadan. fearban (syn. tapsia, lat. tapsia), buttercup. The Irish text in Chapter 268 is based on Platearius' chapter on tapsia, i.e., Thapsia garganica, a plant of the Mediterranean region. Fearbán (that which blisters) is the ordinary name for buttercup, because of the blistering effect of the juice that is expressed when the living or freshly gathered plant is crushed. However, it is possible that the name is applied in Chapter 268 to Thapsia, which was generally used in medicine to raise blisters and may well have been imported by the apothecaries. Alphita, p. 83, gives herba trutannorum, the herb of the beggars, as a name for tapsia, and Mowat quotes Bartholomeus to the effect that beggars are accustomed to sprinkle their faces with tapsia, so as to appear like lepers, and afterwards they wash themselves with juice of horehound and vinegar, which completely removes the blisters. Tapsia, he says, blows up the face of a person who rubs it on. It is also possible, however, that people adapted the buttercup to the uses that were made of tapsia on the Continent, because it had similar properties, and the true tapsia was expensive or hard to come by. Aodh Mac Domhnaill says (Beckett, p. 130) of faraban (which, on p. 120, is equated with crowfoot): Faraban so luibh nac ndean daoine no alleach a husacht mar is nimh losgach í ... niel sí air a glacadh an taobhstigh mar is nimh losgach i as a se a sualche ana cheirienn gur guiste a thogamh si bluingaidh no ni air bith eile da bhuil aga na doctoir acht go bpeinan si nies mo ... Investigation of the blistering substance found in numerous species of the Ranunculaceae, in particular by Shearer (1938), Kroeber (1949) and Hill and Van Heyningen (1951), revealed that the plants contain a glucoside, for which the name ranunculin was proposed. When the tissues are crushed, the glucoside is converted enzymically to protoanemonin, an oil which is volatile in steam and very soluble in water. This is the active substance which causes the blistering. After a few days, protoanemonin polymerizes to the insoluble crystalline product anemonin, which is harmless, so that the dried plants do not cause blistering. It would appear that, in the past, of the buttercups, people took most notice of Ranunculus sceleratus. Kroeber, who goes into the history of the medical usage of the Ranunculaceae, says they are called Hahnenfuß in reference to the shape of the leaves of Ranunculus sceleratus which, he says, is the most poisonous species of all the Ranunculaceae. It is not unlikely that the name ranunculus was also first suggested by this species. Kroeber says of it: This species is, so to speak, a botanical amphibian, because not only does it grow on rubbish dumps, swampy muddy places, swampy meadows, in ditches and on the edges of ponds, but it ventures also occasionally into shallow water, and at times it even arrays itself as a veritable water-plant with big, glossy floating leaves ... The name Ranunculus is a diminutive of rana, a frog, by reason of the wetness of the places where the plant takes its stand. Analysis of some of the species showed that the yield of the blistering substance as a percentage of the fresh weight of the plant was about average in Ranunculus sceleratus. However, it is likely that, since this species is much bulkier that the others, the substance is available in greater quantity from it than from the other species. I submit, therefore, that, although fearbán in general usage was extended to as many species as the English buttercup is, in the medical context it probably refers to Ranunculus sceleratus. This species is also referred to in Chapter 36 as imas na lathfan, the celery of the frogs, an ad hoc translation of apium ranarum. As to other species of Ranunculus referred to in the text, see aibill uisce, glaiser lena and meirsi. feardacht (lat. genitalia), the male genitals. fearthain (lat. pluvialis), rain. feinel (syn. feniculus; lat. feniculus, marathrum), fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Webb. Chapter 131. feinel dearg, red fennel, a variety of Foeniculum vulgare Webb. Ogden (1969, p. 89) says Rede fenell may have been fennel with red or reddish seeds. Cf. fenell with the sede rouge, 67/10. Perhaps, with the looseness of medieval colour names, red fennel seeds may have been the dark, reddish-brown seeds of German, or Saxon, fennel, as distinguished from the green seeds of sweet, or Roman, fennel. On the other hand, it may have been the sub-variety described in Lyte transl. Dodoens Niewe Herball (1578), p. 269: There is an other sorte of this kinde of Fenell [i.e. true Fenell], whose leaves waxe darke, with a certayne kinde of thicke or tawny redde colour, but otherwise in all things like the first. According to Flora Europaea ii 341, the plant that is widely cultivated for flavouring and which has sweet-tasting fruit is the subspecies vulgare, while the subspecies piperitum, which grows in dry, rocky places in the Mediterranean region, has sharp-tasting fruit. feinel na muc (syn. feniculus porsinas, maelan muilithi; lat. cotula fetida), stinking mayweed, Anthemis cotula, see Webb p. 93. See Maelan muilithi. 1. feith (lat. nervus), nerve, sinew. Per Thomas of Cantimpré, De Natura Rerum, p. 40: By the nerves the bones are linked with one another, as the doctors say. The nerves arise from the brain, so that it is through the nerves that all perceptions come. Whenever any part of the body is injured, immediately pain affects the brain. Out of the origin of the two principal nerves, two webs are woven over the brain. In the regions where there are bones, there is a great number of nerves. There is no blood in the nerves as there is in the veins. By their nature, it is on their length and not on their breadth that nerves split. Whereas veins join up again when they are cut, the nerves do not.There are no nerves in the human head, but there are many in the hands and feet. The nerves that are extended in the arms are great and strong, while those in the legs are greater and stronger. Nerves which are deprived of any of the necessary humours contract, resulting in considerable pain to the patient. As Galienus says, the nerves are of a hard and flexible substance and are difficult to separate. Their function is to transport the perceptive and motive virtues from the brain to the other parts of the body, and to strengthen the whole body wherever they exist in it. On this, Pliny says that the nerves which originate in the heart do not join up again once they are cut and, amazingly, when the patient is in extreme pain from wounding, once the nerves are cut there is no pain. 2. feith; according to the DIL, this is some kind of twining plant (with tough or woody stem). It may be the hop, Humulus lupulus Webb. feiteach (of parts of the body), containing "nerves". See 1. feith. feitleog, feitlinn, the sinewy stem (of the ivy).. fel, see domblas ae. fenementum, see laibin. feniculus, see feinel. feniculus porsinas, see feinel na muc. fenegrecum (syn. pis no feinel Greagach; lat. fenugrecum), fenugreek seeds, a spice that is widely cultivated, derived from the leguminous plant Trigonella foenum-grecum. feoighi (lat. siccus withered, dried. feoil (lat. caro), flesh. feolmar, fleshy. ferann, land. ferdris, the dog rose, Rosa canina Webb. fér magrallach possibly the marsh or floating foxtail, Alopecurus geniculatus Webb, but, more likely perhaps, Alopecurus bulbosus CTW, if imported. ferrarium, a deposit left in water by hot iron. ferrdha (lat. masculus), male. ferrugo a iron dross, see slaidteach and slaighe. ferrum, see iarunn. fesog (lat. barba), a beard. fex, see deascaid. fiabras (lat. febris), fever. See coididiana, intribulata, quartana, terciana. If malaria was a problem, as it was in the Greece of Hippocrates, the remarks of Stannard (1961) p. 617, are of interest in relation to our text: It must not be forgotten that malaria was endemic in ancient Greece. It is, therefore, probable that a latent or chronic malarial infection colored the clinical manifestations of many disorders. The frequent references to enlarged or painful spleen and the periodical chills and fevers are ample evidence. fiacal (lat. dens), tooth. fiadh (lat. cervus), deer. fiadain, wild. fialtog, a bat. ficus see fige. fidhis, a channel. fige (lat. ficus, caricis), fig, fruit of Ficus carica, Chapter 140. filipindula (lat. filipendula), dropwort, Filipendula vulgaris Webb. Chapter 135. filun, felon, an abscess. The term appears to be a synonym of antrax, q. v. fin (lat. usually vinum); once each, passum, merum wine. Chapter 280. fineamhain (lat. vitis), the vine, Vitis vinifera. Chapters 217 and 273. finegra (syn. accetum, oxiren, oxiriun; lat. acetum), vinegar. Chapter 9. 1. finn, white; linn finn, the phlegmatic humour. 2. finn (lat. macula, pannus, caligo), a disease of the eye, possibly a cataract. finnfadh (lat. pili, capilli, discriminalia), hair, animal's fur. finscoth (syn. cinoglosa, lat. lingua canis), wine-blossom, hound's tongue, Cynoglossum officinale Webb. Chapter 71. fisiceacht (lat. ), physic, i.e. medicine. fiuchadh (lat. decoctio), to boil, also, of a condition of the stomach, lat. calet. flamula, see aibill uisce. fleadmaticach, phlegmatic. flidh (syn. hipia mador), chickweed, Stellaria media. Webb. Chapter 153. As Stokes pointed out (1888, p. 235) in relation to another copy of the text, the Latin headings in chapters 153 and 154 have been transposed; the usual Latin name for chickweed was Hippia minor. There was much confusion between the names for chickweed and scarlet pimpernel. fliuch (lat. humidus), wet. fliuchadh, fluid. fliuchaid, (lat. humectare), to make wet. fliuchaideacht, (lat. various cognates of humidus; aquositas, lacrymae oculorum, aque oculorum), wetness. flos fraxini see fuinseog. flos rose see antera. flux (lat. flux, manans, profluvium, secessum), excessive flow. fo-buidhe (lat. citrinus), off-yellow. fochma (lat. pernio, mula), chilblain. fodmur (lat. autumnus), autumn. fognaidh, serves. foibert (lat. colirium), collyrium, eye-lotion. foillsigid, clarifies. foirbtiugadh, to bring to maturity or perfection. foireigneach, violent. foiridh, helps. foirimillach (lat. superficies), external. foirtill, strong. folcadh (lat. lavare, abluere, lotio), washes, bathes. folmaigid (lat. purgare, educere, solvere, depellere)), purges. folt (lat. capilli, discriminalia. folud (lat. substantia), substance. follamnugad, (lat. regimen). fonn (lat. regio), land, region. forbailteachas, (lat. leticia), joy. forcroiceann, (lat. cortex, superficies), outer skin. fordronn, (lat. pecten), the mons pubis. fo-ruagh (lat. subrufus), a dull foxy red. fostaigid, retains. fostaiteach (lat. constringendi), constraining, retaining. fotannan, thistle>. fotlact (syn. bibolica, biliria), narrow-leaved water-parsnip, Berula erecta Webb. Chapter 66. fotragadh (lat. fomentum, balneum), bath; fomentation. fraechoc, see lus na fraechoc. fragaria, see lus na talman. Frainc, an, (lat. Gallia), France. frasina, (lat. francigena)), French. fraxinus, see fuinnseog. frenisis (lat. freneticus), frenzy. Lile Eg 69v (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 22): Is eadh is frenisis and neascoid teasaide arna geneamhain a sicneadhaibh na hinchinne. Is iat comarthai na heaslainte so fiabrus cointinoideach bhuile &ersir; neamh-codlad &ersir; tart &ersir; duibhe na teangan &ersir; gluaiseacht an-ordaighteach na cos &ersir; na lamh &ersir; udmaille an chuirp uile &ersir; moran cainnti &ersir; aicide aduathmhara dasachtacha, &ersir; bith so uile co hisill a frenisis non vera &ersir; uair and bid a cumsanadh uile. fritbuailid (lat. repercussio), aborts (a boil), prevents it coming to a head. fritbuailteach (lat. repercussivus), repercussive. Chapter 237. See fritbuailid. fritcathugad (lat. repugnare, resistere), counteracts. fructus iuniperi, see iubar craigi. fu, see caertann curraig. fuacht, cold. fual (lat. urina), urine. fuar (lat. frigidus), cold. fuaraideacht, fuardacht (lat. frigiditas), coldness. Written out only once, i.e. Chapter 40, an aigid ... fuardachta na hinchinne, otherwise always contracted as fuar, sometimes even as .f. . It may be that fuaraideacht is for coldness in general, while fuardacht is for the coldness of an object. The term fuardacht is cited in eDIL s.v. úardacht or dil.ie/42778 and fuaraideacht eDIL s.v. (f)úaraigecht or dil.ie/42770. The examples cited for the latter in eDIL seem to be drawn from medical tracts. fuarc: in relation to the ash tree, fuarc fuinseann (Chapter 71 )appears to be a gummy exudation that appears on the bark of the tree. Circa Instans says, in the Modena version, Fraxinus ... arbor est cuius cortex, semen et viscositas que ad modum fungi superexcrescint usui competunt medicine. It may be that Platearius, writing in the south of Italy, was thinking in particular of Fraxinus ornus, the sugary exudation from which is harvested and sold as manna (see Chapter 181). Possibly, too, fuarc is the basis of farcan, q. v. fuardacht, see fuaraideacht. fuartha, fuarthach (lat. infrigidandi), cooling. fugo demonum, see bitnua. fuil (lat. sanguis), blood, fuil derg, the sanguine humour. fuil bocain, probably a toadstool, Mycena haematopus or Mycena sanguinolenta, both of which yield a latex which is dark blood-red. fuil dreagain (syn. saingis dragoinis, lat. sanguis draconis), dragon's blood, a bright red gum or resin. Stearn, in Opsomer ii (1984) ch. 389: Dragon's blood, originally the red or reddish resin from Dracaena cinnabari Balf. f. of Socotra, Liliaceae (or Agavaceae), later also from Dracaena draco L., from the Canary Islands and from Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume, Daemonorops ruber Mart. and Daemonorops propinquus Becc. of East Indies. In the case of the species of Daemonorops (family Palmae), the resin is prepared from the fruits, which are coated with it. fuiligid (lat. scarificatio), scarifies, making shallow cuts in the skin to draw blood. fuil mista (lat. menstrua), menstruation. fuilngid (lat. ferre potest), endures. fuil ruad (lat. multum sanguinem et spissum), another name for fuil derg, q. v. fuine, to knead. fuinnseoc, fuinnseann (syn. fraxinus; lat. fraxinus), the ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior Webb. Chapters 23 and 129. Fuinnseann is normally the genitive of fuinnse, of which fuinnseoc is a diminutive, but it is not always felt that way, e. g., Chapter 72, luaith na fuinnsinne. fuit, a wasp. fumiter (syn. fumus terra; lat. fumus terra), the fumitory, Fumaria officinalis Webb. Chapter 136. fumus terra, see fumiter. fungus, see agaricus. funis pauperum, see eiginn (na crann). furtachtalgid (lat. solvere, iuvare, conferre, confortare, levare, mitigare, valere), relieves. Ga (lat. suppositum, suppositorium, magdaleon), suppository. gabail, yeast. ga copa (lat. licinium, stuellum), a surgical tent, used to dilate a narrow opening; i.e., some substance, like certain seaweeds or sponge, which shrivels up when dried, and expands powerfully when it absorbs moisture. It is introduced dry into the opening it is to dilate, and expands in the course of some hours without producing pain. See David Greene, Celtica 15, 1, and Cecile O'Rahilly, Éigse 9, 181. Gaeidilc, the Irish language. gaethamhlacht, gaetmuireacht (lat. ventositas, inflatio), windiness. Gaethamhlacht is used consistently in the first fifty chapters, and gaetmuireacht in the rest of the text. gaethmur, windy. gag (lat. tritura), a crack in the skin. galle (lat. stomachus, alvus), the stomach. gailingan (syn. galanga; lat. galanga), the galangal rhizome, derived from the greater galangal, Kaempforia galanga/Alpinia galanga, a reed-like plant of the ginger family. Chapter 143. gaill-bilar, garden cress, Lepidium sativum CTW, widely cultivated as a salad plant. gaill-eigrim, foreign burnet, Poterium polygamum CTW, formerly grown for fodder. gaineam, sand. gairbhi (lat. raucedo, asperitas), roughness (of the voice), hoarseness. gairbten (lat. asperitas, roughness. gairi (lat. risus), laughter. gairiofilata, see macall. gairisma (lat. gargarisma), gargle. gairleog (syn. aillium; lat. allium), garlic, Allium sativum CTW. An Asiatic plant, cultivated here. I understand that much of what is stated in the Irish text is supported by Dr. W. Minchin, "The germicidal and therapeutic action of garlic", The Practitioner (1918) p. 145. gairleog cailli (lat. flos mustardi), garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolataWebb; family, Cruciferae. Mentioned in Chapter 30. The leaves smell of garlic when crushed. The Latin term is printed in the 1497 edition as flos mus.. gairmid, calls, names. galanga, see gailingan. galar (lat. egritudo, vitium, morbus), disease. galar buighe (lat. ictericia), jaundice. See buidheacair. galbanum (lat. galbanum), galbanum, an oleo-gum-resin obtained from certain Asiatic species of Ferula, family Umbelliferae, mainly Ferula galbaniflua. Chapter 142. galitricum, see cainche coille. galla (syn. alapsa, galla pomum quersuus, lat. galla), oak galls. Chapter 17. In the first few lines of his account of the oak galls, the Irish author simply translates the Latin text, but with two interesting points of his own. Where the Latin says they are fructus quercus, the Irish says they are ubull fasas ar duilleabar na darach, which serves to distinguish them from measoga na darach, i.e. the acorns, the true fruit of the oak. Again, where the Latin says virtutem habent constringendi, the Irish is more precise with brigh fostoiteach coirtiteach. The term coirtiteach refers to the tanning property of the oak galls, being derived from coirt, bark (< cortex), in reference to the use made by tanners of the bark of the oak. Galls are growths arising on the tissue of plants, induced by plant or animal parasites, and sometimes by mechanical means. Many galls are produced on the native Irish oaks, the best known being the oak apple. This is induced by a wasp, known in its agamous generation as Biorrhiza aptera, which emerges from her gall on the root in January and crawls up the tree to lay her numerous eggs in suitable terminal buds. The tree responds by developing tissue forming a gall around the larva, when it develops, being induced to do so by the irritation of the tissue by the movements of the larva. The cells of the gall are immensely greater than normal. Galls are often full of waste products, such as resins and tannic acid. At maturity, the oak apple is a smooth sphere, about 15 mm in diameter, hard, and tinted rose colour. The sexual generation of the wasp, known as Biorrhiza pallida, emerges in July, leaving a hole in the gall where it made its way out. The Irish text suggests, however, that the galls used in this country in medicine were those in common use in Europe generally, the Aleppo gall which Theophrastus says is the only gall of use for tanning, and the Bassorah gall, used for dyeing wool. They are both induced by species of gall-wasp on Quercus infectoria, a small oak tree that grows in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and sometimes on other species. Oak galls are still availed of as a source of tannic acid, which, in medicine, is used as an astringent and styptic. gallfhothannan (syn. branca ursina; lat. branca ursina), bear's breech, Acanthus mollis CTW. Chapter 57. Some authorities understand the Latin name as hogweed, Heracleum sphondilium Webb, but the Irish name (=foreign thistle) indicates that it was applied to Acanthus mollis when that species came to be cultivated in Ireland. Stearn (Opsomer, 1984, ii 43) discusses the Latin name. gallunach (lat. sapo), soap. Soap, in the sense of the product obtained by the action of a base on fats, was invented by the Gauls early in the first century A.D. It was originally prepared from tallow and the ashes of the beech and yoke-elm, in two varieties, solid and liquid. In the 15th century, white soap was made from oil and tallow, with a lye made from fern ash and unslaked lime, while for black soap the lye was made from green oak boughs (Gibbs, 1939). The distinction made in Circa Instans (but not in the Irish text) between sapo Gallicus and sapo spatarensis appears to be between a soft soap and a cutting soap. The Irish word is discussed by de Bhaldraithe (1983). Gamascum (lat. Damascus) the city of Damascus. garban, literally, roughage; the bran or husks (of oats). The use of garban coirci in Chapter 58 to improve the digestion tallies with the present-day use of bran, which contains little or no carbohydrate, to provide roughage in certain cases of constipation, gariofillus, see clobus. garr, pith, pulp. garrdha (lat. ortus), garden. gatfann (lat. iusquiamus), henbane, Hyoscyamus niger Webb. The leaves contain alkaloids, including hyoscine, the poison that was used by Dr. Crippen. geadh (lat. anser), a goose. geadhar (syn. aron barba, iarus, pes uituli; lat. iarus, barba aaron, pes vituli), cuckoo-pint, Arum maculat urn Webb. Chapter 1. The emphasis in the text on the roots and tubers reflects the fact that the plant has a tuberous rootstock rich in starch, which was formerly extracted and known as Portland arrowroot. geal (lat. albus, albus et clarus, albus et lucidus, candidus, white. gealan (lat. albumen [ovi], lacrymus [ovi]), the white [of an egg]. gearb ((bruth no gearba ara mbel), (lat. excoriationem que est in labiis et gingivis), scab. gearradh (lat. incidere, vulnus, morsus animalium), a cut. geimreadh (lat. hyemale tempus), winter. geinidh (lat. creare, generare), produces. geir (lat. adeps), fat. gentiana, coirci lo[ ]. geneamhain (lat. conceptum), conception (by a female); production. geneamhnach (lat. ad conceptum adiuvandum), conceiving (by a female). genestula, see gilcach sleibhe. ger (lat. acutus), sharp, acute. geraigid (lat. acuere), sharpens; makes bitter or sour. gere (lat. acumen), sharpness or bitterness. gerr an eighmhe (syn. anabulla, titimaillus), lat. titimallus), petty spurge, Euphorbia peplus Webb. Chapter 28. The Latin writers used the term tithimallus as a general name for the spurges. They claimed to recognise seven sorts of spurge. The spurges (< ex-purgare) were christened Euphorbia by Juba, who wrote a treatise on them. He was king of Mauritania and Numidia, and husband of a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. He named them after his physician in ordinary, Euphorbus, who is said to have been the first to use the latex of Euphorbia resinifera, and other North African species, medicinally. References in the medical literature to euforbium may be taken to refer to the imported dry latex of Euphorbia resinifera and other species. Certain compounds of the juice of foreign species, regarded sometimes as forms of spurge because of their strong purgative powers, were also imported under the names diagrydium(which appears to have been a compound of the juices of spurge and scammony) and scammonia. The pure form of the latter was derived from the root of Convolvulus scammonia (of Syria and Asia Minor.). An Arabic recipe for diagrydium was to boil scammony with quince, then mix the quince pulp with the mucilaginous seeds of Plantago psyllium. The sorts of spurge that were used fresh were: esbeorna: This word may be an attempt at the Latin word euphorbia. Equated by Ó Cuinn with esula, it was probably a general name for the native species. gearr an éighmhe: Equated by Ó Cuinn with anabulla, it appears from Threlkeld, p. 55, that it is the petty spurge, Euphorbia peplus. The Irish name ("the short thing that causes one to cry out") is not a misnomer for a plant whose latex burns the skin and, in its capacity as a purgative, is violent and needs to be used with care. grán Oilella: This is equated by Ó Cuinn with catapucia, which is Euphorbia lathyrus. This is not native to Ireland or Britain, but it was cultivated for medical use. lauriola: This was included amongst the spurges by some Latin writers under the name mezereum. There are chapters in Ó Cuinn's book on the plant itself (spurge laurel, Daphne laureola CTW, Chapter 167), and also on its seed, as conconidum (&kgr;&ngr;&iacgr;&dgr;&egr;&igr;&ogr;&sfgr; &kgr;&oacgr;&kgr;&kgr;&ogr;&sfgr;) .i. síl in labriola. (Chapter 74). giba (lat. triturae), peeling (of the skin). gilcach slebhe (syn. genestula; lat. genestula, bruscus), broom, Cytisus scoparius Webb. Chapter 150. It is called gilcach slebhe to distinguish it from gilcach in the sense of reed, Phragmites australis Webb. There is some little confusion with the butcher's broom, Ruscus aculeatus CTW, for which the medieval Latin name was bruscus, quite a different species, but having a point in common with broom, in that both were used as sweeping brushes. Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin (McGrath, 1936–37, i 82) appears to confirm the identification with broom: Tá blath buidhe ar an giolcach. Elsewhere, genista was broom, while genestula, said to resemble broom, was Genista species, a plant that does not occur in Ireland: it has a white flower. Brodin (1950) p. 225 quotes the Encyclopaedia Britannica to the effect that the name Plantagenet is Planta Genista, a nickname given to the first of them, Geoffrey, because he used to wear a sprig of the broom plant in his cap. gitt, see cogul. glacadh, to take (a medicine). gladiolus, see soilisdur. glaiser coille (syn. barba siluana; lat. lingua bovis, buglossa), bugle, Ajuga reptans Webb. Chapter 54. The Irish author uses the same Latin text as his basis for his chapters on bugle (54) and bugloss, Anchusa arvensis Webb (178), i.e., Macer Floridus' chapter on Buglossa. The Latin names bugla (or bugula) and buglossa (or bugulossa), though very similar, are in fact two quite different words. glaiser lena, lesser spearwort, Ranunculus flammula Webb. As to Ranunculus in general, see fearban. glan (lat., purus, mundus, epuratus), clean. glanaid, (lat. mundare, purgare, abstergere, dealbare, depurgare, depurare, purificare, clarificare), cleans, clears; clarifies (a liquid). glans, see measoga daracha. glantach (lat. purgandi, mundificandi), cleansing. glas, a shade between blue and green, with a suggestion of grey. In Chapter 109, dat glas may refer to the particular blue shade of copper sulphate. Unfortunately, the various sorts of dragantum have different colours attributed to them in the Irish and Latin texts. See copurrus. gloine (syn. uitrum; lat. vitrum), glass. Chapter 278. gloiriam (syn. iris; lat. iris), stinking iris. Iris foetidissima Webb. Chapter 158. The flower is normally a dull purple. The other species of iris referred to in the text are: gladiolus, soilisdur, yellow flag, Iris pseudacorus Webb. Chapter 145. The flower is a bright yellow; the Latin Circa Instans says that acorus is the root of this plant; irios, the species that was cultivated for the production of Orris rhizome, Iris germanica var. florentina, which has a white or very pale blue flower. The fact that ireos is the genitive of iris had been long forgotten. gluin, knee. gluineach bec (syn. centinodia; lat. polligonia), knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare Webb. Chapter 96. gnathaigid (lat. mandere, potare, sumere, assuetare, vesci frequenter, uti, fiat multus usus), makes (habitual) use of. gne (lat. species, genus, maneries, differens), a sort or species; appearance or aspect. gobar (lat. caper), a goat. goirt (lat. acidus), acidic. gomoiria (lat. gomorea, dolor vulve), gonorrhoea. Lile Eg 181r (LM Pt. 7, Ch. 3): Is eadh is gonorrea and dortadh neamhtoilemail an tshilne. Bith cuis inmedonach &ersir; cuis foirimillach aigi so. Cuis foirimillach mar ata sanntugad &ersir; caomhachas amplexus, no santugad re mnai &ersir; suighi ar cloichibh fuara, &ersir; a cosmaili. Mad cuis inmedonach hi bith o soithighibh an tshilne no o ballaibh eli. Mad o ballaibh eli tic sin on inchind mar is follus an epilensia mar a ndoirter an silne gan airiugad &ersir; co hairithi in tan connaimhter an t-adbar timchill na soithighidh. Mad ona soithighibh bes do-nitear sin ar son na mball re n-abur dindimi no ona huirghibh no ona hairnibh &ersir; tic ar son na mball sin do beith ro-the no ro-fuar ar mbeith pairilisi no spasmus orra, &ersir; fedaidh mar sin teacht o cin na feithidh &ersir; na laccerti &ersir; madh o linn beas bidh sin ar son co peacaighinn a cainndidheacht ro-moir no a cail, mar ata a beith ro-te no ro-uisceamhail. Madh o cuisibh foirimillacha bes do-gabur sin o foillsiughadh an othair &ersir; da mbe ar son easlainte na mball eli foillsighit na heaslainteadha fein e &ersir; da mbia o pairilis na mball bith gan eirghe na slaite &ersir; indarbtar an sperma gan airiughadh, &ersir; da mbe o spasmus na feitheadh &ersir; na laccerti bith mail le re teinneas na fordronn &ersir; na loch mblen pectinis et inguinum &ersir; da mbia o teas na mball sin gortaightear iat o neithibh teasaide &ersir; furtachtaightear o neithibh fuara, &ersir; madh o imad in tshilne beas, bith teas &ersir; geire and &ersir; in tan bis an silne ag fagbail na sligheadh bith crith &ersir; rigor gan fuacht an tan sin and &ersir; tegmaidh teinneas cind &ersir; gne mania do droing and &ersir; fulang &ersir; tuitimideacht in cuirp uile, &ersir; don droing aga mbi silne ro-teasaide tegmaid na haicideadha so in tan do-nitear coimriachtain gin co bia gomorrea orra. Et da mbia an silne uisceamhail, bec salchus na hedaighidh ara tuitinn, ar son curob luath teid tritha. &ersir; Madh ona hairnibh beas, bith an silne reamur righin &ersir; tic uair and roimh an fual &ersir; uair eli ina diaigh &ersir; uair eli an enfeacht ris, &ersir; is uime sin is ro-tarbthach a this so do beith ag neach ar son na geneamhna. ... Is ro- dochraidheach in easlainte so oir teid in cinel daona ar neamhfni uaithi, &ersir; is uime sin aderur gonorrea ria, &ersir; is inann sin &ersir; flux an cineil daena, oir is mor do cuaidh d'eag do naire inniste na heaslainte so. ... Madh cuis te beas and maille re himad silne, denadh nuachar do chead Chriost, oir is fearr nuachar na eag. ... gontach na brond, soreness of the abdomen. Lile Eg 142r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 12): Is eadh is tortura inneadh and teinneas galli maille re bruidernach &ersir; re docamhail &ersir; re hedfhualang &ersir; re mailis dasachtaigh &ersir; re haithirreach laighi, o linn ruagh &ersir; o leannaibh eli bis cludaighthi isna hinnibh. Dleaghar a tuicsin co fuil a com-aduathmhur so d'aicidibh acan easlainte so co cosmhailtear hi re cardiaca passio &ersir; re pacio ypocondriaca da ngairtear miracia da ndernadh imradh tuas a caibidil melancolia &ersir; cosmhailtear hi re hilica passio &ersir; re colica. ... Madh o teas bes bith maille re hitain &ersir; re lassadh &ersir; re bruidernach &ersir; re teinneas ro-ger gontach. ... This may be appendicitis, known colloquially as a knot in the guts, and snaidhm ar stéig. goran (don brut &ersir; dona goranaibh, lat. prurigo), pimple. Lile Eg 41v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 25): Dona goranaibh beaga ... Is eadh is pustule and lesach bec a cosmaileas grainn na figeadh bis mar shal alluis &ersir; fedtar brollia dura do radh riu a tengaidh coltcinn lochta na prouinsia so. gorm, guirm (lat. livor), bruised, a bruise. gorman, cornflower Centaurea cyanus Webb. gorman bec, probably pansy Viola tricolor Webb. gortaigid (lat. mordere), hurts. grainne (lat. granum), a grain. gran (lat. granum, semen, frumentum), grain; fruit of cereals. gran Oilella (syn. catapusia; lat. cataputia), caper spurge, Euphorbia lathyris C-TW. Chapter 99. See gerr an eighmhe. granta parthais, grains of Paradise, a spice consisting of the seeds of Aframomum melegueta), a West African plant of the ginger family. Greig, an (lat. Grecia), Greece. The word for the Greek language occurs four times, written twice as .gg. (both letters bear a macron) and twice as g*ig; probably, it should be read as Greig, but, perhaps, as Greigis. greim (lat. morsus), a bite. grian, the sun. griban (lat. vermicularis), biting stonecrop, Sedum acre Webb. It appears that, normally, griban na gcloch is this stonecrop, while griban ban is white horehound, Marrubium vulgare Webb. gruag, the hair of the head. guasacht, guasachtach (lat. inimicus); danger, dangerous. guirm, see gorm. gultus, the throat. gum, gumi (lat. gumi), gum, in the sense of a semitransparent vegetable substance, soluble in water, that exudes from certain trees and shrubs, and hardens on the surface thereof. Chapter 148. gumamhlacht (lat. gumositas), gumminess. gum araibi, gum araibium (lat. gumi arabicum), gum Arabic, a dried gum obtained from the stems and branches of Acacia senegal (a tree about eighteen feet high, abundant in the Sudan and in Central and West Africa), and some other species of Acacia. gum na Serrisdinach, gum Sarasenica (lat. gumi Sarracenicum)), another name for gum araibi, q. v. gurmaill (syn. cauda purcina; lat. peucedanum), gromwell, Lithospermum officinale Webb. Chapter 77. The genus contains plants having hormonal activity. guth (lat. vox), voice. guta, gout. Herba sangti petri, see soibirgin. herba ueneris, see ueruena. hermodactuli, see tene talman. hipia mador, see flidh. hipia minor, see rinn ruisc. Iara Constantini, yera pigra Constantini; a compound medicine, see Introduction, Chapter 4. iaralogodion, yeralogodion, a compound medicine, see Introduction, Chapter 4. iara rufini, yera ruffini, a compound medicine, see Introduction, Chapter 4. iartar (d'iartar na n-ainmhinnteadh, lat. vulva), (the animal' s) rear. iarunn (syn. ferrum; lat. ferrum), iron. Chapter 124. iarus, see geadhar. iasc (lat. piscis), fish. icaidh (lat. cohibere, curare, prodesse, sistere, iuvare, compescere, extinguere, obstare, sedare, solvere, mederi, sanare), cures. icslainte, a remedy (with nuance of panacea); icslainte na mbatlach (lat. tyriaca rusticorum), see batlach. In Antidotarium Nicholai, De Tiriaca magna Galieni: Tiriaca magna quam Galienus composuit. Tiriaca .i. domina medicinarum facit gravissimis passionibus tocius humani corporis remedium. idroipis, igroipis (lat. ydropisis), dropsy. Lile Eg 163r (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 5): Is eadh is idropis and seachran na brighi re n-abur unitiua sa corp uile lenas claochlodh na brighi dileaghtha isna haeibh &ersir; is mar sin ata an idropis 'na seachran na brighi dileaghtha isna haeibh ... Et idirdeilightear tri gneithi aran idropis ona hinadhaibh ... iposarca no anasarca no leucafleadhmancia ... bith maille re hatt uilidhe in cuirp, &ersir; is uime sin asi an gne so is idropis firinneach ann ... &ersir; isi so gne is lugha is olc dibh uile. An .2. gne ... alsites ... &ersir; isi is measa dibh uile. An .3. gne ... timpanites ... &ersir; is ro-olc hi ... Na sreabhanna vero is foicsi dona hinnibh, gairter mirac de. Maseadh is eadh is mirac and, meithreadh sirbusamail tanaighi ar modh lin timcillis na hinne 'gan inmedon &ersir; tic ainnsein sreabhann eli is foicsi na sin don croicinn &ersir; gairter sifac di &ersir; is mar sin cludaightear an gaothmuireacht &ersir; in uisceamhlacht idir an da sreabhainn so ... Asiat so comurtadha na hidropisi ac teacht .i. an tan fostaightear leth amuigh do clechtadh re haimsir fada na himurcacha do gnathaigheadh d'innarbadh, mar ata allus &ersir; fearadh &ersir; fual &ersir; a cosmaile. An .2. comurtha .i. linadh droch-leannann co foirimillach &ersir; droch-dath na haidhche mar nar cleachtadh &ersir; uair and attaid na huirghi &ersir; uair ardaightear an tochlughadh &ersir; uair laighditear. Comurtha na hidropisi do beith ar lathair .i. at na cos &ersir; na sul &ersir; docamhail na hanala &ersir; cosachtach tirim &ersir; at an medhoin &ersir; ita do-baite &ersir; laighdiughadh tochlaighthe an biadh tre saint na dighi &ersir; droch-dath. Comurtha iposarca at uilidhe in cuirp &ersir; puls tonnmar &ersir; fearadh ban folmar &ersir; da faiscter an feoil le mer fagaidh poll ina diaigh &ersir; ni bi in medhon comh-atmar innti &ersir; isna gneithibh eli. See alsiteis and tempaniteis. igha (teinneas an droma &ersir; an igha fuar bhis ann, lat. sciasim; don mnai bis re n-ignaibh, lat. partus), pang. ilica (lat. yliaca, yliaca passio), ileus. Lile Eg 151r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 17): Is eadh is ylica and easlainte na n-inneadh caol maille re constipacion na bronn &ersir; re sceathrach minic &ersir; re teinneas dasachtach mar do tollfaidhi na hinne le tarathar. Dleaghar a tuicsin timchill an adhbuir so co comaentaighinn colica &ersir; yliaca ina cuisibh &ersir; ina comurthaibh &ersir; ina taisceltaibh &ersir; ina leigesaibh, gidheadh deifirighid oir is mo an teinneas an ilica &ersir; is luaithi marbus tre moithighthi na n-inneadh. An .2. deifir oir is mo bis an teinneas sibhlach cum na leithi desi &ersir; cli an ilica. An .3. deifir curob mo bis ilica o aer pladhamhail. An .4. deifir curob mo bis ilica on imlican suas. An .5. deifir oir mar is mo furtachtaightear colica o clistiribh is mar sin is mo furtachtaightear ylica ona neithibh do-berar anuas. Et don taebh eli ata deifir eturra so &ersir; teinneas na n-arann oir is mo bis teinneas na n-arann saidhti comhnaightheach an aon inadh &ersir; bith timchill an lesraidh &ersir; an tsliastaigh &ersir; na mball iochtarach &ersir; is bec furtachtaightear e le clistiribh mar do-nitear colica &ersir; aithintear iat arna neithibh do citear isin fual. ilon, the ileum, the lower end of the small intestine. See coilica. ilur, an eagle. im (syn. butirum; lat. butyrum), butter. Chapter 67. imas, see meirsi. imcubaid (lat. competens, congruus), suitable, appropriate. imcubuighidh (lat. competere), it is appropriate. imdaighidh (lat. augere), increases, multiplies (transitive and intransitive). imillach (lat. exterior), exterior (as opposed to inmedonach, interior). imlach, lively. imlican, navel. At first sight, [l] imlinn and [2] imlican appear to have been regarded as synonyms, and to be used indiscriminately in the following chapters to render umbilicus, [l] 31, 88, [2] 9, 149; pecten, [l] 31, [2] 17, 156, 190, 222, 222, 231, 232, 276; venter, [2] 228, 264; alvum, [2] 42; exterius matrici, [1] 141. The Latin pecten is explained by Alphita, p. 143, where it is stated that this word, basically a comb, was double-meaning. It could refer to the area around the genitals or to that toothed instrument itself. A pecten was owned by an ore-washer, a fish, a harpist and a farmer, i.e. it was a comb, a plaice, a plectrum and a harrow. The Old Irish nominative singular of imlinn is imbliu, which, if I understand Thurneysen (1946) p. 117 correctly, developed independently from the Indo-European. I suggest that the later imlecán is a diminutive of imbliu, with the suffix -ucán, and it may have been formed consciously by analogy with umbilicus. It contains a hint of the element of endearment, in -ucán. This procedure would be similar to that followed in inventing or adapting some other words, e.g., in the present text, comhfhurtacht for confortare and toghairm for provocare. Other examples are given by McManus (1984) at p. 141. In translating the text, I have used belly for imlinn, taking it to be the area between and including the mons pubis and the navel, and I have used navel for imlican. Other associated words (which see) are fordronn, the mons pubis, and loch bleine, the groin. imlinn: the belly. See imlican. imurcach, imurcaid, imurcraid (lat. superfluitas, nimium, multus, abundantia), superfluous; superfluity. inadh (lat. locus), place, situation. inar, a jacket (e.g. a layer of an onion). The term is used in Lile of the membranes in the eyes. inchinn (lat. cerebrum, caput), the brain. inde, inne (lat. intestinum), an intestine; as to the names of the sections of the intestines, see coilica. indivia, see endivia. ing, see eang. ingcuba, see rudus. ingen (lat. unguis), a nail (of the finger or toe); ingne gairleoige, lat. dens alii, a clove of garlic; see also, bruisingni. ingoire: I have read "angoire" in Chapter 236 as an ingoire, and taken it to mean that the worms constitute parasites (lit. are undutifull). inmedon, the interior. inmedonach (lat. intrinsecus), internal. innarbaidh (lat. corrodere, proiicere, eiicere, tollere, pellere, expellere, repellere, purgare, educere, abstergere), drives out. inndi, see mirbulani. innfuar, innfuaraidh, innfuarthach (lat. infrigidare, refrigerare), cool, cools, cooling. Innia (lat. India), India. innlaid (lat. fomentatio), washes. innrum (lat. egestio), defecation. intaigid (lat. convertitur), converts, is converted. intribulata, antribulata, (for interpolata), intermittent (of fever) . iovis barba, see teineagal. ipericon, see bitnua. ipofilia, see bilar Muire. ipoquisdidos, iposditos, see lus na meacan. ircus (lat. hircus), a name for the smell of the armpit (<Latin, hircus, a he-goat). irios (lat. yreos), Iris germanica var. florentina; see gloiriam. iris, see gloiriam. isgad (lat. coxa), the popliteal hollow, i.e. the hollow at the back of the knee; bel na n-isgad. isoip (syn. isopus; lat. ysopum), the cultivated hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis CTW. Chapter 155. isopus, see isoip. ita (syn. sitis; lat. sitis), thirst. Chapter 260. iubar craigi (syn. [fructus] iuniperi; lat. iuniperus), juniper, Juniperus communis Webb. Chapter 139. iubar sleibhe (syn. ambrosiana, eupatorium, lilifagus, saidsi coilleadh, eufatoirium; lat. eupatorium, salvia agrestis), wood sage, Teucrium scorodonia Webb. Chapter 27. Iul, the month of July. iuniperus, see iubar craigi. Labriola, see lauriola. lacc, see bainne. lactach, lagsaidithi (lat. laxans, relaxans, purgans, molliens), laxative. lactuca, see leiteas. ladh (syn. ferrarium), the deposit left in water by hot iron. Chapter 125. laedhan (lat. interior substantia), pith. laegh (lat. vitulus), a calf. lagaidh (lat. purgare, relaxare, movere, mollire, dissolvere, solvere, laxare), moves (the bowels). lagsaidithi, see lactach. laibin (syn. fenementum; lat. fermentum), leaven, yeast. Chapter 133. Per Stannard (1973) n. 60, this is brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Laibin is an English loanword according to eDIL. laibriola, see auriolal. Laidianta, in Latin. Laidin, Latin. laigh, pith. laigdhe (tri uig laigdhe, lat. cum ovo sorbili), apparently, a liquid egg, raw egg. laighdighid (lat. inaniendo spiritus, delet appetitum, ad mamillas gracilandas), to reduce. laimh (lat. manus), a hand. lair, a mare. laitirt (lat. crapula), drunkenness, a hang-over. langanach (lat. ventosa indigestio), the condition that causes eructation. lansiolata, see slanlus. lapa, see meacan tua. lapasium, see copog. lapis agapidis (lat. lapis agapis, lapis iudaicus), agate; this is a precious stone, a kind of quartz with colours in stripes, clouds, etc., named from the river Achates in Sicily, where it was first found. Chapter 171. lapis lasuili (lat. lapis lazuli), lapis lazuli; a semi-precious stone, sodium aluminium silicate, containing sulphur, and frequently including golden grains of pyrites (fool's gold); of a bright blue colour; believed to be named (as also is azure) from Lajwurd, where the stone is found. Chapter 164. lapis magnetis (lat. lapis magnetes), magnetite; this is magnetic iron oxide, Fe&sub3;O&sub4;, nicely said to be of a sad blue colour. Chapter 165. lathfan (lat. rana), a frog. See David Greene, Celtica ii (1952) 148. laudanum (lat. laudanum), a resinous secretion of a bush, Cistus creticus, and Cistus ladanifer. Chapter 162. "The name laudanum was applied by Paracelsus in the 16th century to one of his compound medicines, whence is derived its present use for alcoholic tincture of opium. In classical antiquity the term ladanum (Greek &lgr;&eeacgr;&dgr;&agr;&ngr;&ogr;&ngr;) was used to describe a resin from a shrub obtained from the hair of goats feeding on or near it, as Pliny states in two places in his Natural History (XII, 37; XXVI, 30), and the herbalist Rufinus (who now spelled the word 'laudanum') mentions more briefly in the late 13th century. But Michael Scot seems the first to represent it as an aerial product. [Michael Scot made the region of laudanum one of the seven regions of the air. He says: ] The sixth region is of laudanum, noting that laudanum is a humour of the air in the Orient and is sometimes collected in parts of Greece. To be efficacious, it should fall with the dew in flowers and herbs. It is denser than manna and brown or black in colour. It should be understood that goats feeding in pasture collect it on their beards which touch the dew on flowers and herbs. When the third day has passed, the goatherds comb these beards and gather it gradually until they have enough. In Europe it is not had in good condition. Like honey, it is good for head colds and catarrh. The reason is that it is hot and dry in the first and second degree. Thorndike (1965) 63-4. Michael Scot died about 1235 AD. lauriola, labriola (lat. laureola), spurge laurel, Daphne laureola CTW. Chapter 167. In the Middle Ages, this was included with the spurges — see gerr an eighmhe; in Chapter 42, laibriola is used in error to render laurus, which is the bay laurel, Laurus nobilis, a plant which does not occur naturally in Ireland or in Britain, and which may not have been known here in the 15th century. Some confusion was caused in the past by reason of the fact that Daphne was the Greek name for the bay laurel, and the myth was that she was a nymph who ran away from Apollo, and, just as he caught up with her, she appealed to Mother Earth for help. The help took the form of turning her into a shrub, the bay laurel. See also conconidum. leabaidh (lat. lectus), a bed. leadhaid, leaghaid (lat. resolvere), melts. leadartha (lat. pestiferus), wounding, injurious. leamhach (syn. altea, malbua, bismalva), marshmallow, Althaea officinalis Webb. Chapter 21. leamhach maighe, mallow, Malva sylvestris Webb and Malva neglecta Webb; the epithet may be the genitive of magh, to distinguish the plant as growing in dry land, whereas the marshmallow (see leamhach) grows in wet land. The roots of all three species were used as demulcents. leamhnacht (lat. lac), new milk. leanamh (lat. infans, puer), a small child. leathar (lat. corium), hide, skin, leather; fuil, salchar, imurcacha, idir feoil &ersir; leathar, under the skin. leath-omh (lat. viridis), lightly boiled (of cabbage). leath-shroin, nostril. leiges (lat. medicina, medicamen), the practice of medicine; a remedy. leigesaid (lat. sanare, amputare), cures. leimnid (lat. motus), jumping. leiteas (written leigeas in the MS) (syn. lactuca, lacdaca; lat. lactuca), garden lettuce, Lactuca sativa CTW. Chapter 161. leithi, grey hair. lenticula acatica, see ros lachan. leaon (read leomhan) (lat. tinea), a moth. leomhan (lat. leo), a lion. leonad, an injury. leporina, see tulcan. lepus, see mil muidhe. les (lat. vesica), bladder, apparently the urinary bladder. leucafleadhmainnsia (lat. leucoflegmantia), leucophlegmacy. In Livre des simples medicines, Opsomer ii (1984) p. 53, it is stated that leucophlegmacy is the simultaneous presence of fever and dropsy, part of the body being afflicted with a disease of hot cause and another part with a disease of cold cause. However, see the quotation from Lile s.v. idroipis, and the additional statement, Lile Eg 166v (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 5, Clarificatio, 13): Da ceangailtear an fuaraideacht le fliuchaideacht is mar sin beas leucafleadhmainncia and &ersir; da ceangailtear hi re teasaideacht bidh iposarca and in tan sin no anasarca, gidheadh is fearr in cet red oir is mar en gne breathnaightear iposarca &ersir; anasarca &ersir; leucafleadhmainncia. leuisticus, see lubhaiste. liagh, a spoon. See unsa. liathan locadh (syn. sauina, bracteos; lat. savina, sabina, bratheos), savin, Juniperus sabina. Chapter 262. It grows wild in the mountains of Southern Europe, and was cultivated here. It contains a volatile oil which is a powerful irritant both internally and externally, and was always well-known to cause abortion (see Chapter 262). The second element in the name may be from loccaid, rejects. liathlus bec (syn. auricula muris; lat. auricula muris), mouse-ear hawkweed, Hieracium pilosella Webb. Chapter 48. liatneanntog; this may be the annual nettle, Urtica urens Webb. liatroid, ball; the reference in Chapter 66 is to the flower-head of the thistle. licc (lat. testa), a flag, stone flag. licidum, see ailim. licoiris (syn. licrisi; lat. liquiricia), liquorice, the dried unpeeled roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Chapter 176. It is widely cultivated, and its cultivation in England has been traced back as far as the 16th century. licrisi, see licoiris. lictabaire (lat. electuarium), an electuary. This is a confection made by mixing a substance with honey and syrup, sometimes for medical purposes, but also in order to make sweets and confectionary for pleasure. lienteria (lat. lienteria), a form of diarrhoea: Lile Eg 143r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 13): Is eadh is lienteria and flux brond ina n-innarbtar na neithi ibhtear &ersir; itear isna cainndidheachtaibh &ersir; isna cailideachtaibh ar cuiridh isin corp iat, ar son anbfhainne brighi fostaighthi an gaile &ersir; na n-inneadh uachtarach &ersir; ar son creachtnughadh na mball cetna. lignum aloeis, the wood of agallochum, Aquilaria agallocha, an Indian tree, the resin of which is also used. The wood is burnt as incense. lilidh (syn. lilium; lat. lilium), the Madonna lily, Lilium candidum, an Asiatic species that was cultivated; also, varieties of Lilium bulbiferum. It seems likely that the term also includes lily of the valley, Convallaria majalis CTW: Best and Brightman (1973) p. 11. Chapter 173. lilifagus, see iubar sleibhe. lilium, see lilidh. 1. lin, the cultivated flax, Linum usitatissimum CTW, and also the linen that was made from the pericyclic fibres of the stem of the plant. Use was also made of the dried ripe seeds of the plant (see ros lin), from which an oil was expressed. 2. lin (syn. tela; lat. tela), the web (of a spider). Chapter 269. linga auis, see teanga enain. linga bouina, see odrad. linga ceruina, see crim muice fiadha. 1. linn (lat. humor), a humour, or fluid. The four humours were: fuil dearg (lat. sanguis), the sanguine humour; linn finn (lat. flegma), the phlegmatic humour; linn dubh (lat. melancholia), the melancholic humour; linn ruagh (lat. colera), the choleric humour. While the four humours were in balance and in their appropriate condition, the individual continued in health, but change in the condition or balance of the humours resulted in ill-health. It was bad for a humour to be in excess (imurcach, lat. abundantia, superfluitas), or not digested when it ought to be (dileaghadh, lat. digestio). A humour could become gross (reamhur, lat. grossus), thin (séimh, lat. tenuis), mucilaginous (biadhamhail, lat. glutinosus), viscous (righin, lat. viscosus), putrid (morgaithe, lat. putridus), corrupt (truaillidhe, which seemed to mean troublesome, in general), overheated (ainteas, lat. caliditas), burnt (loisce, lat. adustus), sour (gér, lat. acumen). It could be converted into vapour (gaeth, ceo, lat. ventositas). It could be unnatural (mi-nadura, lat. innaturalis). The phlegmatic humour, which was cold and white, could be salted (saillte, lat. salsus) or not (milis). A humour that was causing illness was peccant (cintach, lat. nocuus) and had to be purged (follmhughadh, lat. purgare). The purging was done by the mouth (suas, lat. superius), by means of an emetic (sceathrach, lat. vomitum); or by the rectum (sis, lat. inferius), by means of a purge appropriate to the condition, or a laxative (leiges lactach, lat. laxativa), or by means of an enema (clisteri, lat. clyster). It could also be done by sweating (allus, lat. sudor), or bloodletting (cuisle, lat. phlebotomia). Other methods, not mentioned in this text, were cupping and the use of leeches. 2. linn, ale. linnidha (lat. ulcus, humiditas), pus. This is, presumably, the sileadh referred to in the passage quoted s.v. feadan. lisium (lat. licium), lycium. A dried juice collected from the cultivated honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium CTW. Chapter 172. The plant contains salicyclic acid, from which aspirin is derived. Wölfel (1939), note 540, quotes from the Glossae in Antidotarium of Matthaeus Platearius: Licium ... fit autem sic: caprifolii primulas collectas in mense Septembris tere, per linteolum cola et succum eius in concha ad solem sicca; et illud erit licium. Eligendum est aliquantulum solidum et unius coloris cum frangitur. This may be the gumme of wobbynde referred to in the Liber de Diversis Medicinis (Ogden, 1969, 36/35). The &lgr;&uacgr;&kgr;&igr;&ogr;&ngr; of classical times is understood to have been obtained from a thorny tree (perhaps a species of Berberis) growing in Lycia in Asia Minor (S. W. Turkey). litairgia (lat. litargia), a form of mental illness. Lile Eg 59r (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 12): Is eadh is litargia and neascoid bis sa rand iartarach don inchind fan cloicind ... O ainm a haicidi ainmnighthear hi, oir is uime aderur litargia on focal so letes &ersir; is inann sin obliuio .i. dermad &ersir; is mar sin, an meid ainmnighis litargia dermad, ni galar hi acht aicid galair ... Bith fiabras ciuin a coimhideacht litargia do shir &ersir; becan teinnis &ersir; dermad &ersir; buaighirt resuin, &ersir; mad o linn finn bes bith maille re moran menfaidhe ina tossach &ersir; re moran seillegair &ersir; re codlad domuin &ersir; bith a shuile &ersir; a bel duinti aige &ersir; da n-oscla iat dermuidid a ndunadh &ersir; dermuidid uair and a fual &ersir; a feradh d'fagbail &ersir; bith an feradh fliuch &ersir; in fual mar fual ainmhidheadh bruidemhail &ersir; bidh an puls &ersir; in anal bec cumang folaightheach ecudruma, gidheadh, da ngairtear do guth ard ina ainm fen e. Freagraidh &ersir; labraidh &ersir; da lictear do asa haithle, codlaidh a cetoir &ersir; ni codlad dileas sin acht stupor &ersir; tromdacht. Et madh adbur leanna duibh bes and, bith maille re feirg &ersir; re gluasacht &ersir; bit na suile oslaicthi &ersir; bith silleadh dichra aige, &ersir; madh neascoid comsuighighthi beas and &ersir; tighernas ac linn finn, bith an codlad co mor domuin maille re tochtanughadh &ersir; re leisce gluasachta, &ersir; madh e linn ruagh, medaightear an neamh-codlad &ersir; in gluasacht &ersir; in radhbuile, &ersir; madh cudruma iat bit na comarthai cudroma ... Da ti allus fuar don ceann foillsighidh bas &ersir; da cuirtear sanguissuga risan edan gan e do gabail greama de, is comartha bais. Et muna ba follus en comartha dibh so &ersir; co tinnscnaid na haicidi ceannsughadh &ersir; an brigh calmughadh, is comartha ternaighthi. Bernard's account may be compared with that of the Flemish Dominican, Thomas of Cantimpré, in his De Natura Rerum, which was written about 1250 (1973 i 18); it may be translated as follows: Litargia is a phlegmatic abscess with fever, arising in the back of the brain, with forgetfulness of the mind. It is called litargia from Lethe (&lgr;&eeacgr;&thgr;&eegr;), which is forgetfulness. The symptoms of it are: mental forgetfulness, shutting and inflammation of the eyes, and debilitating fever. When the patient is addressed, he scarcely responds; when awakened, he soon returns to sleep. The urine is white and thick, and inclined to dark blueishness. The cure is: let the patient be put in a very well-lit place, let his face be sprinkled frequently with cold water or wine, let him be aroused, and pulled by the hair, so that he feels pain. Let someone converse with him and play games with him. Meanwhile, make use of a vinegar syrup or a vinegar and sugar mixture, with hot water, and let him be purged with a decoction of a bracket fungus, polypodium, violets, turbit and kebulus myrobalan. Shave his head and anoint it with laurel oil. Make a plaster for his head of powder of mustard and a little Indian spurge, tempering these with the juice of rue. Cause him to sneeze by injecting powder of pepper in his nostrils. Make use of the foods normal for fever patients. litairgirum, see slaidteach. liti (lat. pultes), porridge. litontra (syn. diptamnus, pulegium martis; lat. diptamum, diptamnus), dittany, Dictamnus albus. The plant is a native of central and southern Europe, growing in mountains and on their slopes. Fischer (1929) p. 249 says that it was grown in gardens. The Irish name may be compared with the form of the name, ditandre, which Hunt (1989) p. 216 quotes from a glossary in a MS in Cambridge as a synonym for pulegium martis. liusach, pike, Esox lucius. locha blene, the groin. local, brooklime, Veronica beccabunga Webb. I submit that lochall mothair, if it be taken to be the veronica of thickets/waste places, would be better attributed to the germander speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys Webb. loidhed, smallness. loighdighidh (lat. reprimere), reduce. (re) loighe, going to bed. loinigha (lat. sciasis, femorum dolor), pangs of the hip, sciatica. loinneardha, brilliant. loiscid (lat. urere, and with various prefixes), burns; loscad an fuail, apparently urethritis, inflammation of the lining of the urethra; loisceach (lat. uritiua), burning: Chapter 286. loscadh, see loiscid. luaighe (lat. plumbum), lead. Chapter 229. See blath in luaidhe. luaith (lat. cinis), ashes. Chapter 72. luaithreach, ashes. luas, speed. lubaitsi (syn. leuisticus; lat. levisticus, ligusticum), lovage, Levisticum officinale CTW, which was cultivated. Chapter 169. luibh (lat. herba), herb. luibhri (lat. lepra). There has always been confusion as to what people in the past meant by leprosy, and the Irish author is found including carraighe and moirfia under the heading, although, in the main, he has the same idea of the disease as Bernard of Gordon. Lile Eg 33v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 22): Et fos is galar coitchinn hi an lubhra oir scailtear an cointinoideacht fa deiredh innte muna ba tusca in bas. Maseadh is maith adubhart isin tuarascbail curob eadh is lubhra and galar comcosmhail truaillis foirm &ersir; figur &ersir; comsuighiughadh na mball &ersir; scaileas an cointinoideacht fa deireadh, &ersir; tic o adhbhar melancolica arna scaileadh ar in corp co huilidhe, &ersir; tuictear fos curob eadh is lubhra and seachran ro-mor na brighi cosmhailighe isin bhfeoil ... Is iat so comurthadha do-meallta na heaslainte so .i. tuitim finnfaidh na malach &ersir; a remi &ersir; cruinniughadh na sul &ersir; lethnughadh na srona co foirimillach &ersir; a cumgughadh co hinmedonach, maille re docamhail na hanala &ersir; labairt mar do laibheoradh lena sroin &ersir; dath na haighchi ac dul a riabhcacht mairbh &ersir; silleadh aduathmhar na haidhche maille re fechain daingin &ersir; maille re caoile &ersir; re com-tarrang na n-abradh &ersir; na cluas; &ersir; ni dleaghmuid breathnughadh le hen comurtha, oir is minic is mealltach iat, acht dleaghmaid da comurtha no a tri no nisa mo do beith againn, gidheadh isiat so is demne dibh; &ersir; atait moran do comurtaibh eli and, mar atait, gorain &ersir; neithi imdha eli ac fas ar in corp &ersir; cnai na muscaileadh &ersir; co hairithi an muscaile bis idir an ordoig &ersir; corrmher, &ersir; bodhracht &ersir; bristi na mball foirimillach &ersir; salchur an croicinn &ersir; in tan nightear a fuil co maith bit coirp dubha talmhaighi garbha gainmheacha innte, &ersir; moran do comurthaibh eli cuirid na hughdair. Gidheadh, is lor limsa na comurthadha do gabur isin aghaidh mar foillseochar sa clarificacion &ersir; is iat sin na comurthai bis follus, &ersir; arna faicsin sin dleaghar an t-othar do dhealughadh risin popul. Et is iat so na comurthai folaigtheacha foillsigheas in lubhra do beith ina tossach .i. dath dearg arin aghaidh ac dul a nduibhe &ersir; tinnscaint claochlodh na hanala &ersir; cichanach eigin isin guth &ersir; ruaineach an fuilt ac tinnscaint caolaighthi &ersir; laighdithi &ersir; bith an t-allus &ersir; in anal ac dul a mbrentas &ersir; droch-bhesa cealgacha mar fher leanna duibh aigi &ersir; moran aislingthi adhuathmhara leanna duibh isin codladh &ersir; airgidh tromdacht mor ina corp an aimsir an codalta &ersir; bith scabies &ersir; gorain &ersir; moirfia ar fud an coirp co huilidhe a ndroing dibh &ersir; tinnscnait suighiughadh grana beith arin corp. Gidheadh, muna truaillighi an foirm &ersir; an fhighur ni hinbretnaighthi cum dealthuighthi re cach e acht co fuil bagar laidir aca denamh air. Is iat so na comurthai foillsigheas an guasacht &ersir; beith a ngar don crich .i. cnai in maothain bis idir pollaibh na srona &ersir; a tuitim &ersir; bristi na lamh &ersir; na cos &ersir; tuitim na mer &ersir; reme an beoil &ersir; feoil mesogach ar fut an coirp uile &ersir; disnia &ersir; docamhail na hanala &ersir; guth cichanach mar guth cuilein &ersir; silleadh aduathmhar na haighthi &ersir; dath dubh &ersir; puls folaigtheach bec. Bernard classifies the four forms of the disease as (lepra) alopecia, leonina, tyria, and elephantia. See allapisia and elifansia. lumbrisi (syn. peisti fada an gaile, peistidh na n-inneadh; lat. lumbrici), worms (internal parasites). lurga (lat. stipes), stalk. lus (syn. porrum; lat. porrum, porrus), the cultivated leek, Allium porrum CTW. Chapter 226. lus an galloglaigh: this appears to be the small scabious, Scabiosa columbaria CTW, which is said by Rufinus (Thorndike, 1946, p. 290) and by Fischer (1929) to be called herba militum and cavaleria. In other copies of the text, in Chapter 66, lus an galloglaigh is equated with mellissa in error. lus an sparain (syn. bursa pastoris; lat. bursa pastoris, sanguinaria), shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris Webb. Chapter 62. Also, sraidin, q. v. lus cnis Conculainn, lady's bedstraw, Galium verum Webb; The name as given by Threlkeld p. 67 is (standardised) Bealadh cnis Chon gCulainn, Cuchulainn's skin lubricant. His account of the use of the plant for washing after exertion explains the name. lus creidhe (syn. burneta), burnet saxifrage, Pimpinella saxifraga Webb, Chapter 65. lus na cnam mbristi (syn. consolida madior, conccoire; lat. consolida maior), comfrey, Symphytum officinale Webb. Chapter 89. lus na fraechoc, frochan, Vaccinium myrtillus Webb. The Hiberno-English frochan is attested as such in the early 14th century: Hunt (1986–87) p. 112 [148] and p. 119. lus na francc (syn. athanasia, tanasetum; lat. athanasia), tansy, Tanacetum vulgare Webb. Chapter 43. lus na laedh (syn. barba sina; lat. barba hyrcina), roseroot, Rhodiola rosea Webb. Chapter 53. Read the name, perhaps, as lus na laoighe, the herb of the snow, the habitat being where there is an Arctic-type climate, high in mountains in more temperate areas. lus na leadan min (syn. uirga pastoris, osaragi; lat. virga pastoris), teasel, Dipsacus fullonum Webb. Chapter 277. As to osaragi, see Alphita, p. 15, n. 5. lus na meacan (syn. ipoquisdidos; lat. ipoquistidos), hypocistis, Cytinus hypocistis FE. Chapter 156. Parasitic on the roots of members of the Cistaceae, Cistus ("rock rose", "sun rose") being rosa canina in medieval Latin, Rufinus (Thorndike, 1946, pp. 155-6, 273) has quite a lot to say about hypocistis, including some botanical details. lus na sum talman (syn. fragaria; lat. fragia/fragula), wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca Webb. Chapter 128. Macall (syn. auansia, gariofilata; lat. gariofilata), avens, Geum species. Chapter 45. The text recognises two species: macall coille, wood avens, Geum urbanum Webb; macall uisce, water avens, Geum rivale Webb. maccula, see eachseamuir. maclac (lat. matrix, vulva, hystera), the womb and female genitalia; bel an macluig, lat. vulva, orificium matricis. mac tire, a wolf. madhneiti, see maighneis. madra (syn. rubia maior, uarencia; lat. rubea), the cultivated madder, Rubia tinctorum CTW. Chapter 235. madra gaithi, a mad dog. maelan muilithi (syn. feniculus porsinas, feinel na muc, amurisga; lat. amarissa), stinking mayweed, Anthemis cotula. Chapter 132. Webb, p. 93, says A. cotula, a weed of cultivated ground ... was formerly widespread but is now almost or quite extinct. Chapter 132 is based on a Latin text of which Rufinus' version (Thorndike, 1946, p. 99) is given in Part III hereof, showing that the plant referred to in Chapter 132 is Anthemis cotula, for which cotula fetida was the usual medieval name. Furthermore, in the manuscript glossary printed by Stokes (1898) 335, C 69/70, maelan m. is given as a gloss on colica fetitia (read cotula fetita. The syn. amurisga, lat. amarissa, was another name for the same plant. Feniculus porcinus normally referred to a species of Peucedanum, but there may be confusion here with doggis fenkel (explaining amarusca in the English Agnus Castus, Brodin, 1950, p. 129) and Finell ... madra (for Anthemis cotula, Threlkeld, p. 43, and K'Eogh). The Agnus Castus says there are two species of amarusca, and the editor identifies the white-flowered one as Anthemis cotula (or A. arvensis?), and the yellow-flowered one as A. tinctoria. That maelan muilchi was, like Anthemis cotula, a weed of cultivated land is shown by the two legal texts which define as defects in land (galar bunadh don ferann) maelan muilche and ithloingus (Binchy, 1978, p. 740. 17) and dithan, maelan muilche and ithluingus (ib. p. 1000.34). I understand that dithan (which may be a Gaelicisation of zizania) is considered to be darnel (as to which, see below). Ithloingus has the literal meaning that which drives out the grain crop (cf. loinges .i. indarba, O'Davoren; this is DIL's indarbad), and it may be the black rust of wheat, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis. This fungus exists in a great number of physiological strains, some of which parasitise rye, barley, and some grasses but not wheat, others which attack wheat, and others again oats. It will persist in land near which the barberry, Berberis vulgaris Webb (a host to the fungus), occurs, and people who were not aware of the part the barberry plays in the life cycle of the fungus must have regarded the rust as a defect in the land itself. It appears possible that in the early period maelan muilche was the name of a grass or grain. This arises, in the main, because of an Irish gloss on certain commentaries on the writings of Vergil. In Eclogue 5 of the Bucolica, Vergil tells how Nature is mourning the death of Daphnis. The animals are not eating, and nasty weeds are growing in place of the crops and the beautiful flowers: postquam te fata tulerunt, Ipsa Pales agros, atque ipse reliquit Apollo. Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis, Infelix lolium, et steriles nascuntur avenae. Pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso, Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis. Lolium is darnel (a wild grass), Lolium temulentum CTW. Coleman (1986) p. 163 says auenae are here wild oats, strictly the auena agrestis which was believed to be a degenerate form of oats or barley (Plin. Nat. 18. 149). infelix lolium et steriles ... auenae are listed among crop-weeds in G. 1. 154. The line in the Georgics to which he refers is: interque nitentia culta Infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avenae. It must be said, however, that Fischer gives avena agrestis as one of the medieval names for Alectorophus species (e.g. the yellow rattle, Rhinanthus minor Webb). Iunius Philargyrius, who may have lived in the 5th century, wrote explanations as a commentary on Vergil's verse. An Irishman of the late seventh century, who Thurneysen (1946) p. 9 says may have been Adomnán, abbot of Iona, who died in 704, entered a number of glosses in Irish on a copy of the explanations. The explanations survived only in copies that were derived from the Irish-glossed copy. In the course of time, two different versions of them developed, and of the three manuscripts (of the ninth and tenth centuries, made by scribes who did not know Irish) in which the text survives, each contains a copy of both versions. The resulting six versions of the gloss which interests us here may be summarised as follows: auenae .i. mailan muilchi/molchi vel cuinfec/cuintbecha .i. genus zizaniae. (Hagen, 1902, p. 97; Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus vol. 2, xvii, 46, 48, 361, 363). The point I would like to emphasise about this gloss is genus zizaniae, which seems to imply that zizania was understood as the name of a class of plants and not as that of a particular species. It is necessary to acknowledge at this point that zizania was equated with lolium by a number of authors. Ysaac (1515, p. cviii, r) says (in the Latin translation made by Constantine the African c. 1080): De zizania. Zizania nascitur inter triticum siccis corruptisque temporibus; unde vim habet acutam &ersir; venenosam; aliquando mentem turbans &ersir; inebriat. In his commentary on this, Petrus Hispanus says (ibidem, p. cviii, v): Superius determinauit auctor de tritico vero; hic de non vero; ut de zizania vel lolio quod idem est ... Rufinus (Thorndike, 1946, p. 175) gives Ysaac's text above with some different readings. He reads: Lolium alio nomine zizania. YSAAC: Nascitur inter triticum ... Item zizania calida et sicca in quarto gradu. Item est lolium silvestre quod oritur ubique et quasi nichil habet in grano. The following remarks by Ysaac (1515, fo. ciiii, v) must also be taken into account (there is an Irish version in NLIre MS G11, p. 92a ff.): (De diversitate tritici secundum naturam terre) Macra [terra] vero naturaliter &ersir; incensa pene nunquam deinceps fructum ferens erit; si quos tunc ferat, siccissimi erunt &ersir; macerrimi &ersir; a frumenti natura degeneres; medulle nihil habebunt, &ersir; zizania dicuntur, egressi de natura cibarii &ersir; in naturam venenosam ingressi, unde &ersir; corporibus humanis nocuissimi fiunt. In the Livre des simples medecines (Opsomer ed.) there are separate chapters on lolium and zizania, and good illustrations of both. In each case the illustration quite clearly represents Lolium temulentum, and Stearn so identifies them. The fact that there are two separate chapters suggests that the author of the Livre may have been muddled about the question. Despite the evidence of these authorities (which may turn out to be less persuasive than they seem when the Latin version of Ysaac is compared with the original Arabic), there are good grounds for the view that the equation of zizania with lolium was a late developement. In St. Matthew's Gospel, ch. 13, 25, the story begins of the man whose enemy sowed cockle among the wheat. In the Greek text, the word is &zgr;&igr;&zgr;&aacgr;&ngr;&igr;&agr;; in the Vulgate, zizania;, Anglo-Saxon, coccel; Luther, Unkraut; Authorised Version, tares; Douai, cockle; Bedel (1830 edition), cogal. St. Jerome, in taking over the Greek word, showed that he understood that it meant weeds, but that he did not know what species exactly. If the Greek author had a specific well-known plant in mind, there would have been a Latin name for it, which St. Jerome would have used if he had understood the Greek word precisely. If &zgr;&igr;&zgr;&aacgr;&ngr;&igr;&agr;had been understood by Jerome to be darnel, he would surely have written lolium. He was, however, content to leave it at that, because the context shows sufficiently for the purposes of the parable that some unwanted weed was in mind. Darnel was a weed that was widely known. In Italy, Vergil refers to it as lolium, and Pliny, in the first century A.D. calls it herba alba. In the Greek-speaking part of the Empire, Dioscorides, in the first century A.D., calls it &agr;&iacgr;&rgr;&agr;. Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.), who also called it &agr;&iacgr;&rgr;&agr;, believed it to be a degenerate form into which certain plants were converted. None of these authors used the term zizania, which appears to have been borrowed from an Eastern language, perhaps from the dialect of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine at the time. If that is the case, St. Matthew was the only source Western Europeans had for the term zizania, and whoever first equated it specifically with darnel, as distinct from regarding it as including darnel, may have been jumping to conclusions. It may have been the influence of Isidore of Seville, who, as quoted by de Vries-Edel (1982), entered Zizania, quam poetae semper infelix lolium dicunt, quod sit inutile et infecundum, that led to the later equation of zizania with lolium, by some people, at least. As regards Coleman's note on steriles avenae, quoted above, the term wild oats is applied nowadays to Avena fatua and Avena ludoviciana, neither of which produces useful grain. In view, however, of the medieval usage of avena agrestis, mentioned above, for a plant that is not a grain at all, it is not unreasonable to conclude that the Irish glossator of Philargyrius understood the term steriles avenae to mean whatever useless plants grow amongst the corn or in place of it. It is not necessary to assume that he understood the term to be restricted to grasses or grains. Likewise, in describing a certain plant or plants as genus zizaniae, he must have understood zizania to be a general term for weeds of the cornfield. As regards the gloss cuinfec/cuintbecha, if we assume syncope of the vowel of the second syllable, this is likely to be coinfhiadbhach. The DIL's 2 fíad (and 3 fíad) is a wild thing or place. The compound, coinfhíad, explained as cú + 2 fíad, means fox, and it is used metaphorically, in coinfhiadh curata, of a warrior. I suggest that coinfhiadbhach means foxy thing, and that it is the Irish name for Equisetum arvense Webb, which is called horsetail in English, and which could also be compared to a fox's brush. It seems to occur in a corrupted form as cearrbacac as a gloss on cauda capallina in the glossary printed as C by Stokes (1898). Equisetum arvense is common, and it is sometimes a serious weed of cultivated land. The name appears to become fidbach in Aislinge Meic Con Glinne (see below), by a different line of descent from coinfiadbhach than cuintbecha, and then to become feadóg in modern Irish. It is a weed, but it is not a grass or grain. As regards feadóg as the modern Irish for horsetail, Hart (1898) in his Appendix gives feadoge as the popular name, collected in the Killybegs area, for Equisetum limosum (=Equisetum fluviatile Webb), and he adds that whistles or pipes are made out of these by boys. Hence the local name pipes. [Feadog, a flute – fead, bulrush, O'Reilly]. The long stem, with its hollow cavity taking up four-fifths of the diameter of the stem, is very suitable for the purpose. In the Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland (1987) p. 2, feadóg is given for Equisetum telmateia Webb, and this species is also suitable for making whistles. Equisetum arvense is unique among horsetails in being a serious weed of cultivated land, because none of the other species of the genus infests cultivated land. The diameter of its stems is only 3–5mm, with a central hollow less than half the diameter of the stem, so the species is not suitable for making whistles. I can only suggest that when the significance of the old name, fidbach, for Equisetum arvense was forgotten, the name was highjacked in a new and newly significant form for the whistle-makers' species. Such a development would be analogous to what happened to buachallán buidhe. That name, originally *buatfal, later buathfallán, meant cow-shriveller (Williams, 1989, p. 450), but it was translated as yellow boy by the Irish-speakers of Donegal a hundred years ago (Hart, 1898, p. 368). It is submitted that it is not valid to assume that, because maelan muilche glosses steriles avenae, said to be genus zizaniae, it must necessarily be a grass or grain in the modern sense. A hint in confirmation is the use of the plural, bátir móeláin muilchi, in Tochmarc Emire (van Hamel, 1933, p. 37), which would not be usual in the case of a grass or grain. There is, however, another text which seems to suggest that maelan simpliciter is a grass or grain. In Aislinge Meic Con Glinne (Jackson, 1990, p. 38), the eight grains are listed, Na h-ocht n-orbaind: secul, seruán, maelán, ruadán, cruithnec[h]t, eórna, fidbach, corca. There is no problem about the rye, wheat, barley or oats. As regards ruadán, there is no reason to doubt the translation of this as buck-wheat, Fagopyrum esculentum CTW. That is not a grain, but belongs to the same family as the dock. It was, however, long cultivated as a grain crop, the fruit, a nut, dark dull brown in colour, being milled into flour when mature (the buck is a corruption of an old word meaning beech, because of the similarity of the fruits). It was also used as a cattle feed. The stem and tubular stipules are red in colour, and the flowers have pinkish tops. O'Davoren's explanation of ruadhan is mael-cruithnecht, presumably using cruithnecht in a generic sense, as wheat is used in Buck-wheat, and the idea may be that, as wheat, the ruadhán is not much good. I have, I hope, shown above that it is likely that fidbach is a weed which is not remotely botanically related to the cereal grains. As regards seruán, apart from the reference in Aislinge MC, the suggestion that the word means oats goes back to the glossary in TCD MS H. 3. 18, at page 637, printed by Binchy (1978) p. 1077, as Serpan .i. cenel arbha, &ersir; ba doigh bid é in corcai. Bearing in mind that mairg a dhéanfadh dóigh dá bharúil, and that it is unlikely in the Aislinge MC context that seruán is synonymous with corcai, we will take up the statement cenel arbha, and pass up the speculation "corca". We can read this gloss, then, as including seruán in a class called arbar which, as we have seen, is not necessarily confined to grasses or grains in the modern sense, and may well be a weed of some other plant family. I submit that serban is sow-thistle, Sonchus species. Sonchus arvensis Webb is the species of this genus that occurs most in cornfields. The feature of the three common species of this genus that was most noticed was the bitter latex or milky juice, like that in dandelion, which the plants produce in abundance. Serban muc (see s.v.) is Sonchus oleraceus Webb, which grows in cultivated ground and waste places. Caiserban is the close relative, the dandelion, Taraxacum (Webb prefers not to distinguish species), which is called cas-serban, perhaps in reference to the curly-haired appearance of the plant when the seeds are mature, and they form, with their crowns of hairy pappus, a light-weight ball which is dispersed by the wind. As regards maelan in the Aislinge MC context, it seems clear that it need not necessarily be a grass or grain. W. K. Sullivan, in his introduction to O'Curry (1873), at p. ccclxiii, suggests that maelan may be Orobus niger (=Lathyrus niger CTW), a vetch. He also says that, in Scotland, maelan milce is Orobus tuberosus (=Lathyrus montanus Webb). However, the habitats of those two plants do not appear to include cornfields. All the indications are that maelan muilche is, and always was, Anthemis cotula. maeth, soft. maethaidid, softens. maethan, a soft substance; the term is applied to: 1. the flanks (of a person). 2. in reference to cnaim craige an fiada, its being initially a soft substance. 3. the soft tips of a plant with a woody stem, e.g. maetain na fineamhna (syn. turio uitis). Chapter 273. Modern botanists have adapted turion to mean a young shoot rising from the ground from a subterranean bud, but traditionally turio meant a shoot, sprout, tendril or young branch of a woody plant. maetan conaire, wild raspberry, Rubus idaeus Webb. magarlin, another name for tulcan (orchid), q. v. Mai (lat. estas), the month of May. maighistir, master; applied: 1. an academic authority. 2. a mordant, i.e. a substance used to fix a dye to fabric. maighneis (lat. lapis magnetis), magnet. See lapis magnetis. maili (lat. alopicia), baldness. See allapisia. mailin (lat. sacellum), a little bag. mailis, malice; the bad effectiveness of the peccant humour. mairigh, survives. maisdix (lat. mastix), mastic, an oleoresin containing little oil, obtained from an evergreen dioecious shrub, Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, cultivated in the island of Chios. Chapter 185. mala granata, see uball graineach. mala masiana, see uball fiadain. malbua, see leamhadh. mandragora (lat. mandragora), mandrake. It was regarded as male and female, and it is thought that the male was Mandragora officinarum, and the female Mandragora autumnalis. Chapter 199. Per Stannard (1961) p. 502, mandragora in the Hippocratic writings is taken to be the deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna Webb. They belong to the same family, the Solanaceae, and the roots are similar. mania (lat. mania, insanis), madness. Lile Eg 65r, v, 66r (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 19): Is eadh is mania &ersir; is melencolia and truailliughadh na meanman gan fiabrus... Ata cuid do comurtaibh na heaslainte so uilidhe &ersir; cuid rannaidhe &ersir; cuid folaigtheach &ersir; cuid follus &ersir; cuid coimlinta. As iat so comurtai folaigtheacha na mainia do beith ac teacht .i. an tan inntamhluigheas no smuaineas neach neithe nach dleaghann do smuaineadh na d'inntamhlughadh no do breithnughadh &ersir; in tan tsaileas ni nach fuil maith do beith maith &ersir; an ni nach socruidh do beith socruidh &ersir; in tan smuaineas neithe egcneasta mi-resunta do teacmug &ersir; bretnaigheas co holc iat an aimsir an codulta no an neamh-codalta &ersir; bid aislingthi aduathmara aice maille ris sin mar ata deamuin no manaigh dubha d'faicsin no daine crochuighthi no marbha &ersir; a cosmaile &ersir; do ni gaire uair and &ersir; uair eli cai &ersir; bith egla air roim neithibh nach in-eglaithi &ersir; do-ni gaire fa neithibh nach in-gaire. Et is iat so a comurthai follusa .i. an tan labrus le na bel an ni smuaineas le na croidhi &ersir; bis ac comrad ris fen &ersir; bis aimhgliceas leanbaidhe ar tus aigi &ersir; labrus briatra diuidi ac nach bi ceann na erboll &ersir; ni leanann na briatra tinnscnas &ersir; ni tabuir resun inntu &ersir; is iat so comurthai coimlinta na heaslainte so .i. an tan lenus don ni oibrighthi an ni truaillighthi do smuain &ersir; do labur &ersir; tshiblaigheas co seachranach suas &ersir; sis a cosmaileas cutibuc da ndenann Avicenna imradh &ersir; is eadh is cutibuc and cinel damhain allaidh bis ac sibal ar uisceadhaibh na tobur aca mbid cosa fada &ersir; an tan tinscnas dul do leth de, sul crichnaigheas an cet gluasacht tinnscnaid gluasacht eli &ersir; is mar sin don .2. gluasacht &ersir; do gach gluasacht eli da ndenann &ersir; is gobur uisce gairtear a coitchinne don n-ainmidhidhe sin &ersir; is uime sin an tan do-chid cach nech ac denum no ac radh neitheadh ndiuid lenbuidhe aderit caper aque .i. gabur uisce ris. Maseadh an tan bis an decipienda so coimlinta bith gluasacht na cos &ersir; na lamh &ersir; na tengan &ersir; na sul seachranach gan beith ac leanmain den tshlighi na den ord. As iat so comurthai foirlethna na heaslainte so oir is do disleacht lucht na heaslainte so fuath na beathadh daena do beith acu &ersir; comthanas na ndaineadh do seachna &ersir; beith maille re tuirsi cointinoideach. manna (lat. manna), manna, a sugary exudation from the manna ash, Fraxinus ornus, collected in Sicily, and from some other woody plants, such as Tamarix mannifera. Chapter 181. The manna of the Bible was something quite different. marbaid, kills (lat. occidere, necare); figuratively of mercury, marbtar dasacht an airgid beo (lat. extinguitur). marbdroighin (syn. agrimonia, argimonia; lat. agrimonia), agrimony, Agrimonia eupatoria Webb. Chapter 13. The form of the name which occurs in the marginal note in the Leabhar Breac, p. 101, printed by Stokes (1888) p. 237, n. 170, is murdraigen. marbtach (lat. mortiferus, venenosus, letiferus), death-dealing. margarite, see nemann. marsiatan, a compound medicine, see Introduction, Chapter 4. marubium, see orofunt. mas (lat. macis), mace. Chapter 179. Between the seed-coat of the nutmeg, which is the kernel of the seed of Myristica fragrans (see nutamicc), and the outer wall of the fruit, an additional net-like investment, known as an aril, grows up after fertilisation. This aril, when dried, is the maceof commerce. mascalta (lat. masculinus), masculine. masedonica, see elistront. mater herbarum, see buatfallan liath. mathgamain (lat. ursus), a bear. meacan, a substantial root (usually a tap-root) or rhizome. meacan righ (syn. accride, bancia, pastinaca; lat. baucia), parsnip, Pastinaca sativa Webb. Chapter 10. In the wild it is referred to as wild parsnip, to distinguish it from the developed varieties of the same species that are cultivated. meacan tua (syn. bardana, lapa; lat. bardana), great burdock, Arctium lappa Webb. Chapter 56. meadg, whey. meadon (lat. medium), middle. meadonach (lat. mediocris), medium. meall, a roundish mass. Used of: 1. the tubers on the roots of Arum maculatum (lat. tuberositas) – Chapter 1. 2. the seed capsule of the poppy (lat. capitella) – Chapter 75. 3. in describing polypus – Chapter 109. 4. in defining an oak gall – Chapter 237. meal rosasiam (lat. mel rosaceum), rose honey. Circa Instans tells how it is made: Mel autem rosaceum sic fit: mel dispumatum bene coletur; postea addantur folia rosarum viridium, abiectis stipitibus, &ersir; haec simul buliant ad ignem aliquantulum. Signum decoctionis est multa aromaticitas &ersir; aliquantula inspissatio &ersir; color rufus. meanadach. This term normally means gruel, but the three occurrences of it in the present text seem to indicate something else. In Chapter 49, pudur... da meanadaib an oir renders pulvis cathimie , in a context which suggests an abrasive action. In Chapter 76 a caitem a meanadaigh appears to render veluti cadmia lotum, but the relationship of the Irish text to the Latin in this passage is extremely loose. In Chapter 282, we have no direct clue as to the meaning of meanadach, but the context seems to rule out ordinary gruel. Cathimia is defined in Circa Instans (Chapter 49, Part III): Aurum de vena terre fit per excoctionem &ersir; in decoctione quod superfluum ab auro separatur cathimia dicitur seu spuma auri. It is, however, unlikely that meanadach must be taken to mean cathimia, because the term for cathimia is slaithteach, which is used extensively (including Chapter 49) in the present text. The DIL suggests that meanadach may be derived from men, and it may then, in some of the above contexts at least, be intended for filings. Possibly, the word in Chapter 49 is simply the dative plural of men. meannan (syn. edus), a kid, or young goat. measardha (lat. temperatus), moderate; measaracht, moderation. measoga daracha (syn. balanon, glans; lat. glandes), acorns, the fruit of the oak. Chapter 50. meas torc allaid (syn. agnus castus; lat. agnus castus), tutsan, Hypericum androsaemum Webb. Chapter 14. Morton (1981) p. 96, speaking of the history of the herbal tradition, says It thus came about that local plants were sporadically added to the classical herbals; sometimes a familiar plant was substituted for an unknown mediterranean herb under the old classical name, leading to increased confusion, but in other cases the vernacular name was put in to show a genuine addition... [note] An example is found in a Middle English herbal of the fourteenth century where under the heading Agnus castus (=Vitex agnus-castus, a mediterranean central Asian shrub) there is a detailed description of Hypericum androsaemum (tutsan), which together with its vernacular name park leaves clearly identifies it. medaigid (lat. augmentare, excitare, stimulare, copiam generare, incitare, augere), increases. medulla, see smir. meid, size. meidideacht, quantity. meirse. This term seems to be a borrowing from the English merce, which was used to render the Latin apium, Alphita, p. 5. In the present text, it occurs in relation to four plants: an meirsi garrda (syn. apium domisdicum; lat. apium commune), celery, Apium graveolens Webb; gneithi imda ar in meirsi: imas na lathfan (syn. aipium ranarum; lat. apium ranarum), celery-leaved crowfoot, Ranunculus sceleratus Webb; imas an gairi (syn. aipium risus; lat. apium risus), the cultivated chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium CTW; apium risus is sometimes interpreted as referring to Ranunculus sceleratus, but the quotations from Agnus Castus below, to the effect that the herb is good in savour, are against that opinion; aipium emaroidarum, the lesser celandine, Ranunculus ficaria Webb. In the Livre des simples medicines (Opsomer, 1984) p. 63, it is stated (as is also stated in the Irish text) that the plant is used to treat haemorrhoids. I understand that it has been a remarkably successful remedy for piles in many cases. On p. 64 it is stated The plant should be gathered when the moon is waxing and is in the first part of the sign of Taurus or Scorpio, then it cures. I understand that this indicates early December; that would be the time of year when the tubers would be fully stored with starch and not yet required to yield up any of its store to feed the plant for the next season. The English Agnus Castus (Brodin, 1950), which is contemporaneous with the present text and broadly in the same tradition, gives some details that help to identify the species referred to: (p. 120) Apium is an herbe that men clepe smalache. or Merche. this herbe ha&yogh;t lewys lyke to loueache but the lewys be no&yogh;t so stronge of sawour as the loueache, and this herbe beryth Seed lyke to perselye seed (p. 122) Apium risus is an herbe that men clepe cerfoylle or chirefelle. this herbe hat&yogh; smale lewys lyke to the lewys of emeloke. and this herbe is good in sauour and it hat&yogh; a quyte flour and long seed lyke to otyn [oats]. (p. 131) Apium ranarum. is an herbe. that men clepe water cresse. this herbe ha&yogh;t a &yogh;elw&yogh; flour as ha&yogh;t crowys foot. and of the same schap. but it ha&yogh;t lewys mor departed than the lewys of crowysfo&yogh;t. and it ha&yogh;t a long stalke as longe as a cubyte. and this herbe growy&yogh;t in watteri placys. owt of the stalke comyn many smale braunches in the sydes. (p. 131) Apium amoridarum is an herbe that men clepe crowesfot. this herbe ha&yogh;t lewys departed in too as it were a rammys foot and this herbe ha&yogh;t a long stalke and a &yogh;elw&yogh; flour. and summe clepe it ramfot. and it growy&yogh;t in medewys. and in wattery grounde. As to Ranunculus in general, fearban. meisce (lat. ebrietas), drunkenness. The relative passage from Lile is printed by O' Grady in the Catalogue of Irish MSS in the British Museum, p. 215 ff. mel, see mil. melangcolia (lat. melancolia, melancolica passio), melancholia. For the account in Lile, see mania. mellago (syn. pimentaria; lat. mellissa), balm, Melissa officinalis Webb. Chapter 84 deals with citragha, and Chapter 188 deals with mellago .i. pimentaria. Both chapters are based on the chapter in Circa Instans on mellissa. The term mellisa occurs twice in the Irish text, but there is no separate chapter devoted to it. I take the view that all the terms, citragha, mellago, pimentaria, and mellisa are intended for the same plant, Melissa officinalis, which was widely cultivated. Threlkeld' s report (1988, p. 55) of the use of melissa as Irish for hedge mustard, Sisymbrium officinale Webb, is probably explained by Stearn's statement at Opsomer (1984) p. 254, in reference to the chapter on sisimbrium, that the plant in question there was Mentha aquatica... ; Sisymbrium officinale... ; Nasturtium officinale... ; the name sisymbrium seems to have been mostly used for Mentha aquatica and sisymbrium alterum for Nasturtium officinale. Sisymbrion in Dioscorides and Theophrastus is understood to have meant Mentha aquatica. melli (lat. meu), spignel, Meum athamanticum CTW. Chapter 203. mellicratum, a drink made of wine and honey. Chapter 189. See Alphita, p. 12, s.v. Apomel. mellifolium, see athair talman. mellisa, see mellago. melones (lat. melo), melons, Cucumis melo. menta, see minntus. mentastrom, see cartlann. mer (lat. digitus), a finger. mercurial (syn. mercurialis; lat. linochites, mercurialis), good king Henry, Chenopodium bonus-henricus Webb. Chapter 191. The English Agnus Castus (Brodin, 1950, p. 177) says: Mercurialis. is an herbe men clepe Mercurie or papwourt&yogh; or the more smerewourt and it ha&yogh;t lewys lyk a tungge and it bery&yogh;t seed as betys [beet] doth. mercurialis, see mercurial. mesbili, see sceachoir. meth (lat. pinguis), fat (adjective). methradh (syn. pingedo; lat. pinguedo, adeps), (animal) fat. Chapter 227. mi-cenel: a bad condition. mi-cuimhni, forgetfulness. midh, mead, made of fermented honey and water. midhaidhi (syn. morella; lat. solatrum, strignum, morella, maurella), black nightshade, Solanum nigrum Webb. Chapter 195. Threlkeld, p. 30, gives Mihagh Uisge and Mig buih for bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara Webb, the qualifications serving to distinguish bittersweet appropriately from Solanum nigrum. mi-fuile, bad blood. mil (syn. mel; lat. mel), honey. Chapter 186. míl (lat. pediculus), a louse. milbocan (syn. daucus asininus; lat. daucus), carrot, Daucus carota Webb. Chapter 103. The text says there are two sorts, the Irish version implying that daucus asininus (biadh dilis an asail) is the norm, and that there is another sort, daucus credicus (lat. daucus creticus), grown only in Crete; this latter sort is identified by Stearn (Opsomer, 1984, chapter 145) as Athamanta cretensis. míl goibrin, the flowers of the honeysuckle, Lonicera periclymenum Webb. This term glosses filaguo in a glossary (Stokes, 1898, A69), but it is given, as milghabhar, for honeysuckle by Hogan (1900), though without attribution, and Ó Dónaill, Foclóir, explains mill (1) as pendant bud or flower, and gives milleanna gabhair as honeysuckle flowers. Honeysuckle is associated with goats, e.g., gotes leues in the Grete Herball (Rydén, 1984), Geissblatt in German, and caprifolium in medieval Latin. milis (lat. dulcis), sweet. The term is used to distinguish fresh water from salt water. millse, millseacht (lat. dulcedo), sweetness. millsean monadh (syn. pulicaria; lat. policaria), lousewort, Pedicularis species. Chapter 221. In an intriguing marginal note from the Leabhar Breac, p. 101, printed by Stokes (1888) p. 217, the term appears as druchtain na monad. On the Continent, policaria referred to fleabane, Pulicaria dysenterica Webb, but in England and Ireland it was used for lousewort, the two sorts referred to in the text being, presumably, Pedicularis palustris Webb (the big sort) and Pedicularis sylvatica Webb (the small sort). The English Agnus Castus (Brodin, p. 197) says: Policaria ys an herbe that me clepyth policarie thys herbe hath leuys y-lech to fern and he hath a flour somdel red and sho hath a stok ful of braunches and he hath smale coddes yn the whych ys sed and hure stalke and hure leuys beth somdel reed and he groweth yn watery places... ther beth twey spycys of hure. This describes Pedicularis palustris very well. Another name given by Threlkeld, p. 120, for lousewort is lus an ghiolla riabhaigh, the giolla riabhach being, presumably, either the louse or the lousy. mil mor (lat. cetus), a whale. mil muidhe (syn. lepus), a hare. Chapter 170. mil rosasium, see meal rosasiam. miltog (lat. culex), a midge. mi-measarda, immoderate. In Chapter 15, the term represents a mis-reading of the Latin (as we have it). 1. min (syn. farina; lat. farina), meal. See eorna. 2. min (lat. subtilis, subtilissimus), fine. mi-nadurtha (lat. innaturalis), unnatural. mine Muire, minen Muire, annual knawel, Scleranthus annuus Webb. minigid (lat. lenire), smoothens. minntas (syn. menta; lat. menta), mint, Mentha species. Chapter 190. Walafrid Strabo, in the ninth century, declared that to be able to memorise the powers and species and names of the mints you would need to be able to enumerate the fish swimming in the Indian Ocean or the sparks the Lemnian Vulcan sees rising high in the air from the mighty furnaces of Mount Etna. Platearius repeats the point in more prosaic terms in the chapter on which the Irish text is based. However, the Irish text in Chapter 190 speaks of mint as if there were just the one sort, and this suggests that what the Irish author had in mind was the species that was most cultivated here at the time, i.e., spearmint, Mentha spicata Webb. Other species that are dealt with separately in the text are: Calamintha sylvatica, see cailimint; Nepeta cataria, see neift; Mentha aquatica, see cartlann; Mentha pulegium, see poiliol ruibel. min ruis, milled flax seed. minugad (lat. terere), makes small. mirbolani (lat. mirobolani), myrobalans. Chapter 200. There were five sorts, all being the fruits of Indian trees. The botanical identifications are those of Stearn, Opsomer (1984) Chapter 287: citrini (lat. citrinus), Terminalia citrina; cebuli (lat. kebuli), Terminalia chebula; this is the commercial myrobalans of the present time. The immature fruits are black, ovoid and about 1–3cm long, and they contain tannin and a fixed oil. The mature fruits, which are used as a tanning material, are larger and yellowish-brown in colour. inndi (lat. indi), Terminalia horrida; emblici (lat. emblici), Phyllanthus emblica (family Euphorbiaceae); this sort is dealt with separately in Chapter 122; bellirisi (lat. bellirici), Terminalia bellirica. mirbuileach, (lat. mirabiliter), marvellous. mirr (lat. mirra), myrrh, an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stems of shrubs, of species of Commiphora, growing in North East Africa and Arabia. Chapter 194. The substance is a yellowish-white viscous fluid which hardens to reddish-brown masses. mirra, see mirr. mirtuis, see raidleag. miseracio uene, the mesenteric veins, which collect blood along the length of the intestines, and which lead into the portal vein, which in turn leads into the liver. mitall (lat. metallum, vena terre, terra), metal. mocrach, early in the day; usually renders mane. modoman (syn. sbaragus; lat. sparagus), asparagus, Asparagus officinalis Webb, of which it appears the subspecies prostratus occurs in this country. Chapter 257. While some authorities explain sparagus as Asparagus, there are others who take different views. For our purposes, however, the matter seems to be settled by the illustration in the Modena MS which, as between the various contenders, can only be intended to represent Asparagus: mogall (na cno) (lat. cortex [circa nucem]), outer coat. The reference is to the aril of the nutmeg, see mas. moirfea (lat. morphea), morphew. Lile Eg 39v–40r: i.e. Book I, Ch XXIII Is eadh is morphea and truailliugad baltnaigtheach an croicinn. Dleaghar a fhis gach ni is cuis don lubra gurob cuis do morphea e &ersir; is uime sin an ni is lubra isan feoil ise is morphea isin croicinn. Maseadh dleaghar a fis co fuil cosmaileas ac morphea ris an lubra oir mar tseachranaigeas an brigh coimedtheach isan lubra do-ni a morphea, gidheadh ata deichfir eturra oir is annsa feoil bis an lubra &ersir; isan croicinn bis morphea. Et ata cosmaileas fos ac morphea re hictericia oir ata an croicinn arna salcadh innta araon, gidheadh ata deichfir eturra mar ata an truailliugad baltnaigtheach a rann don corp a morphea &ersir; a rann eli gan a beith. An ictericia vero ata truailliugad an croicinn uilidhe no a ngar do beith uilidhe. An .2. deichfir oir ni bi seachran na brighi cosmailighthi an ictericia &ersir; bidh a morphea; maseadh fagtar mar congluid curob eadh is morphea and seachran na brighi cosmailighthi isan croicinn. Et dleaghar a fis timcill an adhbair so nach cuirid na hughdair a coitchinne acht .2. gne ar morphea .i. gne geal &ersir; gne dubh... da mbia o fuil deirg &ersir; a beith isin agaidh aderur gutta rosacea &ersir; da mbia sa cuid eli don corp aderur rubores in tan sin &ersir; da mbia an salchur so o linn ruagh aderur impetigo ris... mar aderur sa .3. leabhar De Morbo, is arna redaibh ata an ealadha leighis &ersir; ni harna briatruibh &ersir; is uime sin nach fuil mu brigh isin n-uimhir no isna hanmannaibh acht co tuictear na reda; maseadh bith 'na funndamint againn .4. gnethi do beith ar morphea .i. gne o fuil deirg loiscthi &ersir; gne o linn ruagh loiscthi &ersir; gne o linn finn tshaillti &ersir; gne eli o linn finn loiscthi. Da mbia dath an coirp dearg riabhach baltnaigtheach is o linn ruagh beas &ersir; da mbe geal baltnaigtheach is o linn finn &ersir; is oirdearc an gne so &ersir; da mbe a ndath dubh is o linn dubh tic &ersir; is ro-oirrdearc an gne so fos; maseadh na bith coinntinn fana hanmannaibh acht co tuicim na reda. moirtel, mortel (lat. mola), a pounding mortar. Circa Instans says (s.v. plumbum) Ex plumbo fit mortarium &ersir; pistellus. mola matricis, a hydatidiform mole, i.e. a degenerative mass which forms in the womb following upon conception, the embryo dying in the process. LM Pt. 7, Ch. 18. molea, see ruibh. molena, see coinneall Mhuire. mongach measc, sea wormwood, Artemisia maritima Webb. In Stokes (1898) C100, this term glosses simprionica. In the relative manuscript, the latter word is written Simpioniaca: if the superscript "i" were regarded as an error for a mark of lenition, and what appears to be a punctum delens under the first "a" be ignored, the word would come out as simphoniaca. This is explained both by Fischer (1929) and Hunt (1989) as henbane, Hyoscyamus niger Webb. The Irish name would suit this plant, because it is stickily-hairy and, having narcotic properties (measc), it is used externally as an analgesic to relieve pain. The only occurrence of mongach measc in the present text is in a recipe for a plaster to relieve migraine. Against that, however, Threlkeld p. 17 gives Mongach Measga for mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris Webb, and he has been followed in this by various authorities. It has to be doubted whether either of those identifications is correct, because the physicians seem to have made a point of not using more than one Irish name for the same plant, and the more common terms gatfann, for henbane, and buatfallan liath, for mugwort, are used in the present text. As regards simphoniaca, this is a term that is not common, and the scribe of the glossary shows that he was confused by it. He may have mixed it up with centonica, which is given in the present text, as a synonym for absinthium (wormwood), and which seems to refer rather to the drug (santonin) that is produced from various species of Artemisia than to any particular species. I submit that mongach measc is for the sea wormwood, Artemisia maritima Webb, which grows on muddy or rocky seashores on the East and West coasts. The numerous narrow leaflets give the impression of an unruly head of hair. Culpeper p. 397 says of it It is a very noble bitter, and succeeds in procuring an appetite, better than the common Wormwood, so that it is possible it was used as a bitter in making beer, which would explain the measc. mong mer (syn. conium; lat. cicuta), hemlock, Conium maculatum Webb. Chapter 92. mora selsi, see smera. morella, see midhaidhi. morgad (lat. putridus), to corrupt. mormont, see uormont. morsus demonis, see caisearban bec. mortel, see moirtel. mosdard, musdard (syn. napeum, sinapium; lat. sinapi, napeos), black mustard, Brassica nigra Webb, and white mustard, Sinapis alba Webb. Chapter 206. Mustard seed is interesting as being a plant source of an antibiotic. mothuigid, perceives. muc (lat. porcinus), a pig. mucaigid (lat. extinguere), extinguishes, quenches. muinnterdha (lat. domesticus), (of a plant) cultivated. muiridhi (lat. marinus), maritime. Muir Toirrian, the Mediterranean Sea. mulsa (lat. mulsa), mulsa, a drink made of eight parts water and one honey. mumia (lat. mumia), mummy. Chapter 198. Egyptian mummies were disinterred for the sake of the embalming materials which they contained. Wölfel (1939) n. 104 quotes a medieval writer who commented that the apothecaries were selling dried flesh and bones as mummy. murgalar (lat. nausea marina), sea-sickness. murlan (lat. caput), the bulb (of the leek). muscata, see nutamicc. muscus (lat. muscus), musk. Chapter 197. A strong-smelling substance of persistent fragrance secreted in a gland under the belly of the male musk-deer, Moschus moschiferus, which lives at high altitudes in China and the Himalayas. According to Stannard (1966) p. 10, the term was also applied to civet, a substance secreted by the anal glands of the civet cat, especially Viverra civetta, which was imported from Syria by the Venetians for the unguent makers. The civet cat is a cat-like animal from two to three feet long. musdard, see mosdard. Naduir (lat. natura), nature. Normally written as nª, the word is written out once, in Chapter 241, da reir naduire. nadurtha (lat. naturalis, naturaliter), natural (as opposed to aicideach, lat. accidentaliter). Sometimes written as nª, other times as nadura, it may be better to expand it as nadura. napeum, see mosdard. nastursium, see bilur uisce. nathair neimhe (lat. colubrina, serpens), a snake. neamh-cunntabartach, undoubted. neanntog (syn. acalife, urtica; lat. urtica, acalyphe), nettle, Urtica dioica Webb, and possibly Urtica urens Webb. Chapter 5. It is not unlikely that the Roman nettle, Urtica pilulifera CTW, was being cultivated and used. neanntog Muiri, deadnettle, Lamium species. In Chapter 42 this term is used to render marubium, and, in the manuscript glossary printed by Stokes (1898) C, neandtog muiri again glosses marubium. While marubium normally means white horehound, Marrubium vulgare Webb, and is rendered by orofont in Chapter 183, it appears from Hunt (1989) that the synonym given for it in a list in a 13th century manuscript in Cambridge is blinde-netle, for which Hunt gives Lamium album. Threlkeld p. 86 gives neantóg Mhuire for each of two species of deadnettle, the red, Lamium purpureum Webb and the white, Lamium album Webb. A modern herbal, Chiej (1984) item 168, recommends Lamium album in compresses for external piles, which, from the Latin text, appears to be the ailment in question in Chapter 42. neartaigid, strengthens. neascoid (lat. normally apostema, but also tumor, cancer, parotidas tumores, cicatrix). From Lile it appears that the term covered a wide variety of sores and lumps. neift (syn. nepta; lat. nepeta), catmint, Nepeta cataria Webb. Chapter 208. See minntas. neimh (lat. venenum, virus, nocuum medicamen), poison. Chapter 281. neimh-dileaghadh (lat. indigestio), indigestion. neimhneach, poisonous. nemann (syn. margarite; lat. margarita), pearl. Chapter 187. nenufar, see raib uisce. nepta, see neift. niamnat, tormentil, Potentilla erecta Webb. nighid (lat. ungere, abluere), washes. noinin (syn. consolida minur; lat. consolida minor), daisy, Bellis perennis Webb. Chapter 91. nota (lat. nothus), false. Terciana nota and quartana nota were "false" forms of the fevers in question. nutamicc (syn. nux muscata; lat. nux muscata), nutmeg, the dried kernels of the seeds of Myristica fragrans, an evergreen tree about 10-20m in height, indigenous to the Molucca or Spice Islands. Chapter 210. See mas. nux longa, see almont. nux magna, see cno franncach. nux muscata, see nutamicc. nux parva, see cno gaeidilach. Oculus lucrisi (lat. oculus lucens or oculus lucidus), another name for licium. See lisium. odhrad (syn. linga bouina; lat. lingua bovina, buglossa), bugloss, Anchusa arvensis Webb, and, possibly, an imported bugloss (alkanet), Anchusa officinalis CTW. Chapter 178. See glaiser coille. oibrigid (lat. operari, efficacia), functions. oigi (lat. novitas), youth, freshness. oilid (lat. nutrire), nourishes. co h-oiredha (lat. principaliter), principally. oiximel (lat. oximel), oxymel, a drink based on vinegar and honey. The Antidotarium Nicolai gives a recipe: Oximell sic fit: Recipe mellis despumati libram unam, aceti fortissimi libram unam et semis in quo bulliant radicum feniculi uncias ii radicum raphani unciam et semis; tantum buliat ut ad libram unam redeatur, deinde colatur, et colatura supradicto mellis addatur in stangnato vase semper agitando cum spatula tam diu lento igne ut ad consumptionem succi deveniat. Valet ut oxizaccara. Digerit, dividit et flegma mirabiliter purgat. Datur in mane cum calida. oixisacra, oxysaccharum, a drink made with vinegar and sugar. ola (lat. oleum), oil. When not qualified, the term may be taken to mean olive oil. The following oils are mentioned: ola an popin, poppy oil, obtained by pressing the seeds; discussed in Chapter 75; ola coitcheand (lat. oleum commune), olive oil; ola mandragora (lat. oleum mandragoratum), mandrake oil; ola na cno francach (lat. oleum nucis), walnut oil; ola na roisi, ola roisidha (lat. roseo olivo, oleum rosaceum), rose oil. Circa Instans tells how it was made: Quidam decoquunt rosas in oleo communi &ersir; colant &ersir; servant. Quidam autem implent vas vitreum rosis &ersir; oleo &ersir; faciunt bulire in caldario aqua pleno, &ersir; hoc oleum bonum est. Alii terunt rosas in oleo &ersir; in vase vitreo soli per .1. dies exponunt &ersir; hoc oleum similiter bonum est. ola violasium, ola na uiola (lat. oleum violaceum), oil of violets; ola darub ainm sambusium (lat. oleum sambucinum), appears to be an oil of elder, Sambucus nigra Webb. olium iuniperi, oil of juniper. Circa Instans describes how this was distilled: Ex iunipero fit oleum hoc modo: in terra ponatur olla &ersir; in ore bene obturato ponitur canale eneum [cf. 'ereum' in Iolanda Ventura's edition of Tractaus de herbis, p 495] vel ferreum; postmodum ponitur super lebetem vas ereum vel ferreum; postponitur in illa olla, &ersir; in fundo illius olle ponitur alia pars canalis &ersir; circumliniatur optime creta ne aliquid possit exire. Post impleatur ex lignis iuniperi siccis &ersir; operiatur bene &ersir; ignis fiat in circuitu olle. Modicum olei effluit, sed illud efficacissimum est. olium laurinam, laurel oil. olium nardinum, spikenard oil, see spica nardi. olc: in olc na mban, women's problems. olibanum (lat. olibanum), frankincense, an oleo-gum-resin obtained by incision from the bark of small trees in North East Africa and Arabia, species of Boswellia, including Boswellia carteri. Chapter 212. It is used in incense, and in fumigating preparations. olium, see ola. olund (lat. lana), wool. omh (lat. viridis, crudus), raw. omur, a tub. opium (lat. opium), opium, the dried latex obtained by incision from the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum Webb. Chapter 75 describes how it was processed. opoponax (lat. oppoponacum), opopanax, a fetid gum-resin obtained from the root of Opopanax chironium, a plant like parsnip with a yellow flower. Chapter 213. or (syn. aurum; lat. aurum), gold. Chapter 49. orbuighi (lat. citrinus), golden yellow. ordaigid, prescribes (a medicine). ordeum, see eorna. orobus, see pis enain. orofont (syn. marubium; lat. marrubium), white horehound, Marrubium vulgare Webb. Chapter 183. The use of this term in Chapter 84 is an error. ortomia, lat orthopnoea, orthopnoea, severe difficulty in breathing, so that the patient cannot bear to lie down, but must sit or stand up. Lile Eg 118r (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 8): Disnia se selad canit asma malumque reuelat .i. celidh an disnia i fen &ersir; labhraidh an asma &ersir; foillsighidh a holc. Et atait an da ainm so mar cinel &ersir; atait 4 gneithi fuithi. An cet gne dibh an docamhail anala nach liginn do neach an t-aer d'innarbadh ar son nach fedtar an cliabh naid na fedain do cumgughadh mar is lor innus go congaimhtear na himurcacha deathmhara inntu &ersir; sangisugium ainm na gne sin. An .2. gne .i. an tan nach fedtar an t-aor do tairring cum an croidhi mar is lor ar son nach fedtar in cliabh naid na fedain do lethnughadh co maith &ersir; anelosus a hainm sin. An .3. gne vero in tan tshaothruighis neach annsa modh sin .i. ac tairring &ersir; ac innarbadh an aoir &ersir; orthomia a hainm sin &ersir; is dibh sin labhruid na fersadha so: Expirat late, trahit ad se cum grauitate, Omnis anhelosus e contra sanguisugosus Orthopnoea quoque morbo versatur utroque. .i. gach uile duine ara mbi an gne re n-abur anelosus leigidh an t-aer uadha co lethan &ersir; tairrngidh maille re tromdacht &ersir; a contrardha sin as sangisugium &ersir; bith tromdacht an .2. gne sin an ortomia... osaragi, see lus na leadan. os de corde serui, see cnaim craige an fiadha. oslaictheach, oscailteach (lat. aperiendi), opening. oslaigid (lat. aperire), opens. othur (lat. aeger), the patient. ouua, see ugh. oxifencia, see tamuirindi. oxilapacium, see samadh. oxiren, see finegra. oxiriun, see finegra. Paghanach (lat. paganus), pagan. paidir, a Pater Noster, the Lord's Prayer. pairilis (lat. paralisis), paralysis. Lile Eg 77r (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 27): Is eadh is paralis and bogadh na feithidh maille re bacadh uilidhe an gluasachta &ersir; an moithighthe... Bith puls fir na paralisi folaightheach &ersir; bith an fual geal seim, gidheadh bith uair and ro-dathuighthe ar son nach eidir leis an naduir a dealughadh no ar son teinnis no fiabruis no galair eli bis ina coimideacht &ersir; bith an taobh easlan fuar mar do beith an oidhrigh &ersir; bith an taobh slan te mar do beith a teinidh &ersir; loighditear an tsuil uair and. pairitair (syn. paritaria; lat. paritaria), pellitory, Parietaria diffusa Webb. Chapter 222. pampinus (syn. duillebar na fineamhna), the leaves of the vine, Vitis vinifera CTW. papauer nigrum, see popin. paritaria, see pairitair. parsail: min ponairi arna parsail, lat. farina fabe fracte cum capitello: strictly, the Latin appears to mean treated with lye; ponuire arna parsail is used in Lile NLS 247r to translate cum sunt torrefactae, which indicates that the word is intended for parched, a process in which corn is slightly burnt. pastinaca, see meacan righ. pecaigid, offends. A humour is said to be peccant when it is causing illness; to be peccant in its quality (Chapter 106) means e. g. it is so hot as to make the person ill. peinntiuraig (lat. pictores), painters. peiridha (syn. pira; lat. pira), pears, the fruit of the cultivated pear, Pyrus communis CTW. Chapter 228. peist (syn. lumbrisi, uermis; lat. lumbrici, vermes), a worm. Chapter 283. peletra, see piletra. pentafilon, creeping cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans Webb. See cuigidheach. peristeron, see ueruena. perplemonia (lat. peripneumonia), pneumonia. Lile Eg 123v (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 10): Is eadh is perplemonia and .i. neascoid teasaide an scamain, &ersir; crichnaightear an neascoid sin uair and a slighi discailti &ersir; uair eli cruinnightear hi &ersir; uair eli cuirtear a hadhbar cum na hinchinne &ersir; cuirtear uair eli cum na rann foirimillach &ersir; cuirtear uair eli cum pleurisisi, gidheadh is annamh cuirtear, &ersir; cuirtear uair eli cum na feithan &ersir; teid uair eli an empima &ersir; da n-innarbtar ris 40 la hi is inmolta &ersir; muna hinnarbtar &ersir; an brigh do beith anbhfhunn is cunntabarthach a leiges. Is cuis don easlainte so uair and pleurisis &ersir; is olc an cuis sin do sir &ersir; cuisightear co minic hi o catarrus &ersir; gentear o gach linn dona leannaibh i &ersir; mar is o linn ruagh is mo gentear pleurisis, is mar sin is o linn finn is mo gentear perplemonia. Is iat comarthadha na heaslainte so puls tonnmhar &ersir; docamhail ro-mor na hanala, innus curob becnach muchaightear an t-easlan, &ersir; deirgi na ngruaidhi &ersir; att na sul &ersir; teinneas idir an da slinnen. Bith a fis agad in tan do-nitear perplemonia o pleurisis co ndenann ceachtar do da ni .i. co marbann leth astigh don .7d. la &ersir; co teid a ptisis, &ersir; da ndeacha adhbar na perplemonia a slighthibh an fuail is comartha slainte. Bith a fhis agad annso do leith an adhbhair, an pleurisis do-nitear o linn ruagh curob marbtach is menca bis; da reir sin is marbtach is mo bhis gach uile pleurisis, oir is o linn ruagh is minca gentear hi, &ersir; ise is adhbar do sin .i. an pleurisis do-nitear o linn ruagh bith maille re teasaideacht ro-dasachtach o gontaigh leanna ruaigh, &ersir; ni fedann fuaraideacht an leigis bunait an adhbair d'fuaradh oir ni roithinn brigh an leigis co huilidhe conuig an adhbair, ge do berthai co hinmedonach a modh dighi e, oir is fada an tslighe uaithi &ersir; da cuirtear co foirimillach e ata in t-asnach eturra &ersir; e aca toirmisc. Is becnach inann leiges do perplemonia &ersir; do pleurisis acht amhain curob laidire na leigis dleaghar do tabhairt a perplemonia, &ersir; a cur ris an leith a mbia an teinneas, &ersir; is maille re cosachtaigh is mo dleaghmaidh a hadhbar so d'innarbadh. persilli (syn. petrosilium; lat. petrosilinum), parsley, Petroselinum crispum Webb. Chapter 218. persilli alastroint, see elistront. pes pulli, see adann. pes vituli, see geadhar. petrosilium, see persilli. petrusidinum, see elistront. pibar (lat. piper), pepper; fruits of perennial climbing plants cultivated in the Malay Archipelago. Chapter 220. The inflorescence is a spike of 20–30 flowers, and the fruits develop in the form of a spike. The sorts used were: pibar dubh (syn. piper nigrum; lat. piper nigrum), black pepper, the dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum; white pepper (not referred to in the text, because it was mainly used in the East) is the fruits of the same Piper nigrum when allowed to become more completely ripe; pibar fada (lat. piper longum), long pepper, the dried unripe fruits of Piper longum, similar to the fruits of the black pepper, but sold in the spikes, about 4cm long. pibinella, see eigrim. picc, pitch. The medieval processing of the oleo-resin of pine trees, Pinus species, is to some extent clarified by the Erlangen copy of Circa Instans (Wölfel, 1939, 98-9): Pix alia est liquida que picula dicitur... alia navalis... Dicunt tamen quidam quod pix liquida fex sit picis navalis, quod dum excoquitur pix liquida quasi fex residet, qui mentiuntur. Fiunt enim ex diversis arboribus quarum frusta in diversis vasis excoquuntur, a quibus in alia vasa que sub terra posita sunt effluit liquorositas a lignis resudans. Pliny gives an account of the process in Book 16 of his Natural History. The products appear to have been: picc boc (lat. pix liquida), soft, or liquid, pitch, an aqueous distillate that came over when chippings of the wood were boiled in the retort; pix navalis (not mentioned in the Irish text), the tar that was produced in the course of the above process, so named because it was used for caulking and weatherproofing ships. picc Greagach (syn. colafonium; lat. colofonia, pix Greca), colophony, the resin remaining when the oil was boiled off the oleo-resin extracted from the living tree. Chapter 87. piement (lat. pigmentum), spiced wine. In Chapter 98, the constituents recommended are cubebs, wine and honey. See claired. pigla, see teanga enain. piletra (syn., Chapter 244, serpillum; lat., Chapter 31, piretrum; Chapter 261, petrosellino). As an explanation of serpillum in Chapter 244, piletra is for baletri, a synonym given in the Modena manuscript for serpillum, q.v. Piletra corresponds to Latin pyrethrum and English pellitory, and it goes back to Greek &pgr;&uacgr;&rgr;&egr;&thgr;&ogr;&ngr; (< &pgr;&ugr;&rgr;&egr;&tgr;&ogr;&sfgr;, fever) which is understood as feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium Webb. In chapters 31 and 261, from Rufinus (Thorndike, 1946, p. 239), Turner (1965) p. 188, and Fischer (1929) p. 278, it is likely that the plant intended was Peucedanum ostruthium Webb. We have no Latin to guide us for the occurrences in Chapters 85 and 285, though the context in the latter Chapter suggests that the Southern European plant, Anacyclus pyrethrum, may have been intended, at least by whatever authority the Irish author had for his material. pillaili (lat. pillule), pills. While the standard appears to be pillidhi, the word is written fully twice, as pillule in Chapter 142, and as pillaili in Chapter 162. pimentairia, see mellago. pingedo, see methradh. pinginn (lat. crispelle), literally penny, but used of small disks. piper, see pibar. pipinella, see eigrim. pira, see peiridha. pisairium (lat. pessarium), pessary. pis enain [This word needs to be checked with the MS] (syn. orobus), vetch, Vicia sativa Webb. The word appears in the Bible, Ezek. iv 9, translating fitches, as pis fhináin (pisfhianáin in the 1830 edition), and pis inan in K'Eogh,; Aodh Mac Domhnaill (Beckett 1967), §110, uses the forms pissheana and pisshanach; Hogan (1900) gives the following forms without attribution: pis fhiadhaín, piseánach, pisíneán, pisneán, písfhianáin; the manuscript glossary printed by Stokes (1898) C gives pis enain twice, once glossing oropium, and again glossing molum agreiste (which appears to be mola, meal, because peas were used in the form of meal). See also pis síonáin, de Bhaldraithe (1990). piseog, sorcery. pis Greagach (syn. fenugrecum, feinel Greagach; lat. fenugrecum) ,fenugreek, Trigonella foenum graecum. Chapter 127. The seeds of the plant, of the Leguminosae, were used as a spice. pisillium (lat. psillium), flea-bane, Plantago indica CTW. plaig, plague. plantago maigheor, see cruach padraig. plata (lat. lamina), a plate. pleta, see biatus. pleurisis (lat. pleurisis), pleurisy. Lile Eg 119v, 120r (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 9): Is eadh is pleurisis and neascoid teasaide bis a laccertibh no a sreabannaibh no a cumdach an asnaigh co hinmedonach annsa cliabh. Bith a fis agad co fuilid da gne aran pleurisis .i. pleurisis firi &ersir; pleurisis nach fir. An pleurisis nach fir vero is a laccertibh no a sreabhannaibh no a feoil an n-asnaigh co foirimillach bis no is a timchill in asnaigh breigi ata fai an scairt cleibh co foirimillach no co hinmedonach do-nitear hi, no do-nitear hi o gaothmuireacht. An pleurisis fire vero is a cumhdach an asnaigh co hinmedonach do-nitear hi &ersir; co hairithi san inadh a ceangailtear an scairt risan n-asnach oir ata sreabhann and cumhdaighis an t-asnach co hinmedonach &ersir; sreabhann eli deallaigheas na boill spiradalta ona ballaibh oileamhnacha &ersir; diafragma is ainm don tsrebhainn sin &ersir; is ria aderur an scairt cleibh &ersir; ata sreabhann and do-ni da leth don cliabh ar fad &ersir; an cuid don scairt ata a fad on asna ni fetur neascoid do geneamhain innta acht annsa cuid ceangailtear don asnach ar son curob annsin atait cuisleanna &ersir; airtiri &ersir; rainn feolmara &ersir; leanna &ersir; is uime sin fedtar neascoid do geneamhain and. Da reir sin asi an pleurisis firi an neascoid do-nitear a sreabhannaibh inmedonacha an asnaigh &ersir; is neascoid teasaide hi an da modhaibh .i. ara hadbar do beith teasaide no ar son an teasaideachta do geibh o morgadh &ersir; gentear pleurisis i ngach taobh .i. sa taobh deas &ersir; a taobh cli &ersir; an pleurisis gentear sa taobh cli asi as guasachtaighi dibh, gidheadh isi is luaithi crichnaightear &ersir; adeir Avicenna an pleurisis gentear sa taobh deas nach fuil si an guasachtaighi sin, gidheadh isi as moille crichnaightear... Na .4. comarthadha so foillsigheas an pleurisis fen mar adeir Galienus in De Crisi: An cet comartha dibh .i. teinneas taibh maille re gontaigh &ersir; atait .4. cuisi o ndentar an teinneas sin .i. droch-coimpleasc &ersir; scaileadh cointinoideach &ersir; in t-adbar do cuaidh a beil na cuisleann &ersir; in t-adbar ata andsna cuisleannaibh fos. An .2. comartha .i. fiabrus cointinoideach ar son an adhbair do beith arna morgadh isna hinadhibh ata co gar don cridhi. An .3. comartha .i. docamhail na hanala o gortughadh an scamain. An .4. comartha .i. co mbi cosachtach 'na coimideacht ar son an rainn cuirtear cum na fedan de. Et fedtar an .5. comartha do cur leo... plumbum, see luaidhe. plur (lat. contrita polenta, mica, pasta), flour. pobol righ, another name for popin dubh, q.v. poiliol ruibel (syn. athasar, polem regale; lat. pulegium), penny-royal, Mentha pulegium Webb. Chapter 44. poilipus (lat. polipus), polypus, tumours attached by a stalk to the surface from which they spring. Although these are found in the interior of various parts of the body, the present text refers only to polypus in the nose. poinnticeacht, poinnticdha (lat. ponticitas, ponticus), tart to the taste. pointicum, see absinthium. poir (lat. porus, artus), a pore. polem regale, see poiliol ruibel. polipodium, see scim. politricum, see dubcosach. poll, a hole; special uses: a pollaib na linnighan (lat. fistula ... eius loca concava), the cavity of an ulcer – see feadan; a pollaibh na srona (lat. naribus), the nostrils (see also leath-shroin. pomum quersuus, see galla. ponaire (lat. faba, lupinorum amarorum), beans, Vicia faba CTW; min ponaire, bean flour, Chapters 39 and 109. The Irish author uses bean flour instead of the lupin flour of the Latin text. It looks as if the Irish had not got around to cultivating Lupinus. Pontos (lat. Pontus): in Chapter 233, the name is probably a clouded memory of the fact that rhubarb was brought to Europe at one time via the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus). popin (syn. codion; lat. papaver), poppy. Three sorts are referred to: popin geal (lat. papaver album), opium poppy, Papaver somniferum Webb; Chapter 75; popin dubh (syn. pobol righ, papauer nigrum), corn poppy, Papaver rhoeas Webb; gne ... ara mbi blath crocha, horned poppy, Glaucium flavum Webb. See opium and ola. porrum, see lus. portulaca, see adann. potagra (lat. podagra), gout of the foot; see artetica. potaiste, pottage; this seems to have been a thin soup, mostly of vegetables, as opposed to eanbhruith, which was a rich soup, mostly of meat. praiseach: this is the Latin brassica, and was applied: praiseach garrdha (syn. caulis ortentis; lat. caulis), cultivated cabbage, Brassica oleracea CTW. Chapter 78. There are many cultivated races and varieties of this species. In Chapter 78, it is stated that there are two sorts of cabbage, the big and the small, and that the better sort is that which has a red stalk; this moves away from the Latin text, and appears to state the case as it was then in Ireland; praiseach dearg, the sort with the red stalk referred to above; praiseach: originally, this was the miserable cabbage soup that was the staple diet of the European poor in the Middle Ages. The cabbage was cooked all day, and anything that might give it a bit of a flavour was then added. The Regimen Sanitatis (Gillies, 1911 p. 28) tells us (of potaiste): dentar é sa geimredh do cabhlán &ersir; do hocus &ersir; do saithsi &ersir; do persillidh no do cen(n)duibh geala losa arna mberbadh &ersir; arna fasgadh &ersir; a coimsuighiughadh le baindi almont. In the present text, the term has been extended to include other vegetables (Chapter 21), when praiseach na luibhi so [marshmallow] renders decoctio radicis eius quum datur in potu cum vino. praiseach buidhein (syn. sdrusium; lat. strucium, cauliculus agrestis, struthion, ostrutium), charlock, Sinapis arvensis Webb. Chapter 247. In the two occurrences of the term in the Ó Leighin manuscript the second word (which is normally buidhe) is written as buige, and buide. Rufinus gives some botanical details (Thorndike, 1946, p. 77): Cauliculus agrestis, alias strutium dicitur. Assimilatur corrigiole sed latiorem habet stipitem et nodosum et in septembri vidi in sumitate eius pomum plenum seminibus rubeis. Sucus eius dicitur mabathematicon. Sunt enim quatuor species. Due faciunt florem croceum et due album; folia duorum multum crenata et alia duo non sic. (the reference to corrigiole does not seem to me to help). Stearn interprets strucium in the French context of the Livre des simples medicines (Opsomer, 1984, item 399) as sea-kale, Crambe maritima Webb. Rufinus, however, may not have known that plant, as it does not grow in the Mediterranean area. pras, brass. premh (lat. radix), root or rhizome. premhrusc: I have taken this to mean root-bark, but have doubts about it. presuficacio matrisis (lat. precipitatio matricis, hysteras cadentes), displacement of the uterus. Lile Eg 187v (LM Pt. 7, Ch. 13): Teid an maclac asa inadh uair and &ersir; claonaidh cum ceachtair do da uball na lesi &ersir; gairtear precipitacio in tan sin de &ersir; uair eli tuitidh co hiochtarach &ersir; gairtear descensus no casus de in tan sin... Madh precipitacio bes and aithintear e o att do beith a ceachtar don da taobh &ersir; o teinneas &ersir; o truimideacht. Et madh casus bes and airightear teinneas isna ballaibh iochtaracha &ersir; do-citear an maclac co follus amuigh &ersir; da mbe an easlainte co folaightheach uair and dlighidh an bean frithailthe a mer no a lamh do cur asteach &ersir; da mbe dorus an maclaic co direach as comhair an doruis follais eli ni deachaidh as a inadh ar en cor. priamiscus, see tulcan. proeirb, proverb. proinniughadh, dining. prunella, see airne. pudur (lat. pulvis), powder. pulegium martis, see litronta. pulegium muntanum, see puliol montanum. pulicaria, see millsean monadh. puliol montanum (syn. pulegium muntanum; lat. pulegium). Chapter 219. The description in the English Agnus Castus (Brodin, 1950, p. 198) indicates that this is the large thyme, Thymus pulegioides: Pvlogium montanum is an herbe men cleputh puliole mountayn or hulwort other brotherwort. This hath litel leues lich to organe bot the leues buth nou&yogh;t so moch and he hath a flour of purpur colour and he growith in hully places and in feldes. Webb says (p. 145) that it has often been recorded, but usually in error. It may possibly occur in Cork and Cavan. The Census Catalogue of 1987 reports the species from vice-counties 5-6, 30, i.e., East Cork, Waterford, and Cavan. Cronk (1991) discounts the suggestion made by some authorities that the plant in question may be Thymus serpyllum (as to which, see serpillum). pulitricum, see ruibh cloithi. puls (lat. venas pulsatiles), pulse (pulsations of an artery). punt, a pound. See unsa. pupulion, populeon, an ointment made with pig lard and poplar buds (Populus nigra, Webb p. 172), with some herbs thrown in. There is a recipe for it in the Antidotarium Nicolai. Species of Populus provide the phenolic glycoside populin, which is still in use for rheumatic conditions and other ailments. purgoid (lat. purgatio), a purgative. quabson, quason = causon. quarbunculus = carbuncalus. quartana (lat. quartana), quartan fever. Lile NLS 13v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 6): Is eadh is quartana ann fiabrus morgaighthe arna geinemuin o adhbhar leanna duip... Tionsgnaidh an aixis maille re fuacht thechtas &ersir; re horipilatio &ersir; re combrughadh na ccnam, &ersir; bi an puls folaightheach bec &ersir; luathaightir e asa haithle, &ersir; criochnaightir an aixis maille re hiomarcaidh alluis; oir bi an t-adhbhar an tirma isin co nach mairionn en rann detmar no loisgneach de deis na haixisi acht indarbaidh go hiomlan, do reir Galienus De Diffirentiis Febrium, &ersir; bi an fual isil seimh ina tosach &ersir; dathuighthear é fa deoigh go mor deis na haixisi; &ersir; is cugnam cuige so na cuislionna do veith cumang &ersir; aibid an cuirp do beith tana &ersir; an aimsir 'na haimsir fogmhuir &ersir; neithe eli is cosmuil ru do teacht roimhe; &ersir; bi an aixis .24. huaire ar marthuin &ersir; bid a ccomsanadh .48. n-uaire; et bid na comurthadha so ni is isli a quartana notha &ersir; examhuiltir iad so fa examhlacht na leannonn. quarubughe = carauaidh. quercus, see 1. dair. racaidid, sells; normally recaigid. racam, ragmann (syn. rafanos; lat. raffanus), horse-radish, Armoracia rusticana Webb. Chapter 231. radarc (syn. uisus; lat. visus), sight. Chapter 284. rafanos, see racam. raibh (syn. ciba pirum, sulfur; lat. sulphur), sulphur. Chapters 86 and 248. Sulphur in the free state is found in vast quantities in Sicily and Italy. raibh uisce (syn. nenufar; lat. nenufar), water lily, Nuphar lutea Webb (yellow), and Nymphaea alba Webb (white); blath na raibhe uisce, Chapter 207. raidleog (syn. mirtuis; lat. mirtus, mirta), bog myrtle, Myrica gale Webb. Chapter 193. ramadus, see reamhadas. rann (lat. pars), a part. rannaighe (lat. particularis), particular or partial, as opposed to uilidhe (lat. universalis), universal. rathugad, perception; in Chapter 119, excessive sensitivity. reamhadas, ramadus (lat. tumidus, tumor), swelling. reamraigid (lat. impinguare, inspissare, tumescare), to make, or to become, gross, thick, or fat. reamur (lat. grossus, glutinosus), gross or fat. reimhe, roimhe (lat. pinguedo, grossus), thickness, fatness. rema (lat. reuma, catarrus), rheum. Lile Eg 95r (LM Pt. 3, Ch. 16): Is eadh is reuma and flux leannann on ceann cum na mball bis fai &ersir; idirdeilightear tri gneithi ar an reuma ona hughdaraibh .i. corrisa &ersir; brancus &ersir; catarrus. Corrisa an tan teid cum na srona, Brancus in tan teid cum an geil, Catarrus an tan teid cum an ochta. Rementa Acutorum, Hippocrates' Regimen acutorum morborum. repercusiua, see fritbuailteach. replexion (lat. repletio), fullness or repletion (of the stomach). reubarbrum, reuponticum (lat. reubarbarum, reuponticum), rhubarb. Chapter 233. The rhubarbs used in medicine were Rheum palmatum and Rheum officinale, which grew wild, and were also cultivated, high in the mountains of Tibet, and in adjoining areas of China. The lamas claimed a monopoly of the trade in rhubarb on the grounds that the plant contained what the Hippocratic writers called divum quid; consequently, the lands where it grew were beloved by the gods, and this made the plant the lamas' business. The part used in medicine was an aerial shoot from the rhizome. The shoot persisted in winter and was about a foot in length and four inches across. The drug was brought by trading caravans to Bokhara. It is thought that it was transported to Europe via the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus) (hence "rha-ponticum"). It was also brought down the Indus and shipped via the ancient port of Barbarike (near Karachi) (hence "rha-barbarum"). The word "rha" is understood by some to have come from the Persian language, and by others from the old name for the Volga. In classical times, a species thought to be Rheum rhaponticum was grown east of the Black Sea, and was used in Europe, but this appears not to have continued. In the early Middle Ages, the medically used product of the Tibetan species was brought via Persia to the Levant ports. By the 15th century, it appears to have been shipped by sea via India. See Baillon's account (1873) of how the medicinal species of rhubarb were identified. rian, of good quality. richt: Chapter 215, a richt an cnaimhe so, represented to be this bone. righin: in general, this means, perhaps, offering resistance (see do-discailti, Chapter 276). Specifically, viscous (lat. viscosus, tenax); slow (lat. tarde). rigor (lat. rigor), shivering. rinn ruisc (syn. hipia minor), scarlet pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis Webb. Chapter 154. The synonym given is in error for Ippia maior, as Stokes pointed out (1888, n. 146). Confusion occurred generally between Ippia maior and Ippia minor (Hunt, 1989, p. 149), and this may have been due in part to the similarity between some chickweeds and the pimpernel (Alphita p. 196, n. 12). ri raithneach, royal fern, Osmunda regalis Webb. risine (lat. uve), raisins. Chapter 279. ro-fabra, an affection of the eyelashes. ro-ger, ro-geiri (lat. acutus,acumen), acute, acuteness. ro-glan (lat. mundissimus), very clean. roimhe, see reimhe. roinn, to divide. roisicdha (lat. rosaceus), of roses. ros, the seeds of a plant, as distinct from the fruit containing them. The term is used of the seeds of the following: nettle (lat. semen), acantum; chapter 32; knotgrass, gluineach bec; marshmallow (lat. semen), leamhach; flax (lat., Modena MS, linosa), 1. lin; hemlock (lat. semen), mong mer; chapter 92; bog myrtle (lat. fructus), raidleog. see also ros lachan. rós (lat. rosa), rose. According to Alphita, p. 154, Rosa duplex est, alba et rubea, sed quando simpliciter ponitur pro rubea intelligitur. However, the Irish text seems to consider only one rose (Chapter 234): ros dearg (syn. rosa rubia; lat. rosa), the red rose. Following Stearn (Opsomer, 1984, item 368), the species used was probably the apothecary's rose, Rosa gallica. See antera. rosa rubia, see rós. rosc, the eye. rós dearg, see rós. ros lachan (syn. lenticula acatica; lat. lenticula aquatica), common duckweed, Lemna minor Webb, Chapter 168. ros marina (syn. rosmarinus; lat. rosmarinus), rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis. Chapter 232. The plant is a native of Southern Europe, and was not grown on a commercial scale in this country. Mary Keen (The Independent on Sunday, 29 April 1990) quotes from a French manual of 1393 how cuttings of rosemary were packed for export from France to England: Wrapped in waxed cloth, sealed and smeared with honey all over and then dipped in flour. rostadh (lat. assatus, ustus), to roast, to toast. ro-teasaideacht, excessive hotness. rotundum, see ailim. ruagh (lat. subrufus, rubeus), foxy-red. See linn. ruagaidh (lat. depellere), puts to flight. rubia maior, see madra. rudus (syn. sol secium, sbonsa solis, eliotropia, sicorea, ingcuba, uerucaria; lat. sponsa solis, eliotropia, intuba, cicorea, solsequium, dionisia), pot marigold, Calendula officinalis CTW. Chapter 249. ruel (ruidel in another copy), dove's-foot cranesbill, Geranium molle Webb. There is no syn. or lat. to guide us with this term. It appears as a gloss, gallice roal, on herba Roberti in an Anglo-Irish manuscript (Hunt, 1989). In other medical contexts, it is equated with pes columbinus: in the manuscript glossary printed by Stokes (1898) C, ruidhel glosses rostrum (which may refer to the prominent beak on the fruit of Geranium species), and ruidhel .r. glosses pes columbinus; in Gaulterus de dosibus (Sheahan, 1938, §67), pes columbe .i. gne do'n ruel occurs. Threlkeld gives Ruhel Rih, Rial Cuiall and Rian Rih for herb robert, Geranium robertianum Webb, and he has been followed in this by a number of authorities. The popular name for herb robert appears to have been crobh dearg. The following account is given in the Modena manuscript: Pes columbinus herba est que alio nomine dicitur flectio, habens folia rotunda intercisa similis pede columbi et fasciculos rubeos et florem subrufum. Expanditur super terram. Nascitur in ciliaria et locis sablosis &ersir; lapidosis. Mense madio vel Junio colligitur cum floribus suis. In umbra siccatur. Per annum servatur. Cum reperitur in medicinis &ersir; maxime in Trocisci dia corallis pes columbinus, folia cum suis floribus debent poni. Contra testiculos inflatos ex flegmate lucido pes columbinus et lactucam viridem parvam simul contritis &ersir; cataplasmatis mirabile est. The botanical details given by that text appear to indicate Geranium molle. The Livre des simples medecines (Opsomer, 1980) illustrates merely the leaves of pes columbinus, and they appear to be the leaves of Geranium molle as one looks down on the plant from above (Geranium molle is semi-prostrate), although Stearn identifies the plant as the long-stalked crane's-bill, Geranium columbinum Webb. Alphita, p. 140, gives: Pes columbinus uel pes columbe idem, folia habet diuisa in septem porciones et quelibet porcio habet duas diuisiones uel iii. Florem habet blaueum, [gall.] et anglice, clauerfot (read culverfot). On p. 65, flectidos is given as a synonym for pes columbinus, and the footnote says According to Gerarde, p. 938, the plant is Dove's-foot Cranebill. In the Grete Herball, doues fote is given as the English for pes columbinus, and Rydén (1984) does not commit himself beyond the genus, Geranium. The English Agnus Castus (Brodin, 1950, p. 197) states: Pes columbe ys an herbe that me clepyth coluerfot or pes de columbe thys herbe hath leuys y-lyche to mawort (=Geranium robertianum per Brodin) bot the leuys beth more whyte and he hath a flowre as mawort but hure stalke ys not so red ne so tender and he beryth hure sed as doth mawort and he growyth a-pon wallys and a-pon the growndys yn feldys. Brodin identifies pes columbe as Geranium molle. William Turner (ed. W. T. Stearn, 1965, p. 181) says: Geranium is of two kyndes. The one kynde is called Pinke nedle or Cranes byl the other is called Pes columbinus of the commune Herbaries, and it mays be called in englishe Douefote. Turner deals separately with Herbe Roberte. His editors identify douefote as Geranium molle. Culpeper devotes separate chapters to herb robert and dove's foot. Of the latter, he says: This hath divers small, round, pale green leaves cut in about the edges, much like mallows, standing upon long, reddish, hairy stalks, lying in a round compass upon the ground, among which rise up two, or three, or more reddish, jointed, slender, weak hairy stalks with such like leaves thereon, but smaller, and more cut in up to the tops, where grow many very small, bright, red flowers of five leaves a-piece; after which follow small heads with small short beaks pointed forth, as all other sorts of this herb do. It groweth in pasture grounds, and by the path-sides in many places and will also be in gardens. His editor identifies this as Geranium molle. Clapham et al. (1962) give Dove's-foot Cranesbill as the English name of Geranium molle. rufa (rufus), see ruagh. ruibh (syn. ruta, bisa, molea; lat. ruta), rue, Ruta graveolens. Chapter 236. Kingston et al. (1878), in extolling the virtues of the garden rue as an excellent preservative against the noxious influences of a moist and vapid atmosphere and the contagious miasmata of epidemical diseases, say that in the Old Bailey tufts of rue were placed on the front of the dock, whilst others were stuck in the penholes of the inkstands about the court. ruibh cloithi (syn. pulitricum; lat. pollitricum), wall-rue, Asplenium ruta-muraria Webb. Chapter 225. See dubcosach. ruibi (lat. rubeus), red. ruidhleas, specific property. rumei, see oxilapacium. rusc, bark. See premhrusc. ruta, see ruibh. Sabraidh (syn. saturaieia, utimbra; lat. satureia), summer savory, Satureja hortensis. Chapter 242. The generic name is said to derive from satyrus, because of the aphrodisiac effect with which the plant was credited (see Chapter 242). sabus (lat. salsamentum), sauce. sacer ignis, see teine diadh. saethar, labour; lucht an tsaethair (lat. siccientibus viantibus), people labouring (under the heat); saethraighi, preparations (the product of labour). saidsi (syn. saluia; lat. salvia), garden sage, Salvia officinalis. Chapter 261. saidsi coilli, see iubar sleibhe. sailbh, salve. ail cniss, dirt of the skin; from Chapter 106, this would appear to refer to some condition of the head. sail cuach (syn. uiola; lat. viola), sweet violet, Viola odorata Webb. Chapter 276. This was the species that was cultivated and used in medicine: Fischer (1929) 145, 203; blath sail cuach, flowers of violet, Chapters 62 and 66. Viola tricolor Webb, the pansy or heart's ease, was also used, but it appears to have been regarded as not quite a violet, and was known as goirmín or gorman bec, q. v. saileach (syn. salisit; lat. salix), willow, Salix species. Chapter 245. saill, fat. saillte (lat. salsus), salted. saingis dragoinis, see fuil dreagain. 1. sal (lat. tuberositates et mucillagines), a scum (on vinegar). 2. sal, see salann. salach (lat. turbare, sordidus), dirty, infected. salann (lat. sal), salt. Chapter 239. salcur (lat. deformes maculas, sordens vulnus, torturam, maculas, frigidum reuma, humiditas, lentigines, saniem et ulcera, scrophas, sordes, lepras, ulcera), dirt, infection, exudation. Salernetani, of Salerno. salisit, see saileach. saluia, see saidsi. samadh (syn. acedula, oxilapacium, rumei; lat. acidula), sorrel, Rumex acetosa Webb. Chapter 8. Appears to include also Rumex scutatus CTW, French sorrel, which was once much cultivated. Also bo-samhadh. See copog. The sheep's sorrel, Rumex acetosella Webb, was distinguished as samhadh caorach. samadh fearna, water betony, Scrophularia auriculata Webb. sambucus, see trom. sambusium (ola) (lat. oleum sambucinum), apparently an oil of elder, Sambucus nigra Webb. samradh (lat. estas), summer. sandaili (lat. sandali), sandalwood. Chapter 253. The text indicates that the wood was imported in small pieces, and that there were three varieties, ailbi (lat. albus), white; ruibi (lat. rubeus), red; and citrini (lat. citrinus), yellow. The white is the wood of Santalum album, a tree of India and the Malay Archipelago, and the red appears to be the wood of Pterocarpus santalinus. Nowadays, sandalwood oil is obtained from the heartwood of Santalum album. sarcacolla (lat. sarcocolla), a gum obtained from Astragalus fasciculifolius, a thorny Leguminous shrub that grows in Persia, a relative of the plants that produce tragacanth (see 2. dragantum) and liquorice (see licoiris). Chapter 240. People in Persia and India like to chew it. Sarrisdinach (lat. Saraceni), Saracen. satuirion, see tulcan. saturaieia, see sabraidh. sauina, see liathan locadh. sbaragius, see modoman. sbonsa solis, see rudus. scabiosa (syn. ancula alba; lat. scabiosa), field scabious, Knautia arvensis Webb. As to the "small scabious", see lus an galloglaigh. scaili, shade (of a tree). scailid (lat. corrodit, tollit), dissolves. scairiola (lat. scariola), prickly lettuce, Lactuca serriola CTW. The term appears to have included the great or wild lettuce, Lactuca virosa CTW, the latex of which, known as lactucarium or lettuce-opium, produces a similar effect to opium but without becoming addictive. scaman (lat. pulmo), the lung. scamonia (lat. scamonea) scammony, a gum-resin containing jalapin, obtained from the fleshy root of Convolvulus scammonia of the Middle East. Chapter 241. scartadh, a compress. sceach, hawthorn bush, Crataegus monogyna Webb. sceachoir (syn. mesbili; lat. mespila), haw, the fruit of hawthorn (see sceach). Chapter 204. sceallan (lat. semina, interioribus nucleis), pip. sceathrach (syn. uomitibus; lat. vomitus, nausea), vomit; emetic. Chapter 285. sceidhid, vomits. scilla, see uinneaman spainneach. scilleticum, appears to be a mixture of honey and vinegar flavoured with squills. scim (syn. polipodium; lat. polipodium), polypody. Chapter 223. The three Irish species are distinguished only with difficulty. Polypodium vulgare Webb and Polypodium interjectum Webb both grow on rocks, walls and trees; Polypodium australe Webb grows on limestone rocks and walls. scinannsia, quinsy. Lile Eg 104v (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 1): Is inntuicthi timchill an adhbhair so co fuilid da slighi a cois premhe na tengadh .i. slighi an bidh &ersir; slighi na hanala. Slighi na hanala vero .i. trascia arteria &ersir; epiglotum a ceand. Slighi in bidh vero is ainm di meri no ysophagus. An tslighi ata co hinmedonach idir an da slighi sin is di gairtear guttur. Et ata ni co huachtarach ar in da slighi sin adubhramur ar tus &ersir; ise is ainm do uula .i. an sine seaain &ersir; is amlaidh bis amail do beith mer ar fheadan. Et atait da ball feolmara eli a leanmuin do bun na tengadh re n-abar ameghdule &ersir; is ime aderar ameghdule ru oir is inand ameghdale &ersir; almont oir is a cosmaileas almont bid. Leith aithche vero an muinil re n-abar gula isi is slighi dilis don anail, leith cuil vero an muinil re n-abar ceruix is trit gabhus in tslighi re n-abar meri... Squinancia vero is and cruithightear hi a laccertibh in boill re n-abar gutur &ersir; isin da slighi sin an muinil. Et ecsamailtear gneithi squinancia fo examhlacht an inaidh sin. An cet gne do shquinancia is amhlaidh bis maille re hatt &ersir; re deirgi &ersir; rena bel do beith oscailti. An .2. gne ni faictear hi co follus muna cumgaidhtear arin tengaidh co mor. An .3. gne di ni faictear hi ar en cor oir bidh an neascoid in tan sin co folaightheach isna slighthibh sin. An .4. gne di an tan is follus in t-at co hinmedonach isin gutur &ersir; co foirimillach isin braghaid... Da roibh dearg atmar te maille re teinneas &ersir; re puls lan is o fuil deirg do-nitear &ersir; da roibh a ndath buidi maille re cnamh &ersir; re bruidernach is o linn ruagh do-nitear. Da roibh atmar geal bog maille re becan teinnis &ersir; moran selidhi isin bel is o linn finn do-nitear. Da roibh cruaidh &ersir; a beith a ndath uaine &ersir; an galar righin martanac is o linn dubh do-nitear. Et mad o ball eli tic adbar an squinancia bith an ball o tic maille re heire &ersir; re tromaidheacht do sir. Et madh ona heaslaintibh eli no o rem-cuisibh tic is follus sin do reir na neithe tainic roimpi &ersir; o scelaibh an othair. Ac so comarthadha an squinancia bis co folaightheach co hinmedonach nach faictear hi .i. cumgach anala &ersir; in tan ibhis uisce a beith ac impodh cum na srona maille re torainn &ersir; suile dearga &ersir; in tenga do beith teann &ersir; guth cuileinn &ersir; muinel teann. Is iat so comarthadha follusa na squinancia .i. cumgach anala &ersir; teinneas an beil oslaicthi. scinannti (lat. squinantus), a Middle-Eastern rush known as lemon grass or camel's hay, Cymbopogon schoenanthus. scissum, see ailim. scoiltid (lat. scindere), splits. scolapendria, see crim muice fiadha. scotomia, a defect in vision. Lile Eg 58v (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 11): Is eadh is scothomia &ersir; is uertigo and easlainteadha disle na cetfadha coitchinne. Isi is cuis a focus do uertigo &ersir; do scothomia droch-crosadh na n-imaighidh a crois nerui obtici &ersir; is ime sin is olc do-berar don cetfaidh coitcind iat &ersir; co haicideach don n-intamhlaidheacht, curob uime sin is easlainteadha don radarc co haicideach iat oir truaillid e, gidheadh leo fen &ersir; co dilis is easlainteadha don cetfaidh coitcind iat... Et deithfirighit mar so oir do-citear gach ni ac dul fa cuaird a uertigo ar son co mbi in t-adhbhar semh innte maille re gaothmuireacht ar na hiadhadh a fliuchaidheacht righin nach fedann dul amach aiste &ersir; is ime sin gluaistear fa cuairt hi &ersir; is ar an adhbar sin da feca fer in tedhma so neoil ac rith co luath no uisce srotha a gluasacht co hoband no roth no cairt ac sibal co luath do-citear do reir cosmailis co mbi fen ar gluasacht leo &ersir; is ime gabus tacca dona balladhaibh bis a ngar do no coimegnighthear cum suighi e. Et ni mar sin don scothomia oir bith an t-adhbhar nis remhi &ersir; nis cumsanaighthi innte &ersir; dar leis do-chi cuile no cimices &ersir; a cosmaile &ersir; is ime sin aderar scothomia ria oir is inand scothos a Greig &ersir; uidere a Laidin &ersir; is inand sin &ersir; feghadh &ersir; [is inand] mias &ersir; musca &ersir; is inand sin &ersir; cuil .i. feghadh cuileach &ersir; is o droch-leannaibh truaillidhe &ersir; o deathaighibh dorcha bis isin n-inchinn thegmas so &ersir;, co hairithi san inchinn edain, no o deathaighibh eirghis on gaile &ersir; on corp uile. scrisaidh (lat. rodere, removere, eradicare, excoriare, corrodere), abolishes. scrubul (indicated in lat. by an inverted e), a scruple, nominally one twenty-fourth of an ounce. See unsa. sdrusium, see praiseach buidhe. sduthfa, a stupe, a medicated hot bath or fomentation. Lat. stupha, stuba, see DuCange sv stuba 'vapoarium, hypocaustum: vox germanica' and see DMLBS sv stupha. seabac, a hawk. seacranach (lat. erraticus), erratic. Of fever. Lile NLS 19r (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 8): Laburtar annso dona fiabhrasaibh comsuighighthe... An .2. gne, goirthir erratica di, .i. fiabrus seachranach... Erratica vero is amhlaidh cuisighthir e o lennuiph iomdha arna morgadh &ersir; arna losgadh an ionadhaibh examhla &ersir; in tan tegmuid an én ionadh do-nithir quartana uaithiph, do reir Ipocras, &ersir; go hairithe a ccomursnacht an fhoghmhuir &ersir; ni bhi so seachranach ionta fein acht lenuidh gach fiabhras dibh gluasacht a adhbhair fein; gidheadh, do-cithir dúinne a mbeith seachranach tre éxamlacht a n-aixiseadh &ersir; a ccosmaileas gluasachta na bplainead &ersir; leighisir an fiabhras comsuighighthe so do rer naduir na bfiabhras aonda. seachtmain (lat. septimana), a week. seagal, rye, Secale cereale CTW. sealg (lat. splen), the spleen. Lile Eg 168v (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 7): Is eadh is sealg and ball edluith cuasach fada arna suighiughadh a leith cli an coirp &ersir; arna ordughadh do glanadh na fola. Dleaghar a tuicsin in tan glanas in tsealg in fuil co maith co mbi an corp suilbir &ersir; arna deisiughadh co maith &ersir; in tan nach glanann co maith tic tuirsi an tan sin don corp &ersir; moran do droch-suighighthibh eli oir da teastaighi an tshealg in attairring gentear yctericia &ersir; da teastaighi a fostughadh deis na hattairringthi cuisighthear flux brond &ersir; a cosmaile &ersir; da teastaighi a ndileaghadh &ersir; a claochlodh cuisighthear cruas &ersir; neascoid &ersir; duinti, maseadh bith galair comcosmai1e &ersir; oifigeacha &ersir; coitcinna aran seilg mar bis arna ballaibh eli. See the note s. v. fiabras. seangaidh (lat. rodere), shrinks. sefailia, see cefaili. seile (lat. sputum), a spit. seile fola (syn. ematoica; lat. emoptoica, sputum sanguinis), haemoptysis, the spitting up of blood. See ematoica. seimh (lat. tenuis, subtilis), thin or fine. seimhe (lat. subtilis substantia), thinness or fineness. seimhigheacht (lat. paucitas), thinness. seimighidh (lat. extenuare, attenuare), makes thin or fine. seirbhi (lat. amaritudo), sourness. selidonia, see celedonia. semen urtice, see acantum. semperuiua, see teneagal. sene (lat. sene), senna, the dried leaves of the senna plant, Cassia acutifolia from tropical East Africa, and the dried ripe fruits ("pods") of the same plant, formerly exported through Alexandria. Chapter 243. The plant is a small shrub of the family Leguminosae, about 1m high. Platearius says arbor est nascens in confiniis Babylonie &ersir; in Arabia cuius folia medicine usui competunt abiectis fustibus. serb (lat. amarus), bitter. serban muc (syn. dens leonis), milk-thistle or sow-thistle, Sonchus oleraceus Webb. Chapter 106. There is quite a long list of Latin names which were used most confusingly for any of a number of dandelion- and daisy-like composites, as in Chapter 249 of our text. The various Latin terms for which serban muc has been used, and the explanations of those terms offered by various authorities, are as follows: dens leonis, used in the present text (Chapter 106), and in Stokes (1898) 332, B43; explained as Crepis tectorum – Fischer, Leontodon autumnale – Fischer, Malva alcea – Fischer, and Taraxacum officinale – Fischer, Alphita, Ogden, Turner, Hunt. lactucella, used in Stokes (1898) 334, C48; explained as Sonchus oleraceus – Fischer, Hunt. lactuca, used in Stokes (1898) 334, C48; normally explained as a species of Lactuca. Hunt includes Sonchus oleraceus in the list of possibles. Lactuca leporina in the Modena Tractatus de herbis, and the corresponding Laittuue a lievre in the Livre des simples medecines, are clearly identified as Sonchus oleraceus, the illustrations in both manuscripts being good. Threlkeld calls Sonchus oleraceus hare's lettuce. Fischer also gives lactuca silvestris vel agrestis for Sonchus oleraceus. caput monachi, used in Stokes (1898) 327, A49, and 332, B43; explained as Taraxacum officinale – Alphita (probable) and Hunt, Calendula officinalis – Fischer, and Crepis tectorum – Fischer. Hieracium maius, used by Threlkeld; explained by Nelson as Hieracium species. Endivia sylvestris, used in Rosa Anglica, p. 140, §30; explained as Sonchus oleraceus or Sonchus arvensis – Fischer; Hunt includes Sonchus oleraceus in the list of possibles. rostrum porcinum, used in Rosa Anglica, p. 286, §25 (and on p. 84 for gallfotannan); explained as Taraxacum officinale – Alphita (probable), Fischer, Sheahan, and Sonchus oleraceus – Fischer, Hunt. Sonchus asper, used by K'Eogh, who explains it as prickly sow-thistle. The identification of serban muc as Sonchus oleraceus seems to be confirmed by Amhlaoibh Oacute; Súileabháin, i 288, Chidhim searbhán na muc, se troighte air airde, agus ordlach go leith de tiubhacht na chos; ta se faoi blaith [21 vi], acht ni gabhadh a buain do mhucadh a mbliaghna, oir taid potataoi saor. The term serban simpliciter is discussed s. v. maelan muilithi. serpigho (syn. deir), appears to be a form of ringworm. See bruitida, carraighe, deir. The Crusaders brought back a skin disease which was caused by a parasite, and with it the Arabs' remedy for it, Unguentum Saracenum. This was made with mercury, latex of spurge and oil of stavesacre in a base of pig lard, which did not leave the parasites much chance of survival. A very similar ointment is described in Chapter 39, which may give a clue as to the precise meaning of serpigho. serpillum (syn. piletra; lat. serpillum). Chapter 244. The syn. piletra is for baletri, a synonym given in the Modena manuscript for serpillum. See piletra. The name of the plant (&eeacgr;&rgr;&pgr;&ugr;&lgr;&lgr;&ogr;sfgr;) refers to its creeping nature. The Latin Circa Instans speaks of two sorts, a wild one, which is Thymus serpillum CTW, and a garden sort. The principal species cultivated, then as now, was probably Thymus vulgaris L., but some other species were also cultivated. The versions of Circa Instans all agree that domesticum ramos super terram diffundit and the Modena version (which has separate rather similar chapters on Herpillos and Serpillum) says Herpillos herba est similis serpillo sed radix eius sub terra serpit. The latter statement may refer to the fact that the creeping stems of Thymus serpyllum root at the nodes. In general, the references in the texts to the garden thyme suggest Thymus serpyllum, and this species may have been cultivated for medical purposes. The Irish author would not have known it in the wild. serusa, see cerusa. sgama ferri, see tuirinn. sian sleib, sian sleibe (syn. sticatos; lat. sticados), foxglove, Digitalis purpurea Webb. Chapter 251. The meaning of the Irish name is well attested in original sources, e.g., Threlkeld p. 48, and Aodh Mac Domhnaill (Beckett, 1967, p. 122). On the Continent, sticados meant something else, Sticados citrinum being Helichrysum stoechas, and sticados arabicum being French lavender, Lavandula stoechas. The Irish author, in recommending the yellow sort (Sticados citrinum) may have been thinking of Digitalis lutea, the yellow-flowered foxglove, which is said to be less dangerous to use, as its effects are not cumulative, than Digitalis purpurea. Digitalis lutea does not occur naturally in this country, but it appears that it may have been cultivated here. Fischer (1929) p. 14 says that Digitalis is mentioned in the Welsh Meddygon Myddfai in the 13th century, but is not heard of in the literature of Central Europe until the 15th century. The plant had no name in Greek or Latin until named digitalis by Fuchs (1542), on the analogy of the German name, Fingerhut. sibal, siubal: (toirmiscigh sibal an rema &ersir; foirigh catarrus, lat. contra catarrum &ersir; fluxum humorum a capite), the migration of the rheum. sibhus, chives, Allium schoenoprasum Webb. sicoreo, chicory, Cichorium intybus Webb. The term is given as a synonym for rudus in Chapter 249. sidubal (syn. citonalens). The text, Chapter 73, states that there are two sorts. The wild sort is Valeriana officinalis – see caertann curraig, while the garden sort is Pyrenean valerian, Valeriana pyrenaica CTW. The Irish name, like the English setwall and the corresponding French word, < citovalens (fast-acting!), evolved from an eastern word that has been standardised in a Latin form as zedoaria. Originally, zedoaria referred to an Indian spice, the root of Curcuma zedoaria. The evolved terms became applied, however, to Valeriana pyrenaica, because the roots of that plant are also spicey. sietica (lat. sciasis dolori), sciatica, understood as gout of the hip – see the passage quoted s. v. artetica, and LM. Pt. 7, Ch. 19). signid, indicates. sil (lat. semen, fructus), seed. See conconidum. sileadh (lat. manare, fluxus, descendere), shed, drip, flow. silne (lat. venerem), sperm. See sperma. silteach, liquid, flowing. simplidhe, simple. simsoca, wood sorrel, Oxalis acetosella Webb. sinapium, see mosdard. sine seaain (lat. uva), the uvula. Lile Eg 106r (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 2): Don tsine seaain: atait 5 tarbachta ac uula. An cet tarbacht dibh oir ni leigind dethach na pudur cum an scamain. An .2. tarbha .i. claochlaidh an t-aeir te no fuar sul teid cum in croidhi no cum an scamain. An .3. tarba oir foghnaidh se do cruthughadh in gotha ac dunadh slighi na hanala amail do beith mer fir na seanma ar poll an fedain. An .4. tarbha dunaidh se slighi an bidh an cein bis neach ac labairt &ersir; ni leigind aer fuar cum an gaili &ersir; in tan bis neach a caitheamh bidh sesinn ar slighi na hanala ac toirmisc bidh no dighi do dul cum an ochta &ersir; is ime sin nach imcubaidh an biadh &ersir; an labairt ar en slighi. An .5. tarbha oir ni leigind se an t-adhbhar reumamhail co hobann cum an cleibh na cum an gaili oir anaidh se annsin sealad innus co moithightear e &ersir; co n-innarbtar maille re seili &ersir; ar an adhbhar sin an ti ac nach bi uula ni bid na .5. tarbachta so aige &ersir; is ime sin nach fuilnginn fuacht na teas na ita acht gortaighthear co hurusa e o gach uile cuis &ersir; arin adhbhar sin is a ptisis is mo do-geibhid bas; maseadh seachaintear an ball sin do gerradh oir gerraid drong dona dainibh e an aimsir na slainte cum gumadh ferrdi in guth &ersir; gan cunntabairt an lucht aca ngerrtar e ni denaid en oibriughadh le hinnstruimint an gotha o sin amach; maseadh dentar foireachrus. Et sintear an ball uair and &ersir; tuitidh sis &ersir; toirmiscidh slighi an bidh &ersir; na hanala &ersir; in uair do-nitear neascoid isin ball sin do-nitear annsa da ball ata a mbun na tengadh da ngairtear ameghdule &ersir; ni fuil ni is lugha na nis mo do cuisibh o ndentar acht mar a ndubradh a caibidil na squinancia. Et is inann comarthadha don easlainte so &ersir; do squinancia. Et adeir Ypocras ina Pronostica in t-uula dearg atmar curob eaglach a gerradh. singcoipis (lat. sincopis), strictly, this is heart failure (d'easlainte an craighi re n-abar singcoipis, Chapter 98), but, as the term includes collapse other than from heart trouble, it is rendered here as swooning. Lile Eg 125r (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 12): Is eadh is sincopis and easbadh na hinntinne no is eadh is sincopis and dighbughadh an moithighthi &ersir; an gluasachta annsa corp co huilidhe, an meid is mo de o anbhfhainne an croidhi... Et bith a fis agad... co fuil da cuis co gar isin sincopis. An cet cuis dibh mar ata gach uile ni do-ni discaileadh teasaideachta on croidhi. An .2. cuis .i. gach ni do-ni cruinniughadh adhbhair teasaidhe annsa croidhi... Bidh a fis agad co fuil cuid dona comarthaibh foillsigheas an tshincopis do beith ac teacht mar ata tremor cordis no claochlodh datha na haithche a ndath mi-nadurtha &ersir; claochlodh an puls a laighdiughadh &ersir; a teirci, &ersir; fuardhacht na mball foirimillach. Item, ata cuid dona comarthaibh foillsigheas an paroxismus do beith ar lathair mar ata dighbhughadh an gluasachta &ersir; an moithighthe &ersir; an puls mar sengan &ersir; marbacht na haidhche &ersir; gach uile ni adubramar tuas annsa .2. leabhar annsan inadh a ndentar deichfir idir gneithibh na sincopisi &ersir; idir an sincopis &ersir; an bas. Item, ata cuid eli dona comarthaibh foillsigheas cuisi na sincopisi &ersir; mas ona cet cuisibh do-nitear hi do-geibhtear a haithne on lucht frithoilte da lorgurthar co maith iat &ersir; mas o easlaintibh na mball eli tic an tshincopis aithnitear arna ballaibh sin e, &ersir; da ti an tshincopis gan en cuis follus co hinmedonach na co foirimillach &ersir; a teacht co hobann foillsighidh sin an tshincopis do teacht o easlaintibh disle an croidhi fen &ersir; is marbhtach an tsincopis sin; &ersir; cuardaightear ranna an coirp &ersir; na bid cuisi na heaslainte a folach ort; &ersir; fech an o dluthughadh no o tercughadh no o folmughadh no o teasaideacht no o fuaraideacht do-nitear hi. Et mas o neimh do-nitear, bidh baladh adhuathmhar annsa bel &ersir; bid na cuisi eli follus. singultus (lat. singultum), hiccup. Lile Eg 135r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 7): Is eadh is singultus ann cosmaileas spasmus an gaili arna linadh no arna folmughadh no arna cinntughadh o linn eigin, d'innarbadh na n-urcoideadh. Dleaghar a thuicsin ac labairt co firinneach nach spasmus an singultus, gidheadh aderur spasmus ris on comaontughadh ata aigi ris an spasmus oir mar do-nitear an spasmus o linadh &ersir; o folmhughadh, is mar sin don tsingultus, gidheadh ata deichfir eatorra oir is gluasacht leath amuigh do naduir do sir an spasmus &ersir; fos an tan tairringtear e ni inntaighinn &ersir; ni sininn d'innarbadh na n-imarcach &ersir; ni mar sin don tsingultus oir fedaid beith 'na gluasacht nadurtha &ersir; maille ris sin, ge do-nitear tairring and, do-nitear sineadh ina diaidh an mheid fedtar. Et ise so modh a denmhusa .i. an tan tegmas red urcoideach eigin don gaili &ersir; co hairithi an tan bis a lenmuin do uillibh &ersir; do substaint an gaili moithighidh an brigh ainmhighe moithigheach sin &ersir; duiscidh an brigh nadurtha innarbthach &ersir; tocraid maille re tulgan mor an urcoid d'innarbadh &ersir; is don gluasacht laidir tulganach sin gairtear singultus &ersir; is ar an modh cetna do-nitear an tsraoghach &ersir; in cosachtach mar scribtar sa .5. leabhar De Morbo; maseadh cuisighthear an singultus o linadh &ersir; o fholmhughadh &ersir; o neascoid &ersir; o creacht &ersir; o moran da cosmailibh. sinnach, a fox. sinnser (syn. zinciber; lat. zinziber), ginger, Zingiber officinale, cultivated in India. Chapter 291. The dried rhizomes were used, and also the young shoots of the plant, preserved in syrup: Stannard (1963) p. 204. Siperinum (lat. Ciprinum), Cypriot. Sipra (lat. Cipra), Cyprus. sireagra (lat. ciragra), cheirogra, gout in the hand; see artetica. sirin, cherry, the fruit of the black cherry, Prunus avium Webb, and that of the dwarf cherry, Prunus cerasus Webb, and of the varieties of them that were cultivated. Used in Chapter 27 instead of peaches, lat. persiccorum. In the 17th century, black cherry water was obtained by distilling the water in which the broken cherry-stones had been steeped: Stannard (1963) p. 212. siroip (lat. sirupus), syrup. siropus rosatus (lat. sirupus rosatus), syrup of roses. sis (lat. deorsum), below; the conventional way of referring to purging by the rectum. sisan (syn. tisanum; lat. ptisana, aqua), a tisane, e.g. barley water. Barley is simmered in water, an ounce to the pint, and the liquid is flavoured (nowadays) with sugar and lemon. All the references in the text are to tisane of barley, except in Chapter 266 there is reference to tisane of wheat. Wulff (1929) 405 quotes a 16th century English source which recommends flavouring with liquorice, prunes and root of fennel. sitis, see ita. sithlaid (lat. colare), strains. sitrina, citrina (lat. citrinus), lemon-coloured. sitruilli, citruilli (lat. citruli), water melon, Citrullus lanatus, cultivated in Southern Europe. siubal, see sibal. siucra (syn. ziucra; lat. zuccarum), sugar. Chapter 292. The sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum, was cultivated in Sicily, where the sugar was manufactured, and it was exported from there to England (and thence to Ireland) via the Flanders Galleys (see Introduction, Chapter 3). The three sorts referred to in the text are: siucra geal, white sugar, the best refined sugar; siucra buighe (lat. zuccara mellita), brown sugar, a sort that was inferior due to faulty cooking; siucra cainndi, sugar candy, i.e., sugar in the form of crystals rather than in loaves. Sugar was used with roses and violets to make siucra rosasium (lat. zuccarum rosatum), and siucra uiolasium (lat. zucharum violaceum) . Platearius describes how zuccarum rosatum was made. Three or four pounds of sugar and one pound of fresh rose petals were baked a little together and pounded. Then the mixture was put in a glass or earthenware vessel and left in the sun for 30 days, being stirred every day. The same method was used to make zuccarum violaceum. Abstracting from the various versions of the account in Circa Instans, it appears that the sugar cane (canna melle) was cultivated in Sicily and Spain. It was harvested in midsummer (about the feast of St. John the Baptist). The canes were chopped up and pounded, releasing the juice. Then the juice and the fragments were put in a bronze cauldron in which they were boiled until the mixture became thick and froth formed on the surface. The froth was skimmed off, and, when the remaining liquor had cooled, this liquor was poured into conical moulds which were left in the sun. The liquor dried in the sun into loaves (tortellus) of hard, white sugar (presumably the whole process caused the water content of the juice to evaporate and the sugar crystals to congeal into a solid mass of the required shape and size). If the cooking was not done properly, the product was a brown sugar of poorer quality. It appears that sugar candy was made by dissolving sugar in water and boiling off the water, leaving the sugar in the form of large crystals. Platearius warns that people make a fake sugar from the froth that is skimmed off, and he advises that, when buying sugar, you should break the loaf and taste it: if it is the froth product, it will be porous and tasteless, and it will not crackle when you chew it. It appears that the sugar loaf weighed about nine pounds (Trease, 1959, p. 52). slaidteach, dross, the residue separated out from the ore of a metal when it is smelted. This is lead monoxide, PbO, known by the general name of lithargyrum (&lgr;&iacgr;&thgr;&ogr;&sfgr; stone + &aacgr;&rgr;&ggr;&ugr;&rgr;&ogr;&sfgr;, silver), but the residue from each metal was separately distinguished: lead (lat. fex plumbi), also known as molybdirin; lead is melted and becomes covered with a grey powder, which is stirred into the metal in re-heating, and the whole of the metal is converted into a yellow powder (massicot); at a higher temperature, the massicot melts, and in cooling it solidifies into a reddish crystalline variety called litharge; slaidteach an airgid (syn. litairgirum; lat. litargirum), silver dross. Chapter 175. Also known as argyritin; the ore was heated in a stream of air in a furnace, and the dross was the residue that was left in the furnace; slaidteach an oir (syn. catimia; lat. cachimia, spuma auri), gold dross; also known as chrysitin; slaidteach an stain (lat. fex stanni), dross of tin. See also slaighe. slaighe (syn. ferrugo; lat. ferrugo), iron dross. Chapter 114. See slaidteach. slainte (lat. sanitas), health. slan, well (in health). slanaigid, makes sound: of a wound (lat. replet); of releasing matter or the after-birth (lat. relaxant, depellit secundas). slanlus (syn. lansiolata; lat. lanceolata), ribwort, Plantago lanceolata Webb. Chapter 166. slanughadh, release of the after-birth (lat. educit secundas); drying of a wound (lat. desiccare). slat ferrdha (lat. virga), the penis. sleamhain, smooth. sleamnaigid (lat. dissolvere, solutio), dissolves. Sliab Pisalani, Montpellier. sliasad, the thigh. slighe, passage. sligen (lat. marine coclee), shellfish. sluigid, swallows. smera (syn. mora selsi; lat. mora domestica / mora silvestria), a bramble-type fruit; the text, Chapter 202, refers to two sorts: na smera fasas arna drisibh (lat. mora silvestria), blackberry, referred to collectively as Rubus fruticosus Webb; gne... &ersir; ar crannaib fasaid (lat. mora domestica), black mulberry, Morus nigra. smeroid (lat. carbones, prunae), hot coal (usually charcoal). smir (syn. medulla; lat. medulla), marrow. Chapter 184. snaithi, a thread; snaithidha ruagha dearga, lat. quasi quasdam venulas distinctas. sneadh (lat. pediculus), a louse. so-bristi (lat. frangibilis), breakable. socacul, see cuilinn tragha. socaidhthi, sociable. socamlac, (=socamlach), comfortable. soibirgin (syn. herba sangti Petri; lat. herba paralisis), cowslip, Primula veris Webb. Chapter 152. soilisdur (syn. gladiolus; lat. gladioli), yellow flag, Iris pseudacorus Webb. Chapter 145. See gloiriam. soillsi (lat. lucidus, albedo), brightness. soitheach, a vessel, lat. vas, ampulla; of veins, lat. venas. sol secium, see rudus. solus (lat. clarus, lucidus, albus), clear. sompnus, see codlad. so-scailti, easily dissolved. sparagus, see modoman. sparan (lat. saculus), a little bag. spasmus (lat. spasmus), spasm. Lile Eg 78r, v (LM Pt. 2, Ch. 28): Is eadh is spasmus and easlainte feithidh tairringis an fheith cum a bunadhuis maille re heasbadh an gluasachta... Na cuisi inmedonacha... &ersir; is dibh fos gaothmuireacht reamhar ac nach fuil slighi amach gidheadh bith an gaothmuireacht uair and a com bec sin co n-imdhinn uaithi fen co luath no le becan coimilta &ersir; is ime sin an tan tic sa colpa aderar grampa a coitcinne ria... In tan do-cifir ball arna comtarrang &ersir; arna righi &ersir; nach eidir a cur 'na suighiughadh nadurtha fen is ball ina fuil spasmus e &ersir; da tegma sin co hobann do duine slan foillsighidh sin a beith o linadh oir laighditear an feith in tan sin ar fad &ersir; meidighthear ar leithid mar is follus isin eill in aimsir an geimridh. Et da ti co min no a ndiaigh fiabruis no folmuightheadh is spasmus o folmughadh sin mara mbi gerradh na feitheadh ara fad &ersir; ara leithid mar is follus isin n-eill in aimsir in tsamhraidh. Et an tan impoidheas in spasmus co luath cum a naduir fen ni spasmus firinneach e mar is follus isin menfadhaigh &ersir; isin bhfhail &ersir; bith puls lucht an spasmus anmhfann cruaidh tonnach an-ordaightheach &ersir; bith an fual uair and dathaighthe ar son fiabhrais &ersir; uair eli isill o eirghi na ndeathaigheadh cum an chinn. spearmaceti, see ambra. sperma (lat. sperma), seminal fluid. Lile Eg 185r (LM Pt. 7, Ch. 8): An .5. ni dleaghar d'fhoillsiughadh .i. co fuil sperma ac na mnaibh oir ata an .3. dileaghadh &ersir; dindimi &ersir; uirghi &ersir; boill oireadha eli acu &ersir; ma adeir Aristotle nach fuil is amlaidh adeir aca compraid cum na fer oir is amhlaidh bis sperma na fer geal graineach &ersir; sperma na mna neamh-dileaghtha uiscemail &ersir; o ata sperma na mna ro-fada on naduir sin is ime aderur nach fuil silne acu. This indicates, as do the Hippocratic writings, that the mother was regarded as making a genetic contribution to the child. In the past, there were others who believed that the father's sperm contained the complete embryo (the homunculus) and that the mother's "biological" function was purely nutritional. spica nardi, spikenard. Chapter 246. Two species of Nardostachys, of the family Valerianaceae, appear to have been used, Nardostachys grandiflora and Nardostachys jatamansi. Spikenard ointment was prepared from the young shoots of Nardostachys jatamansi. In the Irish text it is stated that spikenard is like ears of barley and is aromatic. It is stated in Circa Instans that spica celtica is like spica nardi, but that Valeriana celtica FE was used in its place. Valeriana celtica grows in the Alps, in pastures between 1800m and 2800m above sea level. The relative passage in the Erlangen version is: Spica celtica ut quidam dicunt est saliunca [= Valeriana celtica] qui mentiuntur. Est enim spica celtica similis spice nardi, sed alba est et in septentrionali plaga reperitur, sed tamen pro ea saliunca ponitur. (na baill) spiradalta (lat. spiritualia), the respiratory organs. (na) spiruid (lat. spiritus), the spirits. It appears that something in the body that seemed to be action at a distance was explained as due to imperceptible spirits, as distinct from the perceptible vapours (gaeth, ceo). Na spiruid occurs in Chapters 14, 49, 82, 216, 280, and appears to be the pneuma, or life force, the medical concept of which was influenced by the Stoics: Stannard (1964). spisradh (lat. species), spice. splenetica passio (syn. galar na seilge; lat. vicium splenis), disease of the spleen. spodium, see cnaimh na heilefinte. spumail, to purify by skimming. sraedach (lat. sternutatio), sneezing. sraidin (lat. sanguinaria), shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris Webb. It grows a lot by the wayside. Also lus an sparain. sreabann, membrane; na sreabainn bis a timcill an toirrcisa, lat. retinacula fetus. sream (sreama na sul, lat. superfluam carnem palpebrarum), a viscous fluid. In relation to the eyes, it indicates blepharitis, which, if not treated, may produce a red, watery condition of the eyelids, with loss of the eyelashes, known as "blear eyes", which persists throughout life. There will be swelling of the eyelids, redness, and constant formation of a crust round the roots of the eyelashes. As the Irish text says (Chapter 25), treatment includes frequent application of an astringent. srian, a curb. sroin (lat. nares), nose. See poll and leath-shroin. sruth, a stream. stafis agria (lat. stafisagria), stavesacre, Delphinium staphisagria, cultivated for the delphinin in its seeds. Chapter 254. stan (lat. stannum), tin. sticatos, see sian sleibh. stipecdha (lat. stipticus, constringendi), styptic. Chapter 256. stipteria, see ailim. stoinsi, snakeweed, Polygonum bistorta Webb. The term was qualified to provide names for imported plants whose roots bore a resemblance to the stout, contorted, underground rhizome of the snakeweed; Chapter 41: stoinsi fada (syn. aroistoloia longa; lat. aristologia longa), long-rooted birthwort, Aristolochia longa; stoinsi cruinn (syn. aroistoloia rotunda; lat. aristologia rotunda), round-rooted birthwort, Aristolochia rotunda CTW. storax (lat. storax), storax. Chapter 258. A balsam obtained from the wounded trunk of Liquidambar orientalis, a small tree growing in the southwest of Turkey; also, the resin from Styrax officinalis. The text refers to three sorts: storax calamita (lat. storax calamita): according to Circa Instans, this was a blend made by chopping the root of iris finely, mixing it with honey, and adding good quality storax; this mixture was then packed in reeds; this industry appears to have been carried on in Trieste; storax licita (lat. storax liquida): from the text, it appears that this sort was obtained in Calabria, in the South of Italy; according to the Modena manuscript, it was not blended; storax micor: in Circa Instans, the third sort is storax rubea, and it is said to be almost as good as storax calamita; Fischer (1929) p. 92 gives the third sort from Gart der Gesuntheit as storax sicca; it may be that this sort was dry and crumbly. stranguiria (lat. stranguria), strangury. Lile Eg 176v (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 14): Minighthear curob inann stranguria &ersir; innarbadh an fuail ina braenaibh. Dleaghar a tuicsin co tabur an fual co neamh-toilemail, no co fostaighthear co neamh-toilemail e &ersir; laibeormuid leath a tis din don fostughadh neamh-toilemail. Et da n-innarbtar a cainndidheacht ro-mhoir e &ersir; an corp do chnai ise sin diabetica dar labhramur, &ersir; da n-innarbtar co neamh-toilemail e &ersir; a ndiaigh a celi &ersir; ina braenaibh is mar sin is stranguria e; maseadh is maith adubradh curob eadh is stranguria and innarbadh an fhuail ina braenaibh leth amuigh do thoil. stupail, a stoppage, constipation. suas (lat. sursum), above, referring to purging by the mouth. suathaid, kneads or mixes. sucarium, see ailim. succus, see airne. suficasio matrisis (lat. suffocatio matricis), convulsive hysteria. Lile Eg 185v, 186r (LM Pt. 7, Ch. 10): Is eadh is suffocacio matriscis and drem in maclaig cum na mball uachtarach conuig an scairt o deathaighaibh truaillidhe neimhneacha an maclaig, o tegmann fascadh na mball spiradalta &ersir; sincopis &ersir; easbadh moithighthe &ersir; gluasacht sa corp uile... Deichfrighthear in easlainte so o epilencia oir ni bi cubar annsa bel innte &ersir; deichfrighthear o apoplexia ar son nach bi an meidi sin do docamhail anala innte &ersir; deichfrighthear o litargia ar son nach bi fiabhras innte, &ersir; aithintear co spetcialta hi oir an ben ara mbi si bith scothomia &ersir; uertigo &ersir; teinnis cinn uirre &ersir; moithighidh deathaighe urcoideacha ag eirghi cum na mball uachtarach &ersir; connmaidh a lamha faiscthi ina medhon &ersir; gluine fillte &ersir; da ngairtidh ina hainm fen hi tuicidh co maith &ersir; ni fedann fregra &ersir; cuimhnighidh ar gach aon ni deis in paroxismus. sugh (lat. succus, aqua, lacrima), juice, liquid. suighidh, sits. suil (lat. oculus, lumina), the eye. suilighi (lat. oculorum), of the eyes. sulfur, see raibh. sumac (lat. sumac), sumac, derived from a small southern European tree, Rhus coriaria. sum talman, see lus na sum talman. suramunt (syn. abrotanum, camphorata; lat. abrotanum), southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum. Chapter 4. (ag) surdallaigh, (lat. motus), leaping or skipping. taebh (lat. lateris regio), the side. tairngi, a nail: used of a single clove (< clavus, a nail). tairngteach, attracting. tairrngidh (lat. abstrahere, detrahere, extrahere, educere), draws. taiscid (lat. servare), keeps safely. taisis (foirigh tisis &ersir; taisis, lat. phthisicos), where taisis may be from taise, weakness. talam Sarristineach, see talam selaithi. talam selaithi (syn. terra sigilata, terra Sarasenica, argentaria, talam Sarristineach; lat. terra sigillata, terra Saracenica vel creta &ersir; terra argentea), red earth, containing ferric oxide, from a hill in the island of Lemnos, pressed into small discs and stamped with various insignia. Chapter 264. Its interesting history is told by Thorndike (1923) p. 130–131. Earths from other places were used as a substitute, e.g., the Genoa area (Wallace, 1988, p. 155) – see also the last sentence quoted from the Latin text in Part III hereof re Chapter 264. talmaigeacht (big .. rann talmaigeachta [innti], lat. humiditatem simul ac viscositatem terre), perhaps muddiness. talmuighe (lat. terre) of the earth. tamariscus (lat. tamariscus), tamarisk, species of Tamarix, a genus of evergreen shrubs and small trees, drought- and salt-tolerant, native to the Mediterranean area and Asia. Chapter 271. tamuirindi (syn. oxifencia, dactilus asetosus, [dactilus] indicus; lat. oxifenicia, finicon radi, dactilus indicus, tamarindus), tamarind, the fruits of the tall Leguminous tree, Tamarindus indica. Chapter 272. The pods are about 5–15cm long and contain 4–12 seeds. The various medieval names render date of India and acid date. tana (lat. subtile et non spissum), thin. tanasetum agreste, see brisclain. tanesetum, see lus na francc. (co) tanaisti (lat. secundario), secondarily. tanaitech (lat. attenuandi), which thins. tapsia, see fearban. tarbh (lat. taurus), a bull. tarbach (lat. valere, prodesse), beneficial. tarbaigid, benefits. tart, thirst. tartarum, see deascaidh. tath (lat. conglutinandi), knit (of bones). tathabha, hemlock, water dropwort, Oenanthe crocata Webb. The literary metaphor, tathabha i measc na fothlachta, refers to the fact that the roots of this poisonous Umbellifer were sometimes eaten in mistake for those of the water parsnip (see fotlact), with tragic results (e.g. Threlkeld, 1988, p. 113). Both plants favour similar watery habitats. The Irish name was adapted to two imported plants: tathabha geal (syn. arasca, elleborus albus; lat. elleborus albus), white hellebore, Veratrum album; Chapter 6; tathabha dubh (syn. eleborus nider; lat. elleborus niger), black hellebore, Helleborus niger; Chapter 113. teanga (lat. lingua), tongue. teanga enain (syn. linga auis, pigla; lat. lingua avis), stitchwort, Stellaria holostea Webb. Chapter 174. Lingua avis was sometimes used of the fruit of the ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior Webb, but it is not so used in the present text, as is indicated, e.g., by the syn. pigla. teanga urcan (lat. lateris coxaeque), the projection of the calf, i.e., the ham, or back of the thigh. teas (lat. calor), heat. teasaidhe (lat. calidus), hot. teasaideacht (lat. calor, caliditas), hotness. teasbach (lat. calor), inflammation. techtaid, coagulates. teigid (lat. calefacere), makes hot. teimheal (lat. nebulas), darkness. teimperail, see timperail. teine (lat. ignis), fire. teineagul (syn. iouis barba, barba iouis, semperuiua; lat. semperviva, barba iovis, acidula [minor], aizon), houseleek, Sempervivum tectorum CTW. Chapters 55 and 157. teine diadh (lat. sacer ignis, erisipilas), erysipelas. Lile Eg 27v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 19, Rub. 1): Is eadh is heresipila and neascoid do-nitear o linn ruagh reamhur teinntighi &ersir; in tan creachtnaighis cnaiidh ina timchill do gach leith &ersir; dubhaidh &ersir; do-ni crusta &ersir; fedtar sacer ignis no ignis persicus do radh in tan sin ria. As St. Anthony's fire, erysipelas was confused with ergotism, which occurred from eating bread made from diseased rye, gradually producing gangrene in the extremities. tela rania, see lin an damain allaid. tempaniteis (lat. timpanites), tympanites. Lile Eg 164r (LM Pt. 6, Ch. 5): Timpanites vero aithintear hi ar an fual do beith nisa seime &ersir; bith an puls luath minic cruaidh &ersir; da mbuailtear in medon do-ni fogar mar timpan arna bualadh no mar buidel lan do gaoith. teneagal, see teineagul. teneasmon (lat. tenasmon), tenesmus. Lile Eg 147r (LM Pt. 5, Ch. 15); Is eadh is tenasmon and ailgis &ersir; toil ro-mor maille re tarbha bic no gan en tarbha ... Dleaghar a tuicsin curob eadh is tenismon and docamhlacht an innarbtha gan tarbha. tene talman (syn. hermodactuli; lat. hermodactuli), autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale Webb. Chapter 151. tennteach (lat. fulmen), lightning. teotoricon anacardinum, a compound medicine, see Introduction, Chapter 4. tercair, symptom. terciana (lat. terciana), tertian fever. Lile Eg 16v (LM Pt. 1, Ch. 4): Is eadh is terciana and fiabhras morgaighthi arna genemhain o lasadh leanna ruaigh... Crichnaighthear terciana fire a cinn an .7. haixis no leth astigh de &ersir; is mar sin crichnaighthear sa .14. la no leth astigh dibh &ersir; bid da uair dheag ina aixis no leth astigh dibh &ersir; bith a cumsanadh .6. huair dheag ar .xx. ... terpintina (lat. terebentina), turpentine, strictly the resin of an Eastern Mediterranean tree, Pistacia terebinthus var. Pistacia atlantica. Chapter 270. Some hundred amphorae of this yellow resin were found in a shipwreck from the 14th century B.C. (Bass, 1987, p. 726). The turpentine of the present day is a fluid distilled from the exudations from certain conifer trees. terra Sarrasenica, see Talam selaithi. terra sigillata, see talam selaithi. tighe (lat. spissitudo), thickness. tigernaidhid, dominate. tigernus, supremacy. tilgin (lat. manare), shedding (of blood). tim, taim (lat. thymus), garden thyme, Thymus vulgaris. timperail (lat. temperare), to mix, to make mild. timtireacht (lat. anus), the anus. tind, teinn (lat. dolor), painful; ceann teinn (lat. soda), headache. tinneas (lat. dolor), pain. tinol (lat. colligere), to collect. tir, country. tirim (lat. siccus), dry. tirmach(t) (lat. siccitas), dryness. tirmaidheacht (lat. siccitas), dryness. tirmaighidh (lat. siccare, desiccare, exsiccare), dries. tirmaidhtheach (lat. desiccandi), drying. tisanum, see sisan. tisis (lat. phthisis, ethicis &ersir; consumptis), phthisis, pulmonary tuberculosis. Lile Eg 111v, 112r (LM Pt. 4, Ch. 5): Is eadh is ptisis and sen-creacht an scamain maille re cnai [consumptio] in coirp co huilidhe... Ac so na comarthadha foillsigheas neach do beith ullamh cum ptisisi mar ata muinel caol &ersir; guailli arda &ersir; righteach aimreigh &ersir; co hairithi an lucht bis ullamh cum an rema &ersir; an lucht aca mbi ucht cumang &ersir; coirp caola &ersir; co hairithi in tan bid mar sin an aimsir foghmhair &ersir; a mbeith maille re droch-follamhnughadh &ersir; a mbeith o aeis .8. mbliadhna deag co ceann .5. mbliadhain ndeag ar .xx. oir is mall tic an easlainte so dona macamhaibh &ersir; dona dainibh arsaidhi. Et adermuid co cumgaidhinn an foghmhar an ptisis &ersir; curob andsa foghmhar is mo foillsighthear an ptisis &ersir; is annsa foghmhar is mo do-geibhid bas. Ac so na comarthadha foillsigheas neach do beith a ptisis .i. fiabhras min etica &ersir; curob mo a saothar &ersir; a tromdacht a haithle an bidh na roime &ersir; tromdacht cleibh &ersir; cosachtach &ersir; seli ingair &ersir; deirgi na ngruadh. titimaillus, see gerr an eighmhe. tiugh (lat. spissus), thick. tochas, irritation. togairmid (lat. normally provocare, also movere, adiuvare, facere, suscitare), provokes, induces. toghluasacht (lat. abortus, fetus mortuus), abortion. toil (lat. libido), sexual desire. toirmiscid (lat. prohibere), prevents. toirneach, thunder. toirpin (syn. crasola), orpine, Sedum telephium Webb. The English Agnus Castus (Brodin, 1950) p. 139: Crassula maior is an herbe that men clepe or-pyn. or oruale. this herbe ha&yogh;t lewys like to penywort and it beryth floures in the crop and the flourres are no&yogh;t fully so rond as is the leef of penywort... this herbe growith in gardynggis. toirrceas (lat. fetus, conceptus), the unborn child. toirrse (lat. tristicia), sadness. tollaid (lat. penetrare), penetrates. tolltanach (lat. penetrativus), penetrating. toradh (lat. fructus, pomum), an (edible) fruit. torc, a boar. tormach, the more developed stage (of a boil). The four stages of disease were tosach, tormach, staid and digbal (commencement, increase or development, course and issue): MacKinnon p. 71. torman (na cluas) (lat. sonitus, tinnitus), tinnitus, a noise heard in the ear without any objective cause. Lile Eg 91v (LM Pt. 3, Ch. 9): Is eadh is torman and truailliughadh an eisteachta, mar is truailliughadh don radharc faicsin cuileadh &ersir; ruainidh &ersir; cimices, oir, mar do-nitear an t-eisteacht nadurtha an tan gluaisis an t-aer foirimillach an t-aer inmedonach cumhsanaighthi, is mar sin do-nitear an torman in tan gluaisis gaothmhuireacht no dethaighi an t-aer cetna sin co foireigneach &ersir; do-nitear truaillighthi examhla isin eisteacht do reir examlachta na ndethaighi sin oir taibhrightear uair and co mbi a cosmhaileas fhaighi cluic deis a buana &ersir; uair eli mar ferthain mhoir &ersir; uair eli mar fodhar muilind &ersir; uair eli mar trost crann aga mbrisidh &ersir; uair eli co mbi mar must ac fiuchadh ina thunna an aimsir an fhina nua; maseadh is eadh is torman and truailliughadh an eisteachta o ceo ghaothmhar gluaisis ar modh tonngaile co foireigneach an t-aer cumhsanaighthi leth astigh. torrach (lat. praegnans), pregnant. tothlughadh (lat. appetitus), appetite. traethaigh (lat. attenuare), wears away. treas, third. tren (lat. fortissimus), strong. treta (lat. emplastrum), a plaster. triafera (Sarrasenica), lat. trifera Saracenica, a compound medicine: see Introduction, Chapter 4. trifolium, see eachseamar. triticum, see cruithneacht. 1. trom (syn. sambucus; lat. sambucus), elder, Sambucus nigra Webb. Chapter 238. 2. trom (lat. ponderosus), heavy. tromlaighe (lat. somnia terribilia ac timorosa), nightmares. truailleadh (lat. (?) pannos faciei post partum), disfigurement. truaillidhe (lat. superfluus, maius), corrupt. See 1. linn. truime, heaviness. tuata, a lay person; a person lacking refinement. tuirbit (lat. turbit), turpeth, a cathartic drug obtained from the roots of an Indian plant, Ipomoea turpethum, of the Convolvulus family. Chapter 265. It appears that Calystegia soldanella Webb was sometimes used as a substitute. tuirinn, flakes of metal, which fly out from it when it is hammered; tuirinn an airgead, lat. argenti spumae; tuirinn (an iarainn), syn. sgama ferri, lat. squama ferri. Chapter 114. tuis (lat. olibanum), frankincense. See olibanum. tuisia, tutia, an oxide of zinc, obtained from the flue of a furnace in which ores were purified. Brass (an alloy of zinc and copper) was prepared by heating copper with tutia. tuismidhid (lat. generare, facere), generates. tuitim, to fall; tuitim an tsine seaain (lat. relaxio uve), elongation of the uvula – see sine seaain. tulcan, tulchan (syn. satuirion, priamiscus, leporina; lat. satirion), orchid. Chapter 252. The term seems to be wide enough to cover all the Irish Orchidaceae having roots with two tubers. tumaid (lat. intingere, madefacere), dips. turio, see maethan. uaine (lat. viridis), green. ualerian, see caertann curraig. ualuart (syn. ebulus, cameactis; lat. ebulus), wallwort, dwarf elder, Sambucus ebulus Webb. Chapters 70 and 110. uamain, an oven. uarencia, see madra. uasal, compar. uaislide (lat. melior), of good quality. ubull, apple. Used of uball cumhra, ubull milis (lat. malum dulce, poma dulcia), sweet apple; most garden apples are the fruits of cultivars of Malus sylvestris var. Malus mitis CTW, (= Pyrus malus); uball coillidhe, ubla fiadain (syn. mala masiana; lat. mala matiana), crab-apple, Malus sylvestris Webb; Chapter 201; ubla figi (lat. fructus ficus), figs; see fige; uball na darach, oak galls; see galla; ubla grainneacha (syn. mala granata; lat. malorum granatorum), pomegranate fruits, Punica granatum, native to North Africa and West Asia. Chapter 182. ucht, ocht (lat. pectus), the chest. uenenum, see neimh. uenter, see bru. uermis, see peist. uernix (syn. bernix, elasia; lat. bernix), varnish. Chapter 274. The substance that was used appears to be sandarac, the resin of Tetraclinis articulata (Cupressaceae), a tree which grows up to 12m in height in North Africa and Spain. uertigo (lat. vertigo), giddiness. For the account in Lile, see scotomia. uerucaria, see rudus. ueruena (syn. peristeron, herba ueneris; lat. verbena), vervain, Verbena officinalis Webb. Chapter 275. References in Chapter 275 reflect the plant's long history of magical associations. The Welsh call it llysiau'r hudol, the herb of enchantment. ugh, pl. na huidhi (syn. ouua; lat. ova), an egg. Chapter 214. ugdar (lat. auctor), an author or authority. ughdaras, authority. uilidhe (lat. universalis), universal; as against rannaighe, lat. particularis. uinneamhan garrdha (syn. allusal, cepa; lat. cepa), onion, Allium cepa CTW. Chapter 24. uinneamhan Spainneach (syn. alapin, cepa mairina, scilla; lat. squilla, cepa marina), squill, the dried sliced bulbs of Drimia maritima, a seashore plant of the Mediterranean region. Chapter 16. Synonyms are Scilla maritima and Urginea maritima. uinnemint (lat. unguentum, cerotum), ointment. uinum, see fin. uiola, see sail cuach. uiolasium, see siucra. uirga pastoris, see lus na leadan. uirge (lat. testis, testiculus), a testicle. uirgell, uiruigell (=airfuigell), speech. uir sleibhe Armeinia (syn. bolus armenicus; lat. bolus armenicus), Armenian bole, an astringent earth, Chapter 60. uisce (lat. aqua, amnis, lympha), water. Chapter 289. Two processed waters are referred to: uisce na roisi, uisce roisicdha (lat. aqua rosacea), rose water, which was distilled from roses; uisce na heorna (lat. aqua ordei), barley water, see sisan. uisce beatha (aqua vite), distilled alcohol, is not referred to in the text, but the scribe added a separate essay about it, which is reproduced in Part II hereof, after the main text. uisceamlacht na fola (syn. ycor), ichor, wateriness of the blood. Chapter 288. uisus, see radarc. (coilera) uitilina (lat. (cholera) vitellina), yolk-coloured (choler). uitis, see fineamhain. uitriora, see pairitair. uitrum, see gloine. ulach, germander speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys Webb. ullmhaighidh (lat. inducere), conditions, makes ready for. umha (lat. es), copper. umha loisce (syn. es ustum; lat. es ustum), burnt copper. Chapter 120. Platearius' account of this, as translated by Stearn from the French version (Opsomer, 1984, p. 145–6) is: This copper is burnt artificially until it is reduced to powder. To do this, red copper which has just been beaten is taken and placed in a new earthen pot, then this pot is placed in a very hot oven for 40 days, then it is pulverised. Through the action of the fire, the proportion of earth is increased and that of water decreased. The product of this operation would be cupric oxide, CuO, a black powder that has the property of attracting moisture. It appears from Dioscorides that an earlier tradition of burnt copper (&khgr;&agr;&lgr;&kgr;&oacgr;&sfgr; &kgr;&egr;&kgr;&agr;&ugr;&mgr;&eacgr;&ngr;&ogr;&sfgr;) was to heat ships' nails with sulphur and salt. This would have produced cuprous sulphide, Cu&sub2;S, which is a black substance. umbilicius ueniris, see cornan caisil. ungula cabalina, see raib uisce. unsa (lat. uncia), an ounce. The apothecaries' weights may be taken to have been: 20 grains of wheat = 1 scruple, 3 scruples = 1 dragma, 8 dragmas = 1 ounce, 12 ounces = 1 pound. For purposes other than medical, there were 15 ounces to the pound. The English penny was standardised at 32 grains of wheat. According to NLIre Cat. p. 76 (248), a dragma leighis was equal to two and a half pence, and a spoonful (liach leighis) was a dragma and a half. The basic standard of weight was the huskless grain of wheat, of average size, full ripe, and not too fresh or too old. The reason for this is explained, adapting an early 17th century MS (MacKinnon LX): Is ó ní nádurda nach fédur do claochlódh is innill fundamint na misúr do tarraing, mar atá grán cruithneachta; ionnus, dá gclaona an comtrom do-níter do ní ealadhnach (mar atá luaighi nó sdán nó a gcosmaile) a loiged nó a méid tar an mód cóir, go bfedur a n-athrugadh &ersir; a gceartugud ó n-a sechrán leis an gcruithneacht. Thus, the metal weights that were used in pharmacy were able to be checked by the use of grains of wheat. There are, however, inconsistencies in the authorities as to the relationship of the various weights to one another. That the above were approximately the equivalences that were applied in practice is indicated by an ordinance of Edward I (Trease, 1964, p. 64), NLIre Cat. p. 80, and Mackinnon p. 69. See dragma, liagh, punt and scrubal. uomitibus, see sceatrach. uormont, mormont, see absinthium. ur (lat. viridis, recens), fresh. urbruith (lat. fomentum, lotium, apozima, si foveantur aqua), a fomentation. Any warm application to the surface of the body in the form of a cloth. Usually the fomentation cloth is heated by being wrung out of hot water, but the term is also applied to dry applications and to hot cloths upon which various drugs are sprinkled: Black's Medical Dictionary. urchoid (lat. laedere, vitium, morbus), harm. urcoidighidh (lat. nocere, laedere, obesse), harms. urdail (lat. ana), the same amount. uritiua, see loiscid. urlabra (lat. usum linguae), the power of speech. urtica, see acantum, neanntog. usca, grease. uth (lat. uber), teat. utimbra, see sabraidh. uua, see caer. Yarapigra Galieni (lat. yera pigra Galieni), a compound medicine. Chapter 290. See Introduction, Chapter 4. ycor, see uisceamlacht na fola. ydor, see uisce. yringi, see cuilinn tragha. Zinciber, see sinnser. ziucra, see siucra.